Under the background of global energy transition, the geopolitical problem of energy transition has increasingly become one of the frontiers and hot topics of world energy geography and politics. There are obvious differences in energy connotation, attributes and geopolitical characteristics in different stages. In the new energy era, energy geopolitics is more diversified, complex and comprehensive. This paper compares the geopolitical characteristics of energy in different stages, and combs the research process of new energy geopolitics. The research shows that the global energy transition will intensify the reconstruction of geopolitical pattern, change the relationship between geopolitical security and conflict dominated by traditional energy security, change the role of different countries in global energy geopolitics, reshape the national energy relationship formed in the traditional oil and gas era, and highlight the impact of new energy technologies and key scarce materials on the geopolitics of energy transition, and cause energy network security problems. It is found that scholars of various disciplines have paid extensive attention to the geopolitics of energy transition. At present, there are many uncertainties about the geopolitical impact of energy transition, and there is still room for development and improvement in the theoretical framework, technical methods and research perspective. Looking forward to the future, the geopolitical research of energy transition urgently needs to strengthen the discipline theoretical research, promote the scientific and quantitative research of geopolitics of energy transition, and strengthen the application research of service discipline development and major national energy security decisions, explore the geographical effect of energy transitions on the reconstruction of traditional energy geopolitics, the mechanism of energy transition geopolitics and the impact of energy transition geopolitics on energy security. Meanwhile, geopolitical research on energy transformation should be carried out in close combination with international academic frontiers such as climate change, "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" goals, and global energy governance, so as to enrich the research perspective of world energy geography.

在全球能源转型的大背景下,能源转型的地缘政治问题日益成为世界能源地理及政治学研究的前沿和热点领域。不同阶段的能源内涵、属性及地缘政治特征存在明显差异,在可再生能源时代,能源地缘政治更加多元化、复杂化和综合化。本文对比了不同阶段能源的地缘政治特征,梳理了可再生能源地缘政治的研究历程。研究认为：全球能源转型将加剧地缘政治格局的重构,改变传统能源安全主导的地缘安全与冲突关系,改变不同国家在全球能源地缘政治中的角色,重塑传统油气时代所形成的国家能源关系,同时也将凸显新能源技术和关键稀缺材料对能源转型地缘政治的影响,并引发新的能源网络安全问题。研究发现虽然各学科的学者对能源转型的地缘政治进行了广泛关注,但是当前关于能源转型的地缘政治影响,仍存在诸多不确定性,在理论框架、技术方法、研究视角等方面仍存在发展和完善的空间。展望未来,能源转型的地缘政治研究亟待加强学科理论研究,推动能源转型地缘政治的科学计量研究转向,加强服务学科发展和国家能源安全重大决策的应用研究,探究能源转型对传统能源地缘政治重构的地理效应、能源转型地缘政治的作用机理和能源转型地缘政治对能源安全的影响。同时要紧密结合气候变化、“双碳”目标、全球能源治理等国际学术前沿来开展能源转型的地缘政治研究,以丰富世界能源地理的研究视角。

The Russia-Ukraine conflict is widely regarded as one of the most serious geopolitical crises in Europe after the Cold War. It not only caused a large number of casualties in both countries but also affected the whole world, causing complex games among China, the U.S., Europe and Russia, promoting the world's political and economic division and accelerating the deglobalization. Therefore, it may become a watershed in the evolution of the global power pattern after the Cold War. In this context, it is increasingly necessary and urgent to comprehensively analyze and judge the realistic nature and development trend of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Napoleon Bonaparte once said that the political nature of all power is embedded in its geographical location. This paper uses the classical geopolitical theory—Halford Mackinder's Heartland theory to analyze the geographical dynamic mechanism and temporal- Spatial patterns of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, to help understand the geopolitical security risks and challenges faced by China in the complex situation. Based on reviewing the core content of Mackinder's Heartland theory, this paper examines the influence of Heartland theory on the geopolitical thought and strategic practice of Russia and the U.S..Finally, it analyzes the particularity of Ukraine's geographical position in the Heartland and its encounter and situation in the East-West powers game. This paper points out that, on the surface, the Russia-Ukraine conflict took place between the two East Slavic countries with significant differences over historical issues. However, its essence is the general outbreak of structural contradictions formed by the long-term confrontation between Russia and NATO.It results from squeesing and collision with each other between the two geopolitical plates of the land power in the Heartland and the sea power in the Rimland. Ukraine, located at the junction of the Heartland and the Rimland, has thus fallen victim to the geopolitical struggle of the great powers.

