中国超大城市户籍人口转化的实证研究
An empirical research of the registered population transformation in China's megacities
收稿日期: 2021-07-27 修回日期: 2022-01-5
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Received: 2021-07-27 Revised: 2022-01-5
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作者简介 About authors
叶超(1978-), 男, 甘肃武威人, 教授, 博士生导师, 中国地理学会会员(S110007705A), 研究方向为城镇化与城乡治理、地理学思想与方法、文化地理与可持续科学。E-mail:
“十四五”时期到2030年,加快流动人口市民化是推进新型城镇化和实现共同富裕的关键。中国户籍人口城镇化率与常住人口城镇化率相差约18%,老龄化压力与劳动力市场缺口使大城市纷纷出台“抢人”政策,市民化程度亟待提升,焦点在北上广深等超大城市。超大城市每年户籍人口转化数相差很大,学界对此缺乏研究,使得城市每年能“化”多少户籍人口成为重要学术问题。本文结合自然和社会两个视角,选取简明指标,构建可能—满意度模型,测算4个超大城市年均户籍城镇化转化缺口,构建面板数据模型实证分析超大城市户籍缺口的主导因素。影响超大城市户籍人口转化的因素主要是医疗、教育和供水。城乡治理亟需转变被动和僵化的制度安排,实现弹性的常态化治理。
关键词:
From 2020 to 2030, accelerating the citizenization of the floating population is the key to promoting new urbanization and achieving common prosperity. The urbanization rate of registered population in China is roughly 18% lower than that of permanent residents. The aging pressure and lack of labor force make big cities introduce relevant policies to attract talents, and the citizenization process needs to be improved urgently, with the focus on megacities. The transformation number of registered people in megacities varies greatly, and the academic world lacks research on this, which makes the transformation number of registered residents in megacities become an important academic issue. This paper, from both natural and social perspectives, selects concise indicators, and combines the Possibility-Satisfiability model to estimate the urbanization transformation gap of annual household registration, and constructs a panel data model to empirically analyze the factors leading to the gap of household registration in megacities. The main factors affecting the transformation of registered population in megacities are medical service, as well as educational resources and urban water supply. It is urgent for urban and rural administrators to change the passive and rigid institutional mechanisms and realize the flexible and normal governance.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
叶超, 杨东阳, 赵江南.
YE Chao, YANG Dongyang, ZHAO Jiangnan.
1 引言
