Exploring the evolution rules of rural transformation is significant for systematically understanding stages of rural development, judging trends of rural development, determining paths of rural sustainable development and promoting rural vitalization. Based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, industrial structure evolution theory, and regional spatial structure theory, this paper deduced the evolutionary stages of rural transformation. The evolutionary stages were verified by analysis of the development process of typical villages. Further, this paper explored the implication for rural sustainable development in the new era. The results showed that: (1) Evolutionary process of rural transformation included four stages. The first was the cropland-engineering stage, aiming at realizing the need for food and clothing under the uniform distribution of productivity. The second was the agricultural structure adjustment stage, aiming at increasing income under the intensifying urban-rural relationship status. The third was the industrial restructuring, aiming at improving the quality of life under the strengthening of regional linkages. The fourth was the stage of promoting the equalization of public service facilities with the goal of urban-rural equivalence under the urban-rural integration. (2) The development course of typical developed villages confirmed the evolution rules of rural transformation to some extent. (3) In practice, the evolutionary process of rural development presented skip or parallel phenomena because of regional differentiation of resources, location, market size, and willingness. According to the changes of the roles of different groups in development course, each stage could be subdivided into initial stage, transition stage, and maturation stage. (4) Based on the analysis of evolutionary rules of rural transformation, the paths of rural sustainable development in different types of region included land consolidation and agglomeration path, specialty industrial development path, industrial platform for collection and distribution path, and community function intensification path in the context of urban-rural integration.

探究乡村转型发展规律对于系统认识乡村发展阶段、研判乡村发展趋势、明确乡村可持续路径、促进乡村转型与振兴具有重要意义。首先基于马斯洛需求层次理论、产业结构演变理论、区域空间结构理论等演绎乡村转型发展阶段,然后结合典型乡村发展历程分析进行实证检验,进而探讨对于新时期乡村可持续发展的启示。研究结果：① 乡村转型发展在理论上可分为4个阶段,一是生产力均匀分布下以实现温饱需求为目标的土地整治促增产阶段,二是城乡联系增强下以改善生活水平为目标的农业结构调整促增收阶段,三是区域联系增强下以提升生活质量为目标的产业结构调整促致富阶段,四是城乡互动融合下以城乡等值为目标的公服设施建设促均等阶段。② 典型发达乡村的发展历程在一定程度上印证了乡村转型发展阶段特征。③ 因资源基础、区位条件、市场规模、发展主动性等因素的差异,乡村实际发展过程可能存在阶段的跃迁或并行的现象。根据发展过程中不同主体发挥作用的变化,每个阶段又可细分为初始阶段、过渡阶段和成熟阶段。④ 基于乡村转型发展规律分析,城乡融合背景下不同类型地区乡村可持续发展路径可分为土地整治集聚路径、特色产业发展路径、产业平台集散路径和社区功能集约路径等4类。

High-quality development is the only way to consolidate strategic achievements of building a moderately prosperous society, and to draw up the grand blueprint of basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035 and building China into a great modern socialist country by 2050. In this paper, we study the issue from the city level. Based on the new concept of development, the evaluation system is established. With the help of the vertical and horizontal level division method and fixed-based efficiency coefficient method, high-quality development comprehensive indexes are synthesized. Then, this paper applies spatial auto-correlation analysis, spatial Gini coefficient, Markov transfer matrix, panel regression model to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution pattern and driving factors of high-quality development of Chinese cities in the new era. The results show that: (1) The level of high-quality development of Chinese cities had been continuously optimized from 2012 to 2019, and high-quality development comprehensive indexes of eastern, central, southwestern and northwestern cities continue to increase, while that of northeastern cities first increase and then decrease. (2) In the process of high-quality development, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations are vanguards, urban agglomeration of Ningxia along the Yellow River, rank relatively low, while central-south Liaoning urban agglomeration faces the pressure of declining development quality. (3) The level of high-quality development of Chinese cities decreases from east to west with prominent spatial agglomeration, but the imbalance of high-quality development is alleviated over time. Cities with lower quality status have the power to jump to a higher level. However, the transition becomes more and more difficult. At the same time, there is a risk that the development quality of Chinese cities could be transferred to the lower level. (4) Low altitude, gentle topography, significant industrial agglomeration externality, huge market size, adequate public financial support, continuous and in-depth opening up are the driving forces for high-quality development of Chinese cities. In order to drive high-quality development of Chinese cities, we have responsibilities to implement the new concept of development by advocating innovative development, paying attention to coordinated development, accelerating green development, attaching importance to opening-up development, and promoting shared development. In this process, first-mover cities will play a leading role in propelling high-quality development of later-mover cities, and reshaping Chinese economic geography pattern to achieve “universal boiling” vision.

高质量发展是巩固全面建成小康社会战略成果的必由之路,是绘制建设社会主义现代化国家宏伟蓝图的不二法门。本文将研究的空间尺度下移至城市层面,基于新发展理念构建评价体系,合成了高质量发展综合指数,通过空间自相关分析、空间基尼系数、马尔科夫转移矩阵、面板回归模型等统计与计量方法,剖析新时代中国城市高质量发展的时空演进格局与驱动因素。研究表明：① 2012—2019年中国城市高质量发展水平不断提升,其中东部、中部、西南、西北城市高质量发展综合指数持续增加,东北城市则先降后升。② 长三角城市群、珠三角城市群在高质量发展进程中充当了排头兵角色,宁夏沿黄城市群高质量发展排名相对靠后,辽中南城市群面临发展质量下滑的压力。③ 中国城市高质量发展在空间上大体呈现由东向西递减的规律,空间集聚特征突出,但高质量发展失调问题随时间推移得到缓解,低质量、中低质量、中等质量与中高质量状态城市具有向上一等级跃迁的动力,但难度逐级提升。此外,中国城市发展质量存在向下一等级转移的风险。④ 海拔高度、地形地势、产业集聚、市场规模、公共财政、对外开放均能显著影响中国城市高质量发展。为全方位驱动新时代中国城市高质量发展,需贯彻落实新发展理念,发挥先发城市的领头雁作用,带动后发城市高质量发展,通过重塑中国经济地理格局达成“普遍沸腾”的愿景。