俄乌冲突被广泛认为是冷战后欧洲最严重的地缘政治危机之一，不仅造成两国大量人员伤亡，也牵动了整个世界，引起中国、美国、欧盟和俄罗斯之间的复杂博弈，推动世界政治经济分裂和去全球化加速，因而可能成为冷战后全球势力格局演变的一道分水岭。本文运用经典地缘政治理论——麦金德的“心脏地带”理论来分析这场冲突的地理动力机制及时空规律，以助于认清复杂变局中中国面临的地缘安全风险和挑战。文章在回顾“心脏地带”理论核心要义的基础上，分别考察了该理论对俄罗斯和美国地缘政治思想和地缘战略实践的影响，最后分析了乌克兰在“心脏地带”中地理位置的特殊性及其在东西方力量博弈中的遭遇和处境。文章指出，从表面看，俄乌冲突发生于因历史问题分歧严重的两个东斯拉夫国家之间，但它的实质却是俄罗斯与北约长期对峙形成的结构性矛盾的总爆发，是“心脏地带”陆权力量与“边缘地带”海权力量两大板块相互挤压和对撞的结果，位于“心脏地带”与“边缘地带”结合部的乌克兰因此沦为大国地缘争斗的牺牲品。

The world is undergoing profound changes and restructuring. Resulted from the rise of China, the shifting of world power center and the restructuring of the international order are bound to put forward a new theoretic demand for geopolitical research in China, and bring new opportunities for the development of China's geography. Geopolitics is born from political geography, thus geographers can play a fundamental role in Chinese geopolitical studies and national geopolitical strategies. Having experienced two stages of development from importing the western theories to self-reflection since the founding of P. R. China, studies on Chinese geopolitics are entering the stage of indigenous innovation recently. This paper summarized the achievements and analyzed the deficiencies of Chinese geographers in the fields of geopolitics in the past half a century. Chinese geopolitics has made great progress in team building and academic achievements and some breakthroughs in some aspects recently. However, some problems still exist in Chinese geopolitical research. Firstly, the theoretical system is not yet complete and the academic community is disunited. Secondly, the disciplinary position is not clear, resulting in limited academic development potential. Thirdly, compared with other subjects, Chinese geography, the basic subjects of geopolitics and geo-economic study, is in an obvious weak position. So there is a serious shortage of outstanding achievements. Fourthly, the current research mainly focuses on the phenomenon description, and the mechanism examination is insufficient. Lastly, China's geographers have excessively relied on western thinking, and are lack of independent value judgments. On the basis of the above points, the authors suggest an action plan of strengthening Chinese geopolitical research, including the studies of geopolitical philosophy and methodology, geopolitics basic theory, global geopolitical situation and the major geostrategic powers, and the analysis of China's surrounding geopolitical environment.

地缘政治学脱胎于政治地理学,这种血缘关系决定了地理学在中国地缘政治研究和国家地缘战略的构建中的基础性作用。首先基于结构现实主义国际关系原理,运用地理学空间思维和现代组织行为学等理论,探讨了中国在崛起过程中修正地缘战略和树立地缘目标的重要性,认为和平崛起的中国需要地缘大思维,而地理学尤其是世界地理学,应首当其冲担当重任。在此基础上,系统梳理了中国地理学在地缘政治学领域的研究进展、主要成就以及存在的问题。研究表明：经过半个多世纪的发展,中国地理学的地缘政治学学科队伍不断壮大,学术成果精彩纷呈,并在重大领域有所突破。但其发展依然存在理论体系尚不完整、学科定位不清晰、优秀成果不足、过度依附西方思维等问题。鉴于此,提出了未来中国地理学在地缘政治学研究的主要努力方向。

Power is an important perspective to better understand and analyze energy geopolitics, energy security, international energy cooperation and global energy governance. Based on the geographical attributes analysis of energy, the geopolitical attributes of energy are discussed and a connotation power system is constructed, including the resources power, trade and transportation power, capital power and technology power. Then, a geographical framework for the study of energy geopolitics and energy power is carried out. In the framework, resources power and trade power are considered as the core of traditional energy geopolitics, technological control and capital control are taken as the new focus of energy power. Economic globalization, regional integration and global energy governance expand the extension of energy power. Geographical distribution, changes of energy power from place space to flow space, interrelationship between energy actors and global energy governance, and the study of decision-making service for energy security are the four fundamental parts of energy geopolitics and energy power research.

权力与空间是透视与解析能源地缘政治、能源安全、国际能源合作与全球能源治理等问题的重要视角。从能源的基本地理属性出发,探讨能源的地缘政治属性,提出地缘能权的概念,阐述地缘能权的基本理论内涵,并借鉴经典地理学理论,提出地缘能权研究的地理学框架。研究认为：资源控制权、贸易控制权、技术控制权和资本控制权是最核心的四种能源权力。其中,资源控制权与贸易控制权是传统能源地缘政治的核心,技术控制权和资本控制权是新时代能源权力关注的新焦点,而经济全球化、区域一体化和全球能源治理等因素拓展了地缘能权的外延。从地理学的视角对地缘能权进行研究,其基本范式离不开能源地理的分布规律研究,能源权力从地点空间向流空间的转向研究,能源行为体的相互关系与全球能源治理研究以及面向国家能源安全的决策服务研究。