城镇化、市民化与共同富裕之间密切关联。中国共产党十九届五中全会首次提出“全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展”,明晰了从全面小康到共同富裕的重大历史性任务。要实现共同富裕,根本价值上要坚持以人为核心,空间格局上则通过继续深化新型城镇化、乡村振兴等国家战略,优化国土空间布局和推进区域协调发展。新型城镇化或城镇化高质量、可持续发展是实现共同富裕的关键,而新型城镇化成功与否的关键又取决于流动人口市民化的进程。自2014年新型城镇化成为国家战略以来,中国城镇化持续快速演进。根据国家统计局数据,2020年中国常住人口城镇化率为63.89%,但户籍人口城镇化率才45.40%,两者相差18.49%,反映了市民化进程的相对滞缓。城镇化不是简单的城镇化率提升与规模扩张,而是整个社会的福利增进,这其实也是新型城镇化的核心内涵。
超大城市的流动人口市民化不但带动区域发展,而且是国家治理现代化的焦点。2019年中国发布的《2020年新型城镇化建设和城乡融合发展重点任务》中明确提出:城区常住人口300万以下城市全面取消落户限制,中小城市落户基本零门槛。因此,未来市民化制度革新的重点将是特大和超大城市。根据2014年国务院《关于调整城市规模划分标准的通知》,城区常住人口1000万以上的城市为超大城市。第七次全国人口普查数据显示,中国超大城市共北京、上海、深圳、重庆、广州、成都、天津7个。结合中国城市群发展的状况和社会的普遍认知来看,北京、上海、广州、深圳4个超大城市的发展及制度创新不仅关乎城市治理,而且也是区域和国家发展的关键。中共“十八大”以来,京津冀协同发展、粤港澳大湾区建设、长三角一体化相继成为国家战略,而4个超大城市分别是三大城市群的领头羊。超大城市的市民化进程相对复杂,流动性极强,治理难度很大,每个城市每年转化的户籍人口差异也较大。以人民为中心的发展理念要求超大城市必须高度重视社会公平与社会融合,实现有效治理。因此,本文聚焦北上广深4个超大城市,实证分析其户籍人口转化及其影响因素,延伸探讨新型城镇化、市民化及城市治理的转型等重大问题,以期为新时代城镇化研究和实践贡献力量。
市民化的关键在于制度变革。城镇化是一个自然与社会交织的过程,核心是“人”。城镇化的“化”除了有过程的含义之外,还有“消化”流动人口、“转化”户籍人口和“化解”城市治理难题等意。伴随着中国社会老龄化加剧与人力资源短缺,各大城市争相发布“抢人才”政策,2015年以来越来越多的二线城市也加入了“抢人大战”。相比之下,超大城市拥有更优越的资源和条件,所转化的户籍人口却相对有限。与二线城市的“积极”相比,超大城市落户政策改革幅度不大,甚至有持续收紧和严控人口的趋势。超大城市的人口管控和户籍改革已经成为高质量发展的难点,超大城市吸纳的往往是全国各地的流动人口,因此对国家发展也有着举足轻重的影响和效应。
2 逻辑框架、数据与方法
2.1 逻辑框架
适度人口是一定条件下区域所能承载的最适宜人口规模,对于衡量人口增长与要素配置的平衡具有重要作用[12,13]。国内外学者从人口学、经济学、地理学、社会学等多学科角度对大城市人口规模展开探讨。早期适度人口理论多考虑经济要素与人口增长的关系,后期适度人口理论将社会、生态等因素纳入考虑,由单因素静态分析转向多因素动态分析[14,15]。实证方面,学者们对美国、日本、中国、印度等国家的城市最优人口规模进行了测算[16,17]。目前研究方法主要有剩余函数法、构建幸福度模型、生态足迹模型、人工神经网络和同类群组模型等[18,19,20,21]。在户籍制度、资源配置、社会流动等方面,中国学者也开展了相关研究,并构建了相应的经济、人口模型与评价体系[22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29]。
总体来看,现有文献缺乏对超大城市的专门研究,多集中于人口预测与城市承载力测算,缺乏城市能转化多少户籍人口,怎样转化等现实问题的深入探究;研究方法上,往往构建多而繁琐的指标体系,指标权重与经验有较大差异,降低了实际操作性。不同城市每年转化的户籍人口数相差巨大,城市常住人口与户籍人口间的巨大差异与逐年变化使得城市每年能够转化多少流动人口为户籍人口成为一个关键的学术与现实问题,而学界对此仍缺乏讨论。因此,本文综合考虑供水、生态、社会保障和教育等对户籍人口缺口的影响,通过构建面板数据模型分析户籍缺口的限制性因素,参考各要素国家标准值或全国平均值,测算超大城市户籍人口的潜在转化能力,最后提出弹性治理的思路(图1)。
图1
图1
超大城市户籍人口转化研究的逻辑框架
Fig. 1
Logical framework diagram showing the registered population transformation in megacities
2.2 数据来源
研究数据包括2001—2018年北京、上海、广州和深圳4个超大城市的常住人口与户籍人口数、人均城市供水量、人均公园绿地面积、社会保障与就业支出占财政支出的比例、千人床位数、普通中学每一教师负担学生数、普通小学每一教师负担学生数及2019年上海市的经济发展、社会生活、资源供给和生态环境等数据,主要来源于各市各年份统计年鉴、国民经济和社会发展统计公报和中国知网中国经济社会大数据研究平台。2005年及以前的社会保障与就业支出数据缺失较多,参考社会保障与就业支出范围,包括社会保障补助支出、行政事业单位就业补助支出、抚恤和社会福利救济支出,2005年及以前的缺失值主要采用3种支出的总和进行统计,个别缺失值采用年均增长率方式补充。
2.3 研究方法
2.3.1 面板数据模型 为探讨户籍人口缺口的限制性因素,本文以北上广深4个超大城市2001—2018年户籍人口差值(常住人口-户籍人口)为因变量,选取各市人均城市供水量(W,m3/人)、人均公园绿地面积(G,m2/人)、社会保障与就业支出占财政支出的比例(S,%)、千人床位数(B,个)、普通中学每一教师负担学生数(SS,人)和小学每一教师负担学生数(PS,人)为自变量,构建面板数据模型,具体如下:
式中:Yit为第i个城市第t年的户籍人口缺口;Wit、Git、Sit、Bit、SSit和PSit分别表示第i个城市第t年的人均城市供水量、人均公园绿地面积、社会保障与就业支出占财政支出的比例、千人床位数、普通中学每一教师负担学生数和小学每一教师负担学生数。
2.3.2 适度人口规模与户籍人口缺口的测算方法
(1)可能—满意度模型。可能—满意度模型是考虑多指标的“需要”和“可能”两个方面对适度人口规模进行预测的方法。可能度和满意度表示相关要素具有可能度属性,也具有满意度属性,将二者合并可刻画其既可能又满意的程度,用以表示同时满足主观的期望和客观的可行性下的人口容纳能力。通常,可能—满意度程度越高,城市(资源环境和社会基本保障)所能容纳的适度人口规模越小。在已有的城市适度人口规模预测方法的基础上[26],本文选用将可能度和满意度弱并合的方法,模型公式为:
式中:ω为可能—满意度;α为可能的适度人口规模;rA和rB分别为可能目标的上限和下限;sA和sB分别为满意目标的下限和上限。
ω满足
(2)适度人口规模预测的指标体系。参考相关研究和考虑数据可得性、代表性原则,本文从经济发展、社会生活、资源供给和生态环境4个方面考虑城市综合承载能力,甄选2010—2019年上海市的12个指标(表1)对上海市2035年适度人口规模进行预测。
表1 可能—满意度测算指标体系
Tab. 1
指标类型 | 可能性指标 | 满意性指标 | 权重 |
---|---|---|---|
经济发展 | r1GDP(亿元) | s1人均GDP(元) | 0.07 |
r2一般公共预算收入(亿元) | s2人均一般公共收入(万元) | 0.08 | |
社会生活 | r3卫生机构床位数(万张) | s3卫生机构床位数(张/万人) | 0.10 |
r4从业人数(万人) | s4就业率(%) | 0.10 | |
r5社会保障和就业支出(亿元) | s5社会保障和就业(万元) | 0.11 | |
r6城市道路面积(万m2) | s6人均城市道路面积(m2) | 0.06 | |
r7中小学生数(人) | s7万人中小学生数(人) | 0.07 | |
资源供给 | r8能源消费量(万t标准煤) | s8人均能源消耗量(t) | 0.07 |
r9城市供水总量(万m3) | s9人均城市供水量(m3/人) | 0.10 | |
生态环境 | r10公园绿地面积(万m2) | s10人均公园绿地面积(m2) | 0.10 |
r11生活垃圾产生量(万t) | s11人均生活垃圾产生量(t/人) | 0.06 | |
r12废水排放总量(亿t) | s12人均废水排放量(t) | 0.06 |
注:资料来源于《上海市统计年鉴》(2010—2019)。
本文首先采用极差法对各指标原始数据进行标准化,进而采用熵值法计算各指标权重Wj,最后采用公式(3)计算得到城市总的适度人口规模:
式中:α即总的适度人口规模;n是指标数量;αj表示第j个指标对应的适度人口规模。
(3)灰色GM(1, 1)模型。灰色GM(1, 1)模型是一个一阶单变量的微分方程动态模型,它是基于灰色系统思想预测系统行为特征值变化的常用方法,其计算方法为:对原始人口时间序列数据
对公式(4)进行一阶微分,得到公式(5):
采用最小二乘法计算参数α和μ的值,因此可得微分方程的时间响应序列:
在此基础上进行累减还原,即得到还原序列的人口预测公式:
3 “抢人大战”与城市户籍缺口问题
根据2010—2020年间的国民经济和社会发展统计公报,中国常住人口城镇化率与户籍人口城镇化率均逐年上升,但常住人口与户籍人口城镇化率差距10年间保持在16个百分点,在2020年差距达到最大,为18.49个百分点。与2010年相比,2020年常住人口与户籍人口城镇化率差距增大2.71个百分点,意味着市民化进程仍需大幅提升,户籍制度改革亟需加力(图2)。
图2
根据第七次全国人口普查数据,2020年中国老龄化率达13.5%,距“老龄社会”仅有0.5%之遥。15~64岁劳动年龄人口数量的下降使得城市急切地发布人才政策以吸引高质量劳动力。从2015年开始,全国流动人口规模由持续上升转为缓慢下降,人口的聚集却愈加明显(图3)。城区常住人口400万以上城市中,深圳、成都、广州、济南、西安5座城市近5年总人口增量都超过150万,而长春与大连基本无增长,乌鲁木齐、北京与石家庄甚至出现了人口负增长。在5年内户籍人口增量方面,成都、济南、深圳、西安与广州位列前5位,户籍人口增量超百万。相比之下,太原、大连与长春户籍人口增长缓慢,哈尔滨、石家庄与乌鲁木齐户籍人口流失严重。大量人口向沿海一线城市、超大城市、内地中心城市聚集,导致了人口与资源的“空间错配”局面,中心城市、超大城市和城市群正在成为承载发展要素的主要空间形式,而4个超大城市及其所代表的三大城市群是集聚的关键区域(图3)。
图3
图3
2015—2020年中国城区常住人口400万以上城市的人口增量
注:基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站GS(2020)4624号的标准地图制作,底图边界无修改;数据来源于2015—2020年各城市统计年鉴及统计公报。
Fig. 3