Cities and villages are components of a specific organism. Only the sustainable development of two parts can support the prosperous development as a whole. According to the theory of man-earth areal system, urban-rural integrated system and rural regional system are the theoretical bases for entirely recognizing and understanding urban-rural relationship. To handle the increasingly severe problems of "rural disease" in rapid urbanization, accelerating rural revitalization in an all-round way is not only a major strategic plan for promoting the urban-rural integration and rural sustainable development, but also a necessary requirement for solving the issues related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people in the new era and securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This study explores the basic theories of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization and analyzes the main problems and causes of rural development in the new era, proposing problem-oriented scientific approaches and frontier research fields of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in China. Results show that the objects of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization is a regional multi-body system, which mainly includes urban-rural integration, rural complex, village-town organism, and housing-industry symbiosis. Rural revitalization focuses on promoting the reconstruction of urban-rural integration system and constructs a multi-level goal system including urban-rural infrastructure networks, zones of rural development, fields of village-town space and poles of rural revitalization. Currently, the rural development is facing the five problems: high-speed non-agricultural transformation of agriculture production factors, over-fast aging and weakening of rural subjects, increasingly hollowing and abandoning of rural construction land, severe fouling of rural soil and water environment and deep pauperization of rural poverty-stricken areas. The countryside is an important basis for the socioeconomic development in China, and the strategies of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization are complementary. The rural revitalization focuses on establishing the institutional mechanism for integrated urban-rural development and constructs the comprehensive development system of rural regional system, which includes transformation, reconstruction and innovation in accordance with the requirements of thriving businesses, pleasant living environments, social etiquette and civility, effective governance, and prosperity. Geographical research on rural revitalization should focus on the complexity and dynamics of rural regional system and explore new schemes, models and scientific approaches for the construction of villages and towns, which are guided by radical cure of "rural disease", implement the strategy of rural revitalization polarization, construct the evaluation index system and planning system of rural revitalization, thus providing advanced theoretical references for realizing the revitalization of China's rural areas in the new era.

城市与乡村是一个有机体,只有二者可持续发展,才能相互支撑。依据人地关系地域系统学说,城乡融合系统、乡村地域系统是全新认知和理解城乡关系的理论依据。针对日益严峻的“乡村病”问题,全面实施乡村振兴,既是推进城乡融合与乡村持续发展的重大战略,也是破解“三农”问题,决胜全面建成小康社会的必然要求。本文探讨了新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴的基础理论,剖析了乡村发展面临的主要问题,提出了问题导向的中国城乡融合与乡村振兴科学途径及研究前沿领域。结果表明：① 城乡融合与乡村振兴的对象是一个乡村地域多体系统,包括城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体,乡村振兴重在推进城乡融合系统优化重构,加快建设城乡基础网、乡村发展区、村镇空间场、乡村振兴极等所构成的多级目标体系。② 中国“三农”问题本质上是一个乡村地域系统可持续发展问题,当前乡村发展正面临主要农业生产要素高速非农化、农村社会主体过快老弱化、村庄建设用地日益空废化、农村水土环境严重污损化和乡村贫困片区深度贫困化等“五化”难题。③ 乡村是经济社会发展的重要基础,城乡融合与乡村振兴战略相辅相成,乡村振兴应致力于创建城乡融合体制机制,推进乡村极化发展,按照产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕的要求,构建乡村地域系统转型—重构—创新发展综合体系。④ 乡村振兴地理学研究应着眼于乡村地域系统的复杂性、综合性、动态性,探究以根治“乡村病”为导向的新型村镇建设方案、模式和科学途径,为实现新时代中国乡村振兴战略提供理论参考。

The core objective of rural vitalization is to systemically establish a coupling pattern of various rural development elements including population, land and industry. As one of the prerequisites, land resources is required to be optimally allocated via land consolidation. Consequently, land consolidation contributes greatly in population agglomeration, industry development and resources support under the context of combating rural decline. In light of these facts, this paper conducts an elementary analysis on the connotation of land consolidation and rural vitalization in the new era, as well as their relationships. Furthermore, the issues on the alternative paths for achieving rural vitalization via land consolidation in different regions were also discussed. Main conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) It is manifested that rural vitalization in the new era can be explained as a comprehensive process of tackling the loss and decline of rural development elements through political, economic and cultural means. Most importantly, vitalizing the interior motivation and absorbing the external power are essential for the efficient reconfiguration and utilization of rural population, land and industry, thus achieving the goals of arousing rural vitality, optimizing elements structure, enhancing territorial function and restructuring rural morphology. (2) From the perspective of rural vitalization, land consolidation, which adheres to the path of connotative development, should not only target at stimulating the key elements of rural development, but also place emphasis on the coordination of material space and spirit core, so as to realize the co-prosperity of the urban and the rural areas. (3) Regional natural indigenous factors and the corresponding phases of socio-economic development should be both taken into account in the process of implementing rural land consolidation. Following the principle of adjusting measures to local conditions, appropriate paths or modes are supposed to be chosen in different regions constrained by the territorial development pattern. Finally, focusing on a series of problems and new concepts, which is aimed at achieving urban-rural integration development and boosting socio-economic growth in rural areas, we propose further discussions.