China is in the critical period of transforming from the oil and gas era to the renewable energy era. The changes of China's energy demand structure and energy utilization form determine that the energy interaction logic between China and the rest of the world has undergone profound changes. In order to better understand the process of energy interaction between China and the rest of the world, this study discusses the basic theoretical cognition of global energy interaction, and analyzes the pattern and changes of energy interaction between China and the rest of the world with the help of complex network, multi-region input-output analysis and other technical methods. It is found that the scope of energy interaction between China and the rest of the world is expanding and deepening. China has gradually shaped a diversified world energy map, converting from oil and gas to renewable energy trade, from oil and gas based investment to diversified energy investment, and from conventional energy trade to embodied energy trade. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) The coal-based energy production structure and the huge demand for oil and gas determine that ensuring overseas oil and gas supply is the most direct logic of energy interaction between China and the rest of the world, and the interaction areas are mainly concentrated in oil and gas rich countries and regions. (2) With the development of renewable energy, the logic of energy interaction between China and the rest of the world has changed from oil and gas to renewable energy related products trade. With the comparative advantages in China's manufacturing, the scope of interaction has expanded from countries and regions rich in oil and gas to countries with global renewable energy development and installation needs, forming a renewable energy trade map covering major countries and regions in the world. (3) China's overseas energy investment target has expanded from a limited number of host countries to other regions such as Europe and Southeast Asia. The investment business is not only limited to the oil and gas field, but also has expanded to solar energy, wind energy, hydropower and other renewable electricity generation projects. (4) China is a global manufacturing and trading power. Under the background of deepening globalization, part of China's energy is embodied the global production network and trade network for redistribution. The scope of energy interaction between China and the world is further expanded to countries with general commodity trade relations with China, forming the global "energy hub" function. This study can provide a theoretical perspective and decision-making basis for deeply understanding the energy interaction between China and the world, ensuring national energy security and participating in global energy economic governance.

当前中国正处于从油气时代向可再生能源时代转变的关键时期,中国能源需求结构和能源利用形式的变化决定了中国与全球能源的互动逻辑发生了深刻转变。为更好理解中国与全球的能源互动过程,本文探讨了全球能源互动的基本理论认知,并借助复杂网络、投入产出分析等技术方法分析了中国与全球能源互动格局及其变化。研究发现中国与全球能源互动的范围不断扩大,程度不断加深,从油气贸易到可再生能源贸易,从油气为主的投资到多元化能源品种的投资,从传统能源贸易到隐含能源贸易等方面,中国逐渐塑造了多元化的全球能源格局。主要结论为：① “多煤少油缺气”的能源生产结构和巨大的油气需求,决定了保障海外油气供应是中国与全球能源互动最直接的逻辑,互动区域主要集中在油气富集的国家和地区。② 随着可再生能源的发展,中国与全球能源互动逻辑从单纯的油气贸易转变为涉及可再生能源相关产品的贸易,凭借制造业优势,互动范围从油气富集的国家和地区拓展到全球拥有可再生能源发展和装机需求的国家,形成了覆盖全球主要国家和地区的可再生能源贸易新格局。③ 中国的海外能源投资目标从有限数量的东道国扩展到欧洲、东南亚等国家和地区,投资业务不仅局限在油气领域,也扩大到太阳能、风能和水能等可再生能源发电项目及电网等基础设施建设投资。④ 中国作为全球制造业大国和贸易大国,在全球化程度加深的背景下,部分能源隐含于全球生产网络和贸易网络中进行二次分配,中国与全球能源互动范围进一步拓展到与中国具有一般商品贸易关系的国家和地区,形成了全球“能源中枢”的功能。本文可为深刻认识中国与全球的能源互动关系,维护国家能源安全和参与全球能源经济治理提供理论视角与决策依据。

Since the Sino-U.S. trade friction to the "cold war of science and technology", rare earth, the "lifeline of high technology", has increasingly become the key point of the international games. Under the circumstances, it is of great significance to clarify the trend of China's rare earth trade and its role in the international rare earth market, to generally optimize China's resource security pattern and maintain the independence of science and technology in the long term. This paper uses the data from 2008 to 2018, including China's rare earth import and export trade data, the relevant national social, economic and political indicators, and the UN voting data. Then it discusses the spatial pattern evolution, interdependence evolution and main influence mechanism of China's rare earth products foreign trade, with the help of interdependence index, geographical affinity, GIS space technology and negative binomial panel regression. The results show that: (1) China's rare earth trade fluctuates greatly, and the export volume is much larger than the import volume, showing an "up-down-up" trend as a whole. (2) China's import market is highly concentrated and the path-dependence effect is enhanced, while the export market is gradually diversified and the path dependence is weakened. China mainly exports middle stream and downstream products with high added value and imports upstream mineral products with low added value. (3) China has strengthened its dominant position in the global rare earth trade interdependence pattern. The interdependence relationship between China and its most friendly countries has been strengthened, while that between China and the United States, Canada, Australia and other differentiated countries has been weakened. (4) The characteristics of countries, subject attribute proximity between countries and China's trade policy and trade environment have an important impact on China's rare earth import and export trade.