Population increment of cities with a permanent resident population of more than 4 million in China in 2015-2020
在时间上,城市首次出台人才政策多在2015年前后,而力度较大人才政策则多集中在2019年、2020年。在空间上,“人才争夺战”在区域上覆盖极广,截至2020年底,中国有50多个城市出台新的落户及人才政策。这些城市中既有北上广深等传统超大城市,也有成都、重庆等新兴超大城市,许多三四线城市的加入也使“抢人大战”竞争更为激烈。在“抢人”的对象方面,以大学生与青年劳动力为主。杭州、武汉、成都等城市都对高校毕业生给予较大的优惠政策。在标准上,与此前政策多侧重于高层次与紧缺人才,“人才争夺战”将学历门槛放得更低。
对市辖区400万以上人口城市的人才落户政策进行汇总分析可以看出(表2),城市基本落户条件可以总结为职业条件、资质条件、住房社保条件、投资创业条件。落户门槛是变化的、多维的、降低的。在人口超400万以上的城市中,8个降至中专及以上学历即可落户,济南、苏州、福州、昆明、南昌与石家庄更是鼓励“落户零门槛”。城市鼓励和吸引人才的政策基本可以分为4大类。I类政策主要目的是放宽落户的条件,取消年龄限制和落户的前置条件。II类政策为人才发放租住补贴、生活保障与创业贷款等。III类政策对引才机构与引进人才进行奖励。IV类政策为引进人才的父母、配偶、子女等办理随迁落户,并在教育、医疗等方面给予优惠。
表2 中国各大城市人才政策汇总
Tab. 2
城市 | 首次出台人才政策时间 | 力度较大人才政策出台时间 | 最低学历要求 | 政策 |
---|---|---|---|---|
成都 | 2017/07 | 2019/06 | 中专 | I |
济南 | 2016/06 | 2020/04 | 无门槛 | I |
深圳 | 2010/10 | 2018/10 | 大专 | II、III |
西安 | 2017/03 | 2017/03 | 中专 | I |
广州 | 2016/04 | 2019/01 | 本科 | I |
长沙 | 2017/06 | 2019/09 | 中专 | II |
天津 | 2018/05 | 2018/01 | 本科 | II |
武汉 | 2017/10 | 2019/02 | 大专 | III |
郑州 | 2017/07 | 2020/09 | 中专 | II |
杭州 | 2015/11 | 2019/04 | 大专 | I |
南京 | 2017/07 | 2020/05 | 大专 | I |
东莞 | 2016/01 | 2020/09 | 大专 | II |
苏州 | 2016/11 | 2020/12 | 无门槛 | I |
合肥 | 2015/11 | 2020/09 | 大专 | II |
佛山 | 2017/12 | 2018/10 | 大专 | III |
厦门 | 2016/02 | 2018/09 | 大专 | I、IV |
北京 | 2010/04 | 2018/02 | 积分 | III |
南宁 | 2011/12 | 2020/06 | 大专 | I |
贵阳 | 2016/12 | 2019/05 | 大专 | II |
青岛 | 2016/10 | 2018/06 | 大专 | II、III |
福州 | 2013/01 | 2020/12 | 无门槛 | I |
重庆 | 2017/04 | 2017/08 | 大专 | IV |
沈阳 | 2017/08 | 2017/08 | 中专 | II、IV |
上海 | 2015/09 | 2020/09 | 积分 | I |
宁波 | 2015/08 | 2018/11 | 中专 | II、III |
昆明 | 2014/01 | 2021/08 | 无门槛 | I |
南昌 | 2013/06 | 2020/04 | 无门槛 | I |
太原 | 2017/07 | 2020/05 | 中专 | II、IV |
大连 | 2015/03 | 2020/10 | 大专 | II |
长春 | 2017/09 | 2020/06 | 中专 | IV |
哈尔滨 | 2017/02 | 2020/09 | 大专 | II |
石家庄 | 2015/05 | 2019/03 | 无门槛 | I |
注:I类政策:放宽落户条件、取消或放宽年龄限制、取消落户前置条件等。II类政策:发放租住补贴、生活补贴、创业贷款等。III类政策:对引进人才或举荐人才给予奖励等。IV类政策:办理随迁落户、引进人才教育、医疗等给予优惠。资料来源:根据各城市人才政策文件整理。
“人才争夺战”导致新一线城市与一些二线城市对人才的吸引力增强。根据各市统计局数据,成都市2020年户籍人口增加24.02万人,较2015年增长38.76%。济南发布泉城“5150”引才倍增计划,2019年户籍人口增加140.84万人,是2015年户籍人口增长数的34.18倍。深圳市2020年户籍人口增量92.62万人,是2015年人口增长数的4.07倍。西安放宽落户学历政策至中专后,2017年常住户籍人口增加78.46万人,比2016年增长8.46倍。2019年继续放宽落户政策后,西安市2020年户籍总人口比上年增长9%。从人才流动趋势来看,长三角、珠三角人才聚集,京津冀面临着人才流出的问题。在二线城市中,杭州、南京、重庆、武汉人才净流入占比呈上升趋势,吸引人才政策效果显著。城市的“人才争夺战”虽然吸纳了一部分户籍人口,但普通制造业、服务业等低收入群体的户籍化在一定程度上被忽略,农民工及低收入群体的市民化仍然是个难题。