乡村振兴的核心目的是系统构建人口、土地、产业等多种发展要素的耦合格局。土地整治在乡村振兴过程中肩负着为人口集聚、产业发展提供资源支撑的基础性作用。本文基于影响乡村发展的关键要素阐释了新时代乡村振兴和土地整治的内涵及其互馈关系,剖析了乡村振兴背景下土地整治的区域实施路径。最后,就未来乡村振兴视角下土地整治的方向进行了展望与讨论。结论如下：① 乡村振兴的内涵在于为应对乡村内部要素的流失与衰退,通过经济、政治及文化建设等手段激发内部动力和吸纳外部资源来重新组合、优化配置和高效利用乡村人口、土地和产业等发展要素,从而优化要素结构、提升地域功能、重塑乡村形态,实现乡村地域经济、社会及生态的全面复兴和城乡融合发展的新格局;② 乡村振兴视角下土地整治要激活乡村人口、土地和产业等关键发展要素,统筹物质空间振兴与精神内核提升;③ 开展农村土地整治要与区域自然本底条件和社会经济发展阶段相适应,按照分区统筹、分类施策的原则在国土空间开发格局的框架下因地制宜地采取相应的模式与路径;④ 未来有必要重塑土地整治的价值取向,在统一空间规划体系下统筹土地整治规划与乡村振兴规划,大力发展土地整治与多功能农业相结合的新模式。

The strategy of rural revitalization proposed at the 19th CPC National Congress is an inevitable choice to adapt to the changes of major social contradictions in China. The development of rural tourism is an important path to realize this great strategy. Through the dimensional deconstruction and dynamic mechanism analysis of the rural revitalization and rural tourism system, this paper analyzes the relationship between the two and the mechanism of action, and defines the coupling system of rural revitalization and rural tourism. Taking Fenghuang County, western Hunan Province as a case study, we constructed the evaluation index systems of rural revitalization and rural tourism. According to the panel data from 2001 to 2017, the comprehensive evaluation index, coordination degree and coordination development degree were calculated respectively. On this basis, the coupling process of rural revitalization and rural tourism system in Fenghuang County is divided into three stages, and the characteristics of the three stages are analyzed. The evolution process of the coupling system between rural revitalization and rural tourism is analyzed according to the evolution speed function and the "scissors difference", which reflects the changing trend of the two. The research shows that the interaction and interaction in the evolution process of rural revitalization and rural tourism system can be summarized as the coupling development process of pressure-embedding, adjustment and coordination, and the coupling evolution process reflects the cause-and-effect driving mechanism of cause-result-countermeasures. On this basis, the paper summarizes the realization path of rural revitalization and rural tourism, and puts forward that the design of policy system should be based on the evolution law and mechanism of rural revitalization and rural tourism system, and guide the coordinated development of the system by means of combining macro regulation and market regulation.

发展乡村旅游是实现乡村振兴这一伟大战略的重要路径选择。通过乡村振兴与乡村旅游体系维度解构及动力机制分析,解析了二者的相互关系及作用机制。以湘西凤凰县作为研究案例地,分别构建了乡村振兴评价指标体系和乡村旅游评价指标体系。根据2001—2017年面板数据,分别计算了其综合评价指数、协调度、协调发展度,依此将凤凰县乡村振兴-乡村旅游系统耦合过程划分为三个阶段,并分析了三个阶段的特征。根据演化速度函数及反映了二者变化趋势的差异的剪刀差,解析了乡村振兴-乡村旅游耦合系统的演化过程。通过案例研究,解释了乡村振兴-乡村旅游系统作用机制与演化规律,旨在为乡村振兴之乡村旅游路径选择提供政策参考。

Since the 21st century, China's rural social and economic development and infrastructure construction have attained remarkable achievements, but the imbalance between urban and rural development and inadequate rural development are still prominent. In particular, the living environment closely related to rural life is still the short board of rural development. At the beginning of 2018, the central government issued the three-year action plan for rural living environment improvement (RLEI) to focus on improving the rural living environment, building a beautiful and livable village, and pursuing the Rural Revitalization Strategy. This paper analyzes the concept and connotation of RLEI, explains the mechanism of RLEI promoting rural revitalization, combs the mode and mechanism, effect and evaluation of RLEI, and discusses the key areas of strengthening the research of RLEI. The science of rural living environment has developed rapidly in the past 10 years, and has made remarkable progress in basic theory, evolution mechanism, quality evaluation, regulation and control strategy, especially in the research of basic theory, evolution mechanism and quality evaluation. However, there are still obvious deficiencies in the guidance and support of the current research for practice, and there are still some misunderstandings in the practice of local specific RLEI. Facing the strategic needs of rural revitalization, we need to form "eight consensus" in the understanding and practice of RLEI in the new era. In terms of research, we should strengthen the intersection and integration of rural geography and engineering technology science, urban and rural planning science, management science, sociology, etc., and strive to form a systematic research system integrating theoretical research, technological development, mechanism analysis, effectiveness evaluation, and model optimization, which can better support the improvement of rural living environment and realize the function and value enhancement of rural areas, and then effectively contribute to the Rural Revitalization Strategy.