从中美贸易摩擦到“科技冷战”以来,被誉为“高科技命脉”的稀土,日益成为国际博弈的前沿领域。在此背景下,厘清中国稀土进出口贸易流动态势、把握中国在国际稀土市场中的地位变动,对中国资源安全格局的整体优化和科技自立自强的长久维持具有一定意义。本文基于2008—2018年中国稀土进出口贸易数据、相关国家社会经济政治指标及联合国投票数据,借助相互依存指数、地缘亲和度模型、GIS空间技术以及负二项面板回归等手段,探讨了中国稀土产品对外贸易格局的演化及影响因素。研究发现：① 中国稀土贸易存在较大波动,出口额远大于进口额,整体呈现“升—降—升”发展态势。② 中国稀土进口市场高度集中且路径依赖增强,出口市场逐步多元且路径依赖减弱。中国主要出口具有较高附加值的中、下游产品,进口具有较低附加值的上游矿物类产品。③ 中国在全球稀土贸易相互依存格局中的优势地位整体强化。中国与多数友好型国家间的相互依存关系呈现优化态势,但与美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等分歧型国家之间的相互依存关系呈现恶化态势。④ 国家主体属性、国家间邻近性以及中国的贸易政策、贸易环境等对中国稀土对外贸易产生重要影响。

To date, there are two significant issues including the "shale gas revolution" in the US and the rise of China, which have restructured greatly the distribution and hierarchies of international energy power system. On the basis of two theories of power interdependence and balance in international politics and geopolitics, this paper constructs the theoretical framework and models of energy power, and portrays spatial dynamics of energy power territories and balance areas between the US and China. Results are obtained as follows: First of all, with the rapid evolution of international energy power system and energy trade network, the energy power space of China and the United States has undergone tremendous changes. Secondly, the coal power and natural gas power spaces between China and the United States have basically formed relatively stable regional groups. China's crude oil power space maintains a strong global expansion trend, while the US crude oil power space faces transformation and reconstruction. Thirdly, the balance areas of energy power between China and the United States are constantly fragmented and relatively concentrated in most parts of Europe, Southern Africa and East Asia. According to the characteristics of energy resources and geopolitics, they are divided into five types, namely, the resource endowment type, the resource consumption type, the geographical channel type, the political and economic separation type, and the third-country controling type. Finally, focusing on these types, we suggest some policies. It is necessary to enlarge energy trades and investments with resource endowment countries, to strengthen energy technology cooperation with resource market-oriented countries, to ensure the security and fluent flows of energy transport channels, to strengthen economic cooperation with the political-economic separation countries to influence their diplomatic policies, and to reasonably arrange energy cooperation with the third-country controlling countries. These conclusions are expected to play a guiding role in China's energy trade cooperation, which is of great significance to this country's energy security.

随着美国“页岩气革命”取得重大突破,当前世界能源贸易版图和政治经济格局加速重塑,美国成为新的传统能源权力领导者,中国和平崛起下的能源安全问题愈发严峻。基于相互依赖理论和均势理论,构建了能源权力空间理论框架和能源权力静态模型,刻画出 2003—2018年间中美能源权力的空间范围及均势区变化：（1）随着国际能源权力体系和能源贸易网络的发展演变,中国和美国的能源权力空间发生巨大变化。（2）中美煤权力和天然气权力空间基本形成较为稳定的区域组团,中国原油权力空间保持强劲的全球扩展趋势,而美国原油权力空间面临转型重构。（3）中美能源权力的空间均势区不断碎片化成点状镶嵌,相对集中于欧洲大部、非洲南部和东亚,形成资源禀赋型、资源消费型、地缘通道型、政经倾向分离型、“第三国”控制型等五种类型。（4）中国对五种类型国家的能源合作政策宜因地制宜,有所侧重。通过政治和经济双重利益吸引资源禀赋型国家,与资源市场型国家加强能源技术合作,确保地缘通道型国家安全畅通,对政经倾向分离型国家加强经济合作以影响外交政治,合理安排与“第三国”主导型国家的能源合作。结论可为中国应对全球能源转型和能源格局重塑的复杂性变局,加强对外能源贸易合作与要素资源投放,确保国家能源安全提供理论和政策借鉴。

The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has become a crucial area for China, because it not only notably affects the country's international trade and energy security (especially oil), but also encompasses many countries under the Belt and Road Initiative. With advances of the Belt and Road regional cooperation, an important aspect is to strengthen trade and investment with a number of countries in the IOR. To facilitate China's development of better trade relations with the countries in the IOR, quantitatively investigating the trade links between the IOR and the globe and subsequently providing a better understanding of the trade competition patterns of the five major powers (i.e., the United States, Japan, China, India, and Australia) in this region are crucial. This study aimed to investigate the evolutions of the IOR's position in the global economy, spatial structures of its regional trade, and geo-economic competition patterns of the five major powers in this region from 1992 to 2017. To better identify the characteristics of these evolutions in the IOR, a sequential clustering method was employed to divide the period of 1992-2017 into four phases with the proportion data of merchandise trade volume of each country in the IOR as the basis. The results are summarized as follows. (1) The IOR's position in the global economy generally exhibited an increasing trend from 1992 to 2017, as indicated by the upward trends in the IOR's global shares of its regional trade volume, its regional eigenvector centrality, and its regional GDP. Furthermore, the spatial structures of the IOR's countries varied from "dual-core" (comprising Singapore and Malaysia) to "multi-core" (including India, the United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, and Thailand). This was indicated by the clustering patterns of the countries based on each country's trade volume and eigenvector centrality. (2) The extent of the intra-regional trade integration of the IOR remained at a relatively low level despite that it generally showed a rising trend from 1992 to 2017. (3) The geo-economic influence of both the United States and Japan in the IOR declined from 1992 to 2017, as indicated by the downward trends in the trade dependence of the 47 countries (excluding India and Australia) in the IOR on the two countries. However, China's geo-economic influence in this region gradually increased and exceeded those of the United States and Japan in the third phase. India's geo-economic influence also showed an upward trend, but it was inferior to those of China, the United States, and Japan. Further, Australia's geo-economic influence remained the weakest in the entire period. This study quantitatively reveals the variations in the geo-economic patterns of the IOR from three aspects, i.e., its global trade position, extent of its intra-regional trade integration, and geo-economic competition patterns of the five major powers in the IOR. Moreover, the research framework and methods used in this study can also be used to investigate the geo-economic patterns of other regions (e.g., the Belt and Road region and the free trade zone of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership).