4 超大城市户籍人口转化的影响因素分析与缺口估算
4.1 超大城市户籍人口转化的影响因素
考虑水资源、生态环境、社会保障和教育资源等对户籍人口缺口的重要约束与影响,本文以人均城市供水量(W)、人均公园绿地面积(G)、社会保障与就业支出占财政支出的比例(S)、千人床位数(B)、普通中学每一教师负担学生数(SS)和小学每一教师负担学生数(PS)为自变量,构建面板数据模型。各变量参数结果如表3所示。W、B、SS和PS参数显著为负,即人均城市供水、千人床位数和中、小学每一教师负担的学生数的减少会引起户籍缺口的增加,表明城市供水、医疗和教育资源对户籍缺口有负向影响。G和S的参数显著为正,说明城市绿地和社会保障因素对户籍转化限制不大。北上广深4个超大城市,2001—2018年间常住人口总量与增长速度均远高于户籍人口(图4),户籍缺口呈增加趋势。而北京和广州两市人均城市公园绿地面积都有显著增加,上海市人均城市公园绿地面积总体有小幅增加,深圳市人均城市公园绿地面积基本保持不变。面板模型结果显示人均城市公园绿地面积对户籍缺口有正向影响,而实际上在城市建设和城市规划相关标准中,人均城市公园绿地面积是基于常住人口数统计的指标。因此,以人均城市公园绿地面积为代表的城市绿地因素对远小于常住人口的户籍人口没有约束影响。从社会保障方面来看,4个城市社会保障与就业支出占财政支出的比例都有大幅度增加,同时由于常住人口增长远高于户籍人口增长导致的户籍缺口的增加,社会保障对户籍缺口在统计结果上也不具有限制性影响,这或与超大城市社会保障覆盖常住人口及部分非户籍人口在户籍所在地享有社保有关。
表3 面板模型结果
Tab. 3
变量 | 参数 | 标准误差 | t | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
W | -2.5817 | 0.7135 | -3.6186 | 0.0006 |
G | 10.3121 | 3.4592 | 2.9811 | 0.0041 |
S | 15.3851 | 4.4751 | 3.4379 | 0.0011 |
B | -110.3419 | 23.9490 | -4.6074 | < 0.001 |
SS | -57.4443 | 9.1218 | -6.2975 | < 0.001 |
PS | -9.5266 | 3.3418 | -2.8508 | 0.0059 |
R2 | 0.8904 | |||
调整R2 | 0.8745 | |||
F值 | 83.9713 | |||
P | < 0.001 | |||
N | 72 |
图4
图4
2001—2018中国4个超大城市的常住与户籍人口变化
Fig. 4
Historical population changes of China's four megacities, in 2001-2018
为检验W、B、SS和PS等因素对户籍缺口影响的稳定性,本文排除G和S两个变量,构建面板模型,得到W、B、SS和PS的参数结果如表4所示。可以看出,W、B、SS和PS的参数依旧显著为负,证明W、B、SS和PS分别代表的城市供水、医疗资源和中小学教育资源对户籍缺口有稳定的限制性影响。排除G和S后模型R2为0.84,p < 0.001,说明模型仍然具有较好的解释力,即W、B、SS和PS 4个变量也能较好地拟合户籍缺口的变化情况。
表4 W、B、SS和PS的参数估计结果
Tab. 4
变量 | 参数 | 标准误差 | t | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
W | -1.7703 | 0.7697 | -2.3000 | 0.0247 |
B | -128.7726 | 23.4938 | -5.4811 | < 0.001 |
SS | -85.1963 | 7.0772 | -12.0382 | < 0.001 |
PS | -17.7908 | 3.0074 | -5.9157 | < 0.001 |
R2 | 0.8581 | |||
调整R2 | 0.8427 | |||
F值 | 96.8241 | |||
P | < 0.001 | |||
N | 72 |
各地城镇化阶段、社会经济发展水平、资源环境和户籍人口政策不一,户籍人口缺口的影响因素复杂。但从上述结果上看,城市供水、医疗资源和中小学教育资源等因素对中国超大城市户籍人口缺口的限制性影响具有普遍性,尤其是医疗资源的限制性较大。但是,多种因素共同影响下,户籍人口缺口与相关因素通常具有明显的复杂非线性关系。图5为2001—2019年上海市户籍人口缺口与万人中小学在校生数时间变化情况,可以看出,二者具有高度的二次曲线关系。从变化趋势上看,随着万人中小学在校生数的增加,户籍人口缺口会呈现非线性减少趋势。
图5
图5
2001—2019年上海市户籍人口缺口与万人中小学在校生数的关系
Fig. 5
The relationship between the number of registered residents in Shanghai and the number of primary and secondary schools per 10000 students in 2001-2019
4.2 超大城市户籍人口转化潜力分析