21世纪以来,中国乡村社会经济发展与基础设施建设取得明显成效,但城乡发展不平衡、乡村发展不充分的问题仍较突出。特别是与乡村生活密切相关的人居环境仍为乡村发展的短板。2018年初,国家出台了《农村人居环境整治三年行动方案》,以着力改善农村人居环境,建设美丽宜居乡村,助力乡村振兴战略。本文解析了农村人居环境及其整治的概念与内涵,阐释了农村人居环境整治与乡村振兴的相互作用机理,剖析了农村人居环境整治的运行模式,梳理了整治成效的评价方法与结果,并展望了农村人居环境整治研究的重点领域。农村人居环境科学在过去十余年取得了快速发展,在基本理论、演化机理、质量评价、调控策略等方面有明显进展。但是,当前研究对于实践的指导性和支撑性仍存在明显不足,地方具体整治工作仍存在一些认识上或实践上的误区。面向乡村振兴战略需求,新时期的农村人居环境整治在认识和实践方面要形成“八项共识”。在研究层面,应强化乡村地理学与工程技术科学、城乡规划学、管理学、社会学等的交叉与融合,着力形成集理论研究、技术研发、机制剖析、成效评估、模式优化等于一体的系统性研究体系,可更好地支撑农村人居环境整治,实现乡村地域功能显化和价值提升,进而有效助力乡村振兴。

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the contribution of financial development to poverty reduction in 11 South Asian developing countries using panel data set over the time period 1990-2012.

This paper investigates the causal relationship between financial development and the urban-rural income gap in China. Using a bootstrap Granger panel causality analysis, the result indicates that financial development influences urban-rural income gap mainly in Eastern China. The high level of financial development in this region enables rural areas to increase its income. Our results also confirm the existence of the financial Kuznets curve in Eastern China where urban-rural income gap would be first increased and afterwards decreased by financial development. The financial development itself is not dependent on urban-rural income gap as it largely depends on government policies and economic growth.

Eco-city is an essential form of sustainable urban development and represents the tendency of modern cities. The evaluation of eco-city provides the fundamental basis for the planning, construction and management of eco-city. With the rapid development of social and economic, the connotation and evaluation index system of eco-city also need to update with the times. Currently, China's economy has shifted from a rapid growth stage to a high-quality development stage. Urban is an essential platform of regional economic development, it will also enter the stage of high-quality development. The eco-city is highly compatible with the concept of high-quality development, it is necessary to integrate the high-quality development ideology in the eco-city evaluation, which is in line with the current urban transformation and development requirements of China. Therefore, on the basis of combing the evolution and connotation development of eco-city, we set up an eco-city evaluation system guided by the concept of high-quality development, and then taking the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration (YRDUA) as an example to carry out the ecological level evaluation study of urban. Thus, the characteristics of spatial-temporal variations of urban ecological level was evaluated and the main obstacle factors was revealed. Based on various statistical data of YRDUA in 2005, 2010 and 2015, 27 indicators for evaluating eco-city that reflects the requirements for high quality development ideology were constructed from three aspects, they are economic development, ecological environment protection and social civilization progress. The entropy-TOPSIS model then analyzed the ecological level of cities, and the major obstacle factors was measured through obstacle degree model. The results showed that: The ecological level of the YRDUA present a steady improvement trend, the urban ecological level spatial pattern of the YRDUA shows a "core-periphery" structure, and it experienced the evolution process of double-high value center in 2005, single-high value center in 2010 and multiple-high value center in 2015. The ecological level of Shanghai municipality, provincial capital cities and other economically-strong cities like Suzhou and Wuxi are significantly better than other cities. There is a significant correlation between ecological level and city hierarchical, which means the urban ecological level is directly proportional to the population scale. The higher the urban hierarchy, the more advantageous the urban construction has, thus the higher the ecological level is. And the ecological level gap of the different urban hierarchy has gradually expanded during the study period. From the perspective of the 3 subsystems, economic development, ecological environment protection and social civilization progress, each city presents different advantages and disadvantages regarding different indicators. Moreover, the difference of ecology level regarding the economy and society are significant than the ecological environment. The obstacle factors of the ecological level of the YRDUA are relatively stable. For most cities, economic development, infrastructure, and public service factors are the primary constraints, especially in cities with relatively backward economic development, while a few economically developed cities have significant obstacles to environmental foundation and social civilization progress. In the future, the differentiated policies deserve much more attention, urban ecological level should promote to higher quality according to local conditions especially its significant constraints.

以长江三角洲城市群为案例区,运用熵值-TOPSIS模型评价城市生态化水平的变化及差异,运用障碍度模型探究影响城市生态化水平的主要障碍因子。结果表明:长三角城市群生态化水平在稳步提升,城市间生态化水平差异显著并呈扩大趋势;长三角城市群生态化水平在空间上呈现“中心-外围”结构,城市生态化水平与城市规模等级成正比,直辖市、省会城市和经济强市生态化水平要显著优于其他城市;城市在经济、生态环境和社会3个层面指标上的评价得分具有不平衡性,各城市优劣势有所差异,并且经济和社会层面的生态化水平差异大于生态环境层面的差异;对大多数城市而言,经济层面及基础设施、公共服务要素是主要障碍因子。未来生态城市建设应立足城市自身发展状况,因地制宜地提升城市生态化水平,建设高质量生态城市。