环印度洋区域不仅关乎中国贸易与能源安全,同时也涵盖“一带一路”倡议合作的部分区域。为便于中国更好地开展与环印度洋区域国家之间的贸易合作,需要定量考察环印度洋区域的地缘经济格局,掌握域内外大国在该区域的地缘经济竞争情况。首先基于有序聚类方法将1992—2017年环印度洋区域国家的商品贸易数据划分为4个阶段,然后探究环印度洋区域在各阶段全球经济中的地位变化、域内地缘经济特征以及域内外大国在该区域的地缘经济竞争格局。结果发现：① 从全球地位和空间结构来看,1992—2017年环印度洋区域在全球贸易中的地位明显提升。区域贸易的空间结构呈现出由新加坡和马来西亚构成的“双核心”发展为由印度、新加坡、马来西亚、澳大利亚、泰国和阿联酋构成的“多核心”。② 从区域内部来看,域内贸易联系与依赖程度趋于加强,区域贸易一体化程度有所提升,但仍然有限。③ 从域内外大国竞争来看,美国和日本两国在环印度洋区域的地缘经济影响力均呈下滑趋势;而中国的地缘经济影响力逐步提升且已超美日;印度的地缘影响力虽然同样呈上升趋势,但仍弱于中美日;澳大利亚则长期最低。研究从全球地位变化、域内贸易联系、域内外大国竞争3个方面定量揭示了环印度洋区域地缘经济的时空格局演变。此外,研究采用的分析框架和方法也可应用于考察其他热点区域的地缘经济格局。

With the diversification of the research paradigm and methods of human geography, the research perspectives and methods of geopolitics, as an important branch of human geography, also become diversified. Especially since the 1960s, the structural turn of geopolitics has led to a number of important research results in geopolitics. However, on the whole, the study of geographical structure is too simple and immature. Drawing on the latest progress of structuralism in philosophy and related disciplines, especially the study of social theory on social structure, international relations on international social structure and geography on spatial structure, this article discusses the theoretical basis, concept and analytical framework of geo-structure. The analytical framework of the geostructure consists of 5 parts: structure as a component, structure as a process, structure system, 2 levels of structure and 2 mechanisms of action. The contents that constitute the geo-structure can be roughly divided into 3 kinds, namely, material structure, conceptual structure and spatial structure. The structure as a process focuses on exploring the relationships and their interdependence within the structure, and the impact of these changes on the identities and interests of geo-bodies, which means that the structure itself is changing. The geo-structural system has not been seriously studied. But with the advent of the geo-economic era, the transformation of Hobbes culture to Lockean culture, especially the interdependence under various relations, makes the international anarchic society move towards a structural system composed of politics, military, economy and culture. The 2 levels of the geopolitical structure and the 2 mechanisms are closely linked, reflecting the relationship between geo-bodies and the geopolitical structure in which the geopolitical body is placed. Each part of the geo-structure should form a whole in order to explore its impact. In the end, some problems in using geo-structure and the current international situations are briefly discussed in this study.

借鉴哲学及相关学科、学者对结构主义研究的最新进展,特别是社会理论对社会结构、国际关系学对国际社会结构和地理学对空间结构的研究,探讨了地缘结构的理论基础、概念和分析框架。地缘结构的分析框架包括5部分,即作为构成物的结构、作为过程的结构、结构系统、2个层次和2种作用机制;对地缘结构的每部分及不同部分之间的联系以及如何形成单一的整体结构进行阐述;最后对使用地缘结构存在的一些问题和当前的国际形势进行了简单讨论。

Detailed discussion on global energy trading structure and topological characteristics is the necessary knowledge for formulating energy trade-related strategies. From the perspective of complex network, this study examined the topological structure and evolutionary characteristics of the global energy trading network, and analyzed the competition and cooperation relationships between the trade groups and supply and demand countries. The results show that: 1) Since the 1990s, global energy trading relations have become increasingly complicated. In recent years, the number of energy trading entities has remained stable, and nearly 80% of the countries/regions in the world are involved in energy trade. 2) The global energy trading network has both "small world" effect and scale-free characteristics. 3) The energy export center has gradually shifted from East Asia, the Middle East, Australia, Europe to Russia, the Middle East, North America, Australia, and West Africa regions. At the same time, the import center has shifted from East Asia, Western Europe, and Australia to North America, East Asia, and Western Europe regions. 4) There are four trade blocs in the global energy trading network, namely, the trade blocs led by the United States, European-Russia countries, East Asia-Southeast Asia countries, and Australia-India-Africa countries. Geographical distances, institutional differences, historical, cultural, and political relations are important reasons for the change of trade blocs. 5) Within the trade blocs, the dependence between core countries is asymmetric. The diversification of import sources of energy demand countries is more prominent, and the East and Southeast Asian markets are jointly contested by the major supply countries. This study can help to further understand the changing energy trade linkages and provide some reference for policy formulation to achieve energy trade security.