考虑上述因素对户籍缺口的限制性影响,本文搜集了这些因素对应指标的全国标准值或全国平均值(表5)作为参考。基于表3结果和各城市2018年各指标的现状值,在其他因素影响和各指标未来变化的情况下,对各超大城市户籍缺口的潜在转化能力进行初步测算。由于人均城市综合用水量受到区域乃至国家水资源总量的限制,若2018年该城市人均城市综合用水量低于国家标准,则不设置其增长空间,其对应的户籍人口转化潜力为0。对于千人床位数、中学教师负担学生数和小学教师负担学生数,若低于国家标准或平均值,则以国家标准或平均值与对应指标值的差值为其潜在增长空间,进而测算各指标对应的户籍缺口转化潜力;若某指标高于国家标准或平均值,则其对应户籍缺口转化潜力为0。
表5 相关指标国家标准或平均值及各城市现状值
Tab. 5
要素 | 北京 | 上海 | 广州 | 深圳 |
---|---|---|---|---|
人均城市综合用水量(m3/人) (2018年现状) | 95~155 (89.13) | 200~265 (126.03) | 160~215 (166.48) | 160~215 (137.79) |
千人床位数(张/千人) (2018年现状) | 6.03 (5.4) | 6.03 (6.07) | 6.03 (5.77) | 6.03 (3.34) |
中学教师负担学生数(人) (2018年现状) | 13.5 (8) | 13.5 (10) | 13.5 (12) | 13.5(6) |
小学教师负担学生数(人) (2018年现状) | 19 (14) | 19 (14) | 19 (19) | 19 (31) |
注:千人床位数6.03为参考值,来源于国家卫生健康委发布的《2019年我国卫生健康事业发展统计公报》全国平均值。
根据以上方法,得到各城市各指标对应的户籍缺口转化潜力结果(表6)。从各指标转化潜力来看,4个超大城市的各指标中,中学教师负担学生数对应的潜在转化空间最大,为1533.53万人;其次是千人床位数,其潜在转化空间为461.01万人;人均城市综合用水量对应的潜在转化空间最小,为11.47万人。从不同城市来看,深圳市潜在转化空间最大,为985.37万人;其次是北京市,为638.66万人;广州市转化空间最小,为172.75万人。4个超大城市总计转化潜力为2183.92万人。
表6 各城市各指标对应的户籍缺口转化潜力(万人)
Tab. 6
指标 | 北京 | 上海 | 广州 | 深圳 | 城市总计 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
人均城市综合用水量 | 0 | 0 | 11.47 | 0 | 11.47 |
千人床位数 | 81.13 | 0 | 33.48 | 346.40 | 461.01 |
中学教师负担学生数 | 468.58 | 298.19 | 127.79 | 638.97 | 1533.53 |
小学教师负担学生数 | 88.95 | 88.95 | 0 | 0 | 177.91 |
指标总计 | 638.66 | 387.14 | 172.75 | 985.37 | 2183.92 |
以上海市为例,根据上海市第七次全国人口普查数据,2020年上海市常住人口2487.09万人,常住人口城镇化率为89.30%。而上海市户籍人口为1469.30万人,计算得到上海市户籍人口城镇化率为59.08%,与常住人口城镇化率仍有30.22%的差距。参考发达国家普遍达到80%的城镇化率,本文按照80%的户籍人口城镇化率计算户籍人口城镇化缺口,由此计算得到上海市户籍人口转化缺口为476.64万人。根据可能—满意度模型与灰色GM(1, 1)模型进行测算,2019—2035年上海市每年需进行户籍城镇化转化的平均人数约为20万。
从城市供水、城市绿地、社会保障、医疗和教育等5个方面构建面板数据模型,得到4个超大城市中共性的、普遍的、在统计学上有意义的结果,即增加城市供水、医疗和教育资源有利于缩小常住人口与户籍人口的差距,提高户籍城镇化。实际上各市户籍人口缺口的影响因素复杂,不仅体现在资源数量的差别,更重要的是质量差别,需要结合不同的政策情景进行更深入细致的分析。
5 结论与讨论
流动人口市民化已成为城镇化高质量发展乃至实现共同富裕的关键。超大城市关乎区域发展和国家治理的格局,应予高度重视。以户籍人口转化为核心的市民化进程牵动多方利益,也是城市治理能否惠民富民和创建人民城市、人民社区的关键[30]。超大城市每年户籍人口应该转化多少、如何转化和如何治理,已经成为了不可回避的现实问题,也是重要的科学问题。本文结合自然与社会角度,实证分析超大城市户籍转化的影响因素,形成简明的指标和可靠的模型,不仅是从科学角度探讨城市户籍人口的转化问题,而且反思更深层次的城市治理问题。
超大城市户籍人口转化受城市供水、医疗资源和教育资源等要素的共同影响,其中,医疗资源和教育资源的影响程度较强。具体来看,软件资源,也就是相关的人力资源(医护人员、教师和社区工作者等)的优先性和重要性高于硬件资源(床位数、学校数、基础设施等),说明流动人口市民化的真正障碍在于入学教育、健康医疗、劳动就业与生活保障等方面。要在短期内破除超大城市户籍人口转化的障碍,必须在教育、医疗与社会保障方面进行全方位改革,增加相应人力资源的投入和福利,出台有利于上述行业从业者的政策。