The high-quality development of the new urbanization in China is focused on man-earth harmony, people-oriented principle, low-carbon, ecology, innovation, wisdom and safety. It is an organic unity of high quality citizenization, infrastructure, living environment, urban construction, public service and urban management. Promoting the new urbanization is an important way for China to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieve modernization basically, and it is an important way to realize the strategy of rural revitalization. To promote the development of China's new urbanization, we need to follow the four stage rule and gradual development rule. To realize the strategy transformation of new urbanization, it is necessary to make more changes: from the quantitative to the quality-oriented, from the "one step" to "step by step" in realizing our goals, from radical to gradual, from inducing "negative effect" to releasing the "positive energy", from passive to active, from "land-oriented" to "people-oriented". The current situation and background conditions of China's urbanization are very different from one place to another. Thus, we should avoid "one-size-fits-all" in promoting the development of new urbanization. Adhering to the principle of adapting local conditions and appropriate conditions, the paper divides the new urbanization area into five major types, including urban agglomeration region (I), major grain-producing region (II), farming, forestry, and animal husbandry region (III), linked poverty alleviation region (IV), and ethnic autonomous region (V), which are further divided into 47 sub-regions. The urbanization development mode between different regions and different subregions cannot be copied from each other, and we need to implement some diversified and differentiated models. According to the main functions of different types of urbanization regions, the different development policies of urbanization should be formulated, and development goals and priorities should be put forward according to local conditions, and the classification guidance should be proposed according to the appropriate conditions. The key paths to promote the high-quality development of China's new urbanization include: enhance the overall synergy of high-quality development and improve the quality of urban agglomeration development; promote the integrated development of industrial and urban areas and the equalization of basic urban public services, and improve the quality of urban development; propel integrated development between urban and rural areas and accelerate the revitalization of rural areas; highlight the main functions of urbanization quality development in different types of areas in accordance with local conditions; innovate institutional mechanisms and ensure that high-quality development is carried out throughout the trial process of new urbanization; standardize small towns with distinctive features and lay a solid foundation for the high-quality development of new urbanization; strengthen the analysis and regulation of the capacity of resources and environment for the high-quality development of new urbanization.

中国新型城镇化高质量发展是一种人地和谐、高效低碳、生态环保、节约创新、智慧平安的质量提升型城镇化,是高质量的城市建设、高质量的基础设施、高质量的公共服务、高质量的人居环境、高质量的城市管理和高质量的市民化的有机统一。高质量推进新型城镇化发展需要遵循城镇化发展的四阶段性规律和渐进式规律,实现新型城镇化由数量型向质量型、由“一步到位”向“分步到位”、由激进式向渐进式、由诱发“负效应”向释放“正能量”、由被动性向主动型、由“地为本”向“人为本”的战略转型。考虑到中国新型城镇化发展的地域差异显著,新型城镇化高质量发展客观上要因地制宜、因类指导,可将全国新型城镇化高质量发展区域划分为城市群地区（Ⅰ）、粮食主产区（Ⅱ）、农林牧地区（Ⅲ）、连片扶贫区（Ⅳ）、民族自治区（Ⅴ）共5大高质量发展类型区和47个亚区。未来推进中国新型城镇化高质量发展的重点路径包括：增强新型城镇化高质量发展的整体协同性,提高城市群发展质量;推动产城深度融合发展,加快实现基本公共服务均等化,提升城市发展品质与质量;推动城乡深度融合发展,在新型城镇化高质量发展中实现乡村振兴;突出因地制宜,明确不同类型地区城镇化高质量发展的主体功能;创新体制机制,全过程推进城镇化高质量发展;量力而行,以特取胜,规范建设特色小镇,夯实新型城镇化高质量发展的基石;把新型城镇化高质量发展与区域资源环境承载力及高质量保护有机结合起来。

The Yellow River Basin as a whole is in the mid- to late stage of industrial transformation and the rapid development stage of the regional economy. It is in general in the “siphon effect” stage where the agglomeration function is stronger than the diffusion effect, and in the period of intense competition in intraregional development. Medium/high-speed economic growth of high-quality is a prerequisite for the modernization and sustainable development of the Yellow River Basin. Based on a general analysis of the connotation and change of theories of high-quality development in the basin (region), this article explores the basic conditions and core strategies of high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin. The basic conditions of high-quality development are the local diversity and vulnerability of agricultural development, the loose nature of the economic links in the river basin, constraints from the stage of economic development and its internal differences, and lack of momentum of external investment and industrial transfer, among others. These particularities determine that the high-quality development of the river basin must manifest itself in a long-term, diverse, competitive, cooperative, and regional orientation. Therefore, the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin needs to explore a core strategy of “overtaking by curves”: (1) With the development of smart society and globalization, the region should seek high-quality growth, that is, continue to explore new industrialization models in the region that are suitable for national needs and local characteristics, and build localized industrial clusters/chain to enhance comprehensive competitiveness; (2) Explore new models of synergy under the premise of homogeneity, plan river basin coordination and improve coordination mechanisms, and seek a new urbanization model of localization, including localized population urbanization strategy and urban-rural coordination model, especially the continued migration of rural population to river valleys/basins, plains, and towns based on land transfer. Improve labor productivity, paying attention to water resources and infrastructure construction, and so on; (3) Implement the “center breakthrough” system, seek the spatial reconstruction of the drainage basin led by the centers, promote the healthy development of central cities and urban agglomerations, and promote high-quality development. In general, the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin is a long-term exploration process of at least 20-30 years.