详尽地探讨全球能源贸易网络的演化特征及国际贸易的竞合关系,可为中国能源贸易政策的制定提供科学支撑。论文运用复杂网络方法,从整体格局出发研究了世界能源贸易网络的演化特征,并重点从供给与需求两方面分析了贸易集团演化与供需大国的能源竞合关系。研究结果表明：20世纪90年代以来,世界能源贸易关系不断趋于复杂化。近年来,能源贸易主体数量基本保持稳定,当前占世界总数近80%的国家/地区均参与能源贸易;世界能源贸易网络同时具有小世界特性与无标度特性;世界能源的进出口格局已发生重塑,能源的出口重心逐渐由东亚、中东、澳洲和欧洲转向了东欧、中东、北美、澳洲和西非等地区,进口重心由东亚、西欧和澳洲向北美、东亚和西欧转移;世界能源贸易网络存在四大集团,分别是以美国为首的贸易集团、欧洲-俄罗斯等国家贸易集团、东亚-东南亚贸易集团和澳大利亚-印度-非洲贸易集团等。地理距离、制度差异、历史文化及政治关系等是贸易集团演化的重要原因;贸易集团内,核心国家间的贸易依赖存在着非对称性,能源需求国进口来源的多元化现象更为突出,东亚、东南亚市场是供给国共同争夺的对象。

Energy security and cooperation are the key and core contents in the construction of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. Clarifying the evolution characteristics of energy trade structure along the road is of certain value to figure out the direction and path of the construction of the energy Maritime Silk Road. Based on the fossil energy trade data of countries along the road from 2000 to 2018 and their foreign economic and trade attributes, with the help of trade complementarity model, complex network method and GIS space technology, this paper reveals the evolution characteristics of product structure, network structure and spatial pattern of energy trade along the routes, and discusses the change and complementary characteristics of the Maritime Silk Road in China's international energy trade. The following conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, the scale of trade along the road has increased in recent years, with obvious trade deficit. The proportion of imports in the world has increased, while that of exports has declined. Secondly, crude oil, liquefied natural gas and lignite are the main trading products. Most developed countries have import disadvantages for raw products with low technical requirements and export advantages for processed products, and the situation is opposite in developing countries. Thirdly, the major consuming countries have gradually replaced the major exporting countries as the core node of the oil trade network; countries rich in resources always dominate the natural gas trade network; major exporters and consumers jointly dominate the coal trade network. Then, oil trade has formed an "arch" pattern in Asia and has been continuously consolidated; the natural gas trade is in the coexistence pattern of "Golden Triangle" in Asia and "quadrilateral prism" in the Mediterranean. The intercontinental connection of the coal trade is weakening, while the trade within the continent is strengthening. Finally, countires along the Maritime Silk Road is important energy suppliers and partners of China. The complementary level between China and countries along the road in the field of oil trade is high, with a decreasing trend, while that in the field of natural gas and coal trade is low but with an increasing trend.

能源安全与能源合作是“21世纪海上丝绸之路”建设的重点领域与核心内容,理清沿线能源贸易结构演化特征对明晰“能源海上丝绸之路”建设的方向与路径具有一定意义。论文基于2000—2018年沿线国家化石能源贸易数据及其对外经贸属性,借助贸易互补模型、复杂网络方法、GIS空间技术等手段,揭示了沿线能源贸易的产品结构、网络结构及空间格局演化特征,探讨了海上丝绸之路在中国能源对外贸易中的地位变动及互补特征。研究发现：① 沿线贸易规模近年扩大,贸易逆差明显。进口占全球的比例有所上升,出口占比整体下滑。② 原油、液化天然气和煤炭产品是主要贸易产品。发达国家多对技术要求较低的原始产品具有进口劣势,对加工制成品具有出口优势,发展中国家基本相反。③ 消费大国逐步取代出口大国成为石油贸易网络核心节点;资源赋存国家始终主导天然气贸易网络;出口大国与消费大国共同主导煤炭贸易网络。④ 石油贸易形成亚洲洲内“拱形”格局且不断夯实;天然气贸易呈亚洲“金三角”和地中海“四边棱形”结构并存格局;煤炭贸易呈跨洲“多拱”联系衰落、洲内贸易增强格局。⑤ 海上丝绸之路是中国重要的能源供给地与合作对象。中国与沿线国家在石油贸易领域互补水平较高但有所下滑,在天然气与煤炭贸易领域互补水平较低但逐步提高。