城市治理需要由被动、僵硬、固化的治理转向弹性、灵活、常态化的治理,不以控制人口作为城市规划导向和内容。降低城市人口压力并不是减少或控制流动人口的进入,而是贯彻以人为核心的新型城镇化,增强城市的吸纳和转化能力[34]。在新型城镇化背景下,亟需创新城市治理制度和机制,综合推进户籍制度为主的市民化制度改革,激活超大城市的活力,这也是对双循环新格局的落实。超大城市的治理模式创新对全国乃至世界也将具有重要示范效应。需要把人口或人力资源转化为城乡治理的势能和动能,而不是视为负担,才能让人民群众共享发展成果,才能实现人民城市的伟大理念。通过城市治理创新逐步推进和大力提升市民化进程,既是对人民城市和以人为本的新型城镇化的贯彻落实,也是通往共同富裕的主要路径。
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DOI:10.11821/dlxb201904002
[本文引用: 1]
Since the reform and opening up, China's rapid urbanization has boosted the development of economy and society, but it is also confronted with tremendous challenges. The multidisciplinary research has promoted the issue of National New-type Urbanization Planning, which indicates the transformation of China's urbanization strategy. Further research, however, is needed to explore the theoretical construction of China's new-type urbanization. The paper summarizes the development process of China's urbanization and points out its characteristics, which includes peri-urbanization, special national conditions, complicated factors and governance system. China's urbanization makes a great contribution to the world. Moreover, the literature demonstrates the significance of urbanization to the discipline of human and economic geography and the scientific connotations of new-type urbanization, which refers to peiple-oriented, harmonious, inclusive and sustainable. Under the background of the humanism transformation, new-type urbanization should transform from population urbanization to people-oriented urbanization. There are six crucial scientific issues: people-oriented urbanization and equalization of basic public services, urbanization with integrated and coordinated development of urban and rural, urbanization in the context of resources and environment carrying capability and climate change, diverse regional modes, spatial effect and mechanism, as well as big data and innovation of technical methods. The paper makes efforts to illustrate a framework of China's new-type urbanization connotation, which provides references for theoretical research and policy formulation.
中国特色新型城镇化理论内涵的认知与建构
New urbanization and informal employment: Scale, pattern, and social integration
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.01.005
[本文引用: 1]