黄河流域整体处于工业化中期到后期的转型发展和区域经济的起飞发展阶段,大体处于集聚功能大于扩散效应的“虹吸效应”阶段和区内发展的激烈竞争时期。高质量的中/高速经济增长是黄河流域现代化进程和可持续发展的前提。在大致梳理流域（区域）高质量发展的内涵及其理论演变的基础上,本文探讨了黄河流域高质量发展的基本条件及其核心策略。域内高质量发展的基本条件表现为农业发展的多样性和脆弱性,流域经济联系的松散性,经济发展阶段性及其内部差异性的约束,外部投资和产业转移等动力不足的约束等。这决定了流域高质量发展必表现为长期性、多样性、竞争性、协同性甚至区域化的倾向。因此,黄河流域高质量发展需探索“弯道超车”的核心策略：①在智能社会和全球化浪潮中,谋高质量增长,即持续探寻域内适合国家需求和地方特色的新型产业转型发展模式,建构适合各地方的特色化产业集群/产业链,提升综合竞争力;②探寻同质前提下的协同新模式,谋划流域协同和寻求特色化的新型城镇化模式,包括适合各地的人口城镇化策略和城乡统筹模式,尤其是基于土地流转的乡村人口向河谷/川地/盆地、平原、城镇的持续迁移路径,提高劳动生产率,关注水资源和基础设施建设等问题;③实施“中心突破”的体制,寻求中心带动的流域空间重构,推动中心城市和城镇群的健康发展,促进高质量发展。黄河流域高质量发展是一个至少20~30年的长期探索过程。

Promoting the transformation, upgrading, and high-quality development of resource-based cities is a key point to achieve high-quality development in China. The comprehensive evaluation of the high-quality development of resource-based cities and the analysis of its influence mechanism can not only enrich the relevant theoretical research, but also have important practical significance. Based on Marxist political economy, this paper reviews and analyzes the theoretical framework of high-quality development in the new era, and systematically constructs the index system of high-quality development of resource-based cities. On this basis, the high-quality development level of 117 resource-based cities is comprehensively estimated, and its influence mechanism is analyzed. The results show the following. (1) From 2005 to 2017, the high-quality development level of resource-based cities continued to grow, showing a significant spatial distribution pattern of "relatively high in the east, but relatively low in the west and northeast". (2) The cities with higher and lower high-quality development levels have obvious regional agglomeration characteristics, but the local imbalance of high-quality development level intensifies, and the phenomenon of spatial polarization continues to expand. (3) The high-quality development level of cities in different growth stages is quite different. Among them, the high-quality development level of regenerative cities is the highest, while that of declining cities is the lowest. (4) The distance between resource-based cities and provincial capital cities or municipalities directly under the central government, natural factors (such as location, and altitude of cities), and the open time of cities have an important impact on the high-quality development level of resource-based cities.

促进资源型城市转型升级与高质量发展,是中国全面实现高质量发展的难点和重点。对资源型城市高质量发展水平进行综合评估并分析其影响机理既能丰富相关理论研究,也具有重要的实践意义。基于马克思主义政治经济学,梳理和分析了新时代高质量发展的理论框架,系统构建了资源型城市高质量发展的指标体系,在此基础上综合测算了中国117个资源型城市的高质量发展水平,并深入分析了其影响机理。结果表明：① 2005—2017年资源型城市高质量发展水平持续增长,整体呈现显著的“东部相对较高、西部相对较低”的分布格局。② 高质量发展水平较高和较低的城市具有明显的区域集聚特征,但高质量发展水平局部不平衡性加剧,空间极化现象持续扩大。③ 不同成长阶段的城市高质量发展水平存在较大差别,其中,再生型城市高质量发展水平最高,而衰退型城市高质量发展水平最低。④ 资源型城市与省会城市或直辖市的距离、区位和海拔、城市的开放时间等均对资源型城市高质量发展水平有重要影响。

In this article, we reviewed the process of rural development from 1949 to 2019. Implementing the rural revitalization strategy is essential for the declared prioritization of agricultural and rural development, achieving the overarching goal of agricultural and rural modernization, and establishing and improving the mechanism and policy framework of integrated urban and rural development. Rural development in China can be divided into five stages. The first stage involved urban-rural dual structure development with people's cooperatives as the primary agents. The second comprised a household contract responsibility system, and is characterized by a small-scale peasant economy. The third involved coordinating urban and rural development with a "city re-feeding rural areas" policy. The fourth was urban-rural integrated development oriented by rural reconstruction. Finally, the fifth stage is rural revitalization guided by balanced urban and rural development. This study also described and analyzed the evolution process of six revitalization themes since 1949, as well as tracing the journey of the deepening research into the themes. The six themes are: differentiation of the agents, industrial evolution, environmental improvement, cultural reconstruction, rural governance, and rural planning. Finally, this study focused on the recent rural revitalization to address strategic needs and five upcoming areas of research. These research areas include interdisciplinary integrated research of theory and practice, urban-rural integration, integrated development of rural industry and improvement of quality and efficiency, integrated development of rural production, living, and ecological space, and cross-regional rural cooperation and linkage. Future research trends were also discussed.

实施乡村振兴战略是坚持农业农村优先发展、实现农业农村现代化总体目标、建立健全城乡融合发展体制机制和政策体系的重要途径。论文系统回顾了乡村发展的历程,将1949年以来中国乡村发展分为：人民公社为主体的城乡二元结构阶段、小农经济为主体的家庭联产承包责任制阶段、城市反哺农村的城乡统筹发展阶段、城乡融合发展与乡村振兴阶段4个发展时段。从时间序列深入刻画了乡村振兴的主体分化、产业演变、环境整治、文化重构、乡村治理5个振兴主题及乡村规划的演化过程与研究趋势。最后,着眼于新时代乡村振兴战略需求与研究热点,从学科交叉融合的理论与实践研究、城乡一体化与城乡融合发展研究、乡村产业融合发展与提质增效研究、乡村“三生”空间融合发展研究、乡村跨区域协作与联动研究5个方面对乡村振兴未来研究趋势展开了讨论。