The scale and complexity of world crude oil flows are increasing. From the perspective of complex network analysis, we examine the relative status and their changes of the major trading countries and their corresponding geopolitical regions, and analyze the competition and cooperation between China and these geopolitical regions, which are conducive to a comprehensive review of the overall pattern, key cooperation countries, and possible model innovation of China's oil cooperation in terms of cooperation with exporting and importing geopolitical regions. The results show that: (1) World crude oil flows are still dominated by the main export geopolitical regions, and gradually evolved into the three dimensional competition patterns of Russia - Central Asia, the United States - Canada and the Middle East. However, the diversification and relative status changes of the exporting geopolitical regions also provide opportunities for the importing countries to adjust their cooperative relations. (2) The Asia-Pacific region has gradually become the focus of the competition and cooperation in the world crude oil flows. However, due to the lack of mutual exchange among the major importing countries in the Asia-Pacific region, the overall status of the region and its control over the world crude oil flows have been lowered. Correspondingly, China is deeply trapped in the three major dilemmas of import decentralization, the game of major exporting countries and the check and balance of major importing countries. (3) In terms of cooperation with exporting geopolitical regions, China should focus on strengthening multilateral cooperation with Russia - Central Asia geopolitical region, appropriately strengthen bilateral cooperation with United States - Canada geopolitical region, and consolidate and balance diversified cooperation with the Middle East geopolitical region; as for Africa and Latin America, China should stabilize the existing cooperation and innovate the cooperation mode, such as bringing the output of China's oil investment in Africa to the international market, and encouraging China Petroleum Purchase Federation of Independent Refinery to cooperate with large oil trading companies to enter the Latin American oil market. In terms of cooperation with importing geopolitical regions, China should conduct internal mutual exchanges with importing countries in the Asia-Pacific region based on the import share coordination mechanism, diverse-source competition mechanism and the division and cooperation mechanism of the international trade center. The above oil cooperation is conducive to improving China's competition and cooperation environment in the world crude oil flows, ensuring the balance of oil supply and demand, and reducing supply risks.

世界石油流动的规模和复杂性日益增加,从复杂网络分析视角考察石油流动中主要贸易国及其所处地缘区之间的相对地位及变动,并分析中国在其中的竞合关系,有利于从与出口地缘区合作和与进口地缘区合作两个方面,全面审视中国石油合作的总体格局、重点合作国家和可能的模式创新。研究结果表明：（1）世界石油流动仍由主要出口地缘区主导,逐步演变为俄罗斯—中亚、美国—加拿大和中东三足鼎立的出口竞争格局,但出口地缘区的多元化和地位相对变动也为进口国调整合作关系提供了机遇;（2）亚太地区逐步成为世界石油流动的竞合焦点,但由于区内大国缺乏互济交流,降低了地区的整体核心地位和对石油流动的调控力,中国也深陷进口分散化、出口大国博弈和进口大国制衡三大困境中;（3）中国应与核心出口地缘区重点合作,与其他出口地缘区稳定合作并创新合作模式,与亚太其他进口国基于进口份额协调机制、来源错位竞争机制和国际贸易中心分工协作机制,开展区内互济交流合作,以改善中国在世界石油流动格局中的竞合环境,保障石油供需平衡、降低供给风险。

In the new era, oil and gas are still the core contents of energy power games, the attributes of energy power are very different, and the connotation of energy security and energy strategy has also changed. Based on a systematic review of energy geopolitics, this study put forward the concept of energy power, and found that the global energy situation is undergoing profound changes. Instead of taking the "oil power" generated by the possession and production rights of fossil energy as the only core, global energy research has expanded to multi-dimensional energy power, and the power connection has expanded from competition and cooperation to the complex energy network relationship. The research elaborated specifically from four aspects: geopolitical pattern, energy security concept, energy network, and global energy governance: 1) The core of traditional energy geopolitical research is energy distribution, spatial change of production and marketing, and their patterns, and the imbalance of oil and gas resources geographic distribution is the most direct factor of energy power generation. 2) From the oil crisis era with supply security as the core, to the collective action formed around energy interdependence, and the new order of global energy governance in the new energy era in the future, the different views of energy security are the important factor leading to the change of international energy geopolitical power. 3) Energy as commodity and the geographical attributes of energy determine that energy trade is not only an economic behavior, but also closely related to international politics. The separation of production and consumption makes trade control and channel control in the secondary distribution of oil and gas an important influencing factor on the reconstruction of energy power. 4) The change of global energy power and complex energy power network will lead to a new order of global energy governance system. The main holders of power have changed from countries, international organizations, and multinational companies to communities of interest in the global energy network. The theme of energy governance has changed from the interests of countries to the redistribution process of global energy power. In future studies, academic research of energy geopolitics should focus on the following issues: how to construct a new theory of multi-dimensional energy power system; how to evaluate the influence of new factors such as climate change and renewable and sustainable energy development; how to understand the inter-relationship between energy power and geographic space under globalization; how to reconstruct the order of global energy power and simulate its effect, and how to clarify the new energy governance mechanism and governance patterns. These themes are important energy geopolitics research propositions, and are of great significant for understanding and predicting the future energy situation and change in energy strategies.