With the development of urbanization, promoting the citizenization of migrant workers and improving the quality of employment has become an important goal of China's urbanization strategy in the new era. Affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, the problem of informal employment stands out even further. Starting with an examination of the relationship between new urbanization and informal employment, this study draws on the data from population census and the China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS) to estimate the scale of urban informal employment in China and analyze its spatial and sectoral characteristics. It then identifies the main social integration problems faced by informal workers and discusses some policy options. It is found that urbanization and informal employment are interrelated. Informal employment provides job opportunities for rural migrants with the inability to find formal jobs in cities and urban workers who are unemployed, playing a role in alleviating employment and poverty problems. It is argued that the new urbanization with the principle of putting people first should be concerned with the social integration of informal workers with the aim to promote their citizenization. According to the estimation based on multi-source data, the number of informal workers is 138 million-155 million, accounting for 33.2%-44.7% of urban employment in China. The unobserved/unregistered informal workers are the majority. The distribution of informal employment is characterized by the spatial pattern that the scale of informal employment decreases from the eastern to the central and the western parts of China. In terms of employment types, most informal workers are employed in enterprises. Informal employment in China is mainly concentrated in the sector of wholesale, retail trade, and catering, followed by the sectors of residential service, repair, and other services and manufacturing industry. Informal workers are faced with difficulties in social integration, including job precarity, income instability, social marginalization due to population registration restriction, limited access to public services, and vulnerability to crises. It is recommended that policy intervention should pay attention to improving the quality of informal employment and promoting social integration of informal workers in the future.
新型城镇化与非正规就业: 规模、格局及社会融合
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