In the face of global environmental challenges, sustainable development has received much attention worldwide, and sustainability science has emerged in the 21st century as a globally well-recognized new area of science. Rural sustainability science, as an important part of sustainability science, is a use-inspired science aimed at understanding and improving the dynamic relationship between people and the rural environment from a transdisciplinary and multiscale perspective. In tandem with urban sustainability science, it provides much needed scientific support for dealing with rural decline and promoting rural sustainable development. In this paper, we first discuss the concepts of sustainability, rural sustainability, and rural sustainability science, and then propose a transdisciplinary integrated framework of rural sustainability science that focuses on agricultural sustainability, community sustainability, and rural human well-being. China is a nation with deep rural roots, complex problems involving interactions among agriculture, farmers, and villages, and huge urban-rural socioeconomic gaps. Since the reform and opening-up in 1978, China's rural areas have developed rapidly, but they still face numerous tough challenges. Rural revitalization strategies are needed for promoting the rural transition toward sustainability, but the necessary scientific basis and appropriate guidelines for formulating such strategies are still lacking. We argue that rural sustainability science can provide theoretical, technical, and decision-making support for the implementation of rural revitalization strategies. Our analysis of the current status of China's rural sustainable development indicates that the transition to sustainability is urgently needed, and so is the science that guides the transition. To address these problems, we call for transdisciplinary research that couples rural society and its environment, focusing on nine core issues in line with the needs of China's rural development and aiming to transfer knowledge of rural sustainability into local adaptive actions.

面对全球环境挑战,可持续发展备受关注,成为21世纪举世瞩目的新兴领域。乡村可持续性科学作为可持续性科学的重要组成部分,是一门以跨学科思维、多尺度视角来理解和改善乡村人地关系的、以应用为导向的整合型学科。与城市可持续性科学相互对应并相互联系,乡村可持续性科学是应对乡村衰退、促进乡村可持续发展所急需的科学支撑。本文在讨论可持续性、乡村可持续性与乡村可持续性科学概念基础上,以农业可持续性、社区可持续性与农民福祉为主要内容,构建了一个多学科综合的乡村可持续性科学研究框架。中国是一个农业大国,城乡差距明显,“三农”问题复杂,1978年改革开放以来,乡村发展迅速,但也面临艰巨挑战。乡村振兴战略的实施是推动中国乡村向可持续发展转型的有效途径,但其理论与实践体系尚不完善。具有中国特色的乡村可持续性科学的发展,可以为乡村振兴战略实施提供理论、技术与决策支撑。为此,本文对中国乡村可持续发展现状进行了分析,并基于文献分析探讨了中国乡村可持续研究的不足。结论显示,中国乡村迫切需要向可持续发展转型,但乡村可持续性科学基础薄弱,需借鉴国际经验,立足本国国情,强化跨学科研究与人地系统耦合研究,聚焦9个适应中国当前乡村发展需求的核心议题,并因地制宜地将乡村可持续性研究成果转化为指导乡村振兴发展的行动策略。

China is a large agricultural country, and issues concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers are closely related to national economic and social development. To achieve the "Two Centenary Goals", rural revitalization strategy has become the choice to resolve unbalanced urban-rural development and inadequate rural development in China. Rural development is a comprehensive process of cycle accumulation and dynamic evolution of rural regional system. Thus, it is of great significance to systematically analyze the process and regional pattern of rural development to scientifically promote the implementation of rural revitalization strategy in the new era. Based on the theory of human-earth areal system and human-earth system science, this study examines the process and features of rural development in China from 1978 to 2050, discusses the internal relationship between rural transformation and rural revitalization, reveals the spatial pattern of the level of county rural revitalization in 2017, and finally puts forward the key problems and countermeasures for rural revitalization in the new era. Results show that the evolution of China's rural development in the period of 1978-2050 can be divided into three stages, i.e. solving the problem of food and clothing (1978-2005), building a well-off society (2005-2020) and realizing prosperity (2020-2050). In general, it is a dynamic and continuous process from low-level and basic-type to high-quality and innovation-type. Rural revitalization is a special stage of rural transformation, and a strategic choice to solve the prominent problem in rural development when it has evolved to a certain stage, thus boosting rural development to a higher stage. In 2017, when rural revitalization strategy was initiated, the level of rural revitalization in 57.3% of the counties in China was between 0.40 and 0.50, and there was an obvious gradient differentiation from the east to the west, with significant clustering characteristics and positive correlation. Specifically, the counties featured by "high-high (H-H)" clustering were mainly distributed in the third step of the terrain and the middle of Sichuan Basin; while the counties featured by "low-low (L-L)" clustering were concentrated in western China except Sichuan Basin, the eastern part of Inner Mongolia and the north of Tianshan Mountains. Due to the regionalism, stage and the difference in constraints of rural development, the focuses of rural revitalization in the new era lie in scientifically identifying the targeting areas of rural revitalization, comprehensively judging the trends of rural development, and systematically diagnosing the dominant constraints of different types of rural areas, so as to take targeted measures to make up for the shortcomings of the modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Besides, it is necessary to fully understand the interactions between urban and rural areas, thus promoting urban-rural integrated development.

乡村发展是乡村地域系统循环累积与动态演化的结果,全面梳理乡村发展历史脉络与地域分异格局,对于科学推动新时代乡村振兴战略落实具有重要意义。基于人地关系地域系统理论和人地系统科学认知,本文解析了1978—2050年中国乡村发展演化进程,探讨了乡村转型发展与乡村振兴的内在逻辑,揭示了中国县域乡村振兴水平的空间格局,进而提出了新时代乡村振兴的关键问题及其路径对策。研究表明：① 中国1978—2050年的乡村发展可划分为解决温饱、小康建设和实现富裕三个主要阶段,是一个由低水平、基础型向高质量、创新型不断发展的过程;② 乡村振兴本质上是乡村转型发展的一个特殊阶段,是乡村发展演化到一定阶段后,为解决其面临的突出问题以向更高层次迈进的战略选择;③ 2017年中国57.3%的县域乡村振兴综合水平介于0.40~0.50之间,在空间上呈现出明显的东中西地域分异,并具有显著的聚集特征和正相关性;④ 新时代乡村振兴战略的落实重在科学识别乡村振兴的瞄准区域,综合研判乡村发展演化的趋势,系统诊断乡村地域类型的主导制约因素,全面认知城乡耦合互动的逻辑关系,进而采取针对性措施推进农业农村现代化。

There is a big gap between general rural modernization paradigm and huge empirical rural geography studies. This gap results in impotent development strategies on regionally differentiated countryside. Based on multifunctional agriculture theory and multifunctional rural theory which emerged in Western World as a new paradigm, this paper discusses the multiple objectives, differentiated pathways and policies of agriculture and rural development in China. Firstly, this paper reflects the problems and challenges caused by modernization paradigm in rural China on economic, social, and environmental aspects, as well as that of western developed countries. It can be concluded that conventional agricultural and rural modernization is developed largely at the expense of rural environment, social fabric and economic viabilities. Obviously, "modernization development paradigm" alone is not enough for healthy agricultural and rural development in such booming economy as China. A better paradigm should be developed which takes economic development, social justice and environmental sustainability into account at the same time. After a brief review of multifunctional agriculture theory and multifunctional rural theory overseas, the multiple objectives of agriculture and rural development in China are put forward. These multiple objectives, however, should not and could not be a burden on rural space indiscriminatingly due to the enormous differentiation of natural and socio-economic conditions. Thus, the final but main part of this paper envisions the differentiated pathways and policy portfolios of agricultural and rural development in China from the perspective of territorial division.

传统的乡村现代化发展范式和地理学关于乡村的区域差异研究之间存在缝隙,不足以为快速演化分异的乡村地域发展提供直接理论支撑。本文引入西方近20年来逐渐兴起的多功能农业与多功能乡村理论,从新的视角观察思考中国乡村多元化发展的目标、路径及对策。首先从经济、社会和环境三个方面反思中国乡村现代化的基本历程与得失,以及西方国家乡村现代化产生的问题,指出传统的农业农村现代化发展在很大程度是以牺牲乡村环境和乡村社会机理脆弱化为代价的,也造成了乡村经济对外部支持的过度依赖,仅仅强调“现代化”发展范式显然是不够的;然后简要介绍了国外多功能农业与多功能乡村理论;在此基础上,从功能角度提出中国农业农村发展的多元目标,推演探讨农业农村发展的区域差异化路径及对策。

Using data from a field experiment in Kenya, we document that providing individuals with simple informal savings technologies can substantially increase investment in preventative health and reduce vulnerability to health shocks. Simply providing a safe place to keep money was sufficient to increase health savings by 66 percent. Adding an earmarking feature was only helpful when funds were put toward emergencies, or for individuals that are frequently taxed by friends and relatives. Group-based savings and credit schemes had very large effects. (JEL C93, D14, D91, I12, O12)

China's economy has been developing rapidly at the cost of tremendous energy consumption and severe environmental pollution since the 1980s. The severe haze and fog often shrouding many cities in China since 2013 indicate that there is an urgent need to shift current developmental pattern to green development. As one of the cores of modern economy, financial development could play a more active role to promote the transition. Yet how to advance the transition remains unclear and arguable. And it needs to explore the ways that financial factors work before policy making. Aiming to examine the mechanisms that financial development influences green development, this paper measures the level of regional green development with eco-efficiency, and uses spatial Durbin model to research relative importance of the mechanisms and effect of spatial spillover with the data of 30 provinces in China. The main findings are obtained as follows. (1) Both financial development and eco-efficiency present agglomerating situation, the level of which in the coastal developed areas of southeast China is relatively high. And there are obvious spatial correlations among variables. (2) The effects of enterprise supervision and resource distribution are relatively important. The former has the most positive influence on local green development, yet its spatial spillover effect only works in the long term. The latter influences local green development significantly, yet its spatial spillover effect is not significant. (3) After the financial crisis, the effects of capital support and the supervision from long-term loan are strengthened than those before, yet the supervision from security market is weakened and has led to negative influence on the eco-efficiency. (4) The direct effects and spatial spillover effects of green finance are not significant, which implies that it is necessary to enhance the support of green finance for green industry and environmental protection. The policy meaning is that more emphasis should be put on the supervision of capital use instead of increasing investment. This paper also implies that the effect of green finance should be improved by providing more support on the green industry and environment investments.

近年来严重的雾霾在中国许多城市持续大面积出现，这敲响了提升区域发展绿色度的警钟。金融可以也应该在促进绿色发展中发挥重要作用。本文分析金融发展影响区域绿色发展的四个机理，利用生态效率反映区域绿色发展水平，运用空间杜宾模型和中国省域面板数据实证研究了各机理的相对重要性及其空间溢出效应。主要发现有：相对而言，企业监督效应和资本配置效应的作用更显著；前者对当地绿色发展的积极影响相对最大，但长期中才会对周边区域的绿色发展产生积极的空间溢出效应；后者对当地绿色发展具有显著影响，但空间溢出效应不显著；金融危机后资本支持效应和长期贷款的监督效应得到了加强，但证券市场的监督效应则反而具有负面影响；绿色金融效应及其空间溢出均不明显，暗示着有必要加强金融支持绿色产业和环境保护的力度。金融支持绿色发展的政策重点可能在于加强资金使用监督，而不仅是加大资金投入。