围绕油气资源的权力博弈仍然是当今世界最主要的能源权力争夺,但不同时代的能源权力的属性有所不同,能源安全与能源战略内涵也有所不同。论文在系统梳理能源地缘政治基础上,提出了能源权力的概念,并从地缘政治格局、能源安全观、能源网络和全球能源治理4个方面进行了具体阐述。研究认为：① 以能源分布、产销空间变化及其规律性总结是传统能源地缘政治研究的核心,油气资源地理分布的不平衡性是能源权力产生的最直接因素。② 从石油危机时代到未来新能源时代,能源安全观的不同是影响国际能源地缘政治权力变化的重要因素。③ 能源的商品属性和地缘属性决定了能源贸易不仅是经济行为,其空间的流动与国际政治关系密切。生产与消费的分离使得油气二次分配过程中的贸易控制和通道控制对能源权力重构产生重要影响。④ 全球能源权力巨变和复杂错综的能源权力网络将引发全球能源治理体系的新秩序。权力的主体从国家、国际组织、跨国公司转变为全球能源网络中利益共同体,能源治理的主题从一国之利益走向了全球能源权力的再分配过程。展望未来,如何在理论上建构新时代的能源权力的理论体系,深化气候变化和新能源等因素影响下的世界能源权力的演变、地理空间与权力的相互依赖关系、权力秩序的重构及其效应、全球能源治理机制及其治理模式等研究,对科学认知和研判世界能源形势与能源战略的演化具有重要的意义,也是能源地缘政治学研究的重要方向性命题。

With the peaceful rising of China, the geopolitical relationship between China and the United States has entered the era of great game. Economic power is a key element in the Sino-US geopolitical game, but its spatial changes are rarely discussed. Based on the theory of asymmetric dependence and balance of power, this study constructed a fragility-sensitivity model of investment power and trade power, and dynamically revealed the patterns and trends of spatial changes of economic power of China and the United States. The research indicates that: 1) The economic power space of China and the United States has gradually evolved from US dominance in the world to a pattern where the eastern and western hemispheres are equally divided. 2) The area with spatially balanced power between China and the United States continues to shrink. The key areas of competition between the two countries have shifted from Asia, Africa, and Oceania to Europe and South America. 3) The changes in the space of economic power between China and the United States are diversified, which shows stable spatial viscosity and dynamic spatial oscillating coupling characteristics, forming stable areas, metastable areas, balanced areas, and bouncing areas. 4) The degree of international dependence of China and the United States on foreign investment and trade powers has significant spatial homogeneity and certain spatial heterogeneity. Both of them are dominated by double-high dependence and double-low dependence, forming various types such as investment-oriented dependence and trade-oriented dependence. 5) The Sino-US economic power balance zone shows obvious spatial difference, forming four types: peripheral isolation, energy endowment, economically developed, and strategic route. The strategic route regions are the focus of the political power game between the two countries.

随着中国的和平崛起,中美地缘关系进入大博弈时代。经济权力竞争成为中美博弈的战略重点,然而其地域空间变化规律鲜有论及。为此,论文基于非对称依赖和均势理论,构建投资权力和贸易权力的脆弱性—敏感性模型,动态揭示中美两国经济权力的空间变化规律及其趋势。研究发现：① 中美两国经济权力空间由美国雄踞全球逐渐演变为两国东西半球平分秋色的格局。② 中美经济权力的空间均势区范围不断缩小,两国经济权力竞争重点区域由亚洲、非洲和大洋洲向欧洲、南美洲转移。③ 中美经济权力空间变化具有多样性,呈现稳定的空间粘性、动态的空间摇摆性耦合特征,形成恒稳区、介稳区、平衡区和跳动区等类型。④ 中美对外投资和贸易权力的国际依赖性程度具有显著的空间同配性和一定的空间异配性,都以经济双低依赖型为主,同时形成投资导向型、贸易导向性依赖等多样类型。⑤ 中美经济权力均势区表现出明显的空间差异性,形成边缘孤立型、能源禀赋型、经济发达型、战略通道型4种类型,其中战略通道型地区是两国政治权力博弈的焦点和重点。

Power has been a foundational concept in global value chain (GVC) research. Yet, in most GVC scholarship, power is not explicitly defined and is applied as a unitary concept, rather than as having multiple dimensions. Clarifying the concept of power has become particularly urgent in recent years as GVC research has proliferated beyond dyads of transacting firms or firm-state linkages and incorporated other stakeholders and mechanisms such as NGOs, labor unions, standards, norms and conventions. In this article, we propose a typology for the varied meanings and usages of power in GVC governance. We delineate two principal dimensions: transmission mechanisms - direct and diffuse; and arena of actors - dyads and collectives. Combined, these two dimensions yield four ideal types of power in GVC governance: bargaining, demonstrative, institutional and constitutive. We offer brief illustrations of these four types of power and provide an agenda for further research in the field.

The accelerating global warming enhanced the Arctic sea ice melting, which made it possible to explore energy resources in the Arctic region. This study firstly analyzed the energy trade structure in the pan-Arctic countries, covering Arctic countries and the observer countries. Secondly, it uses correlation analysis to extract the direct geopolitical factors including energy dependence, energy importance, energy security, and indirect geopolitical factors including national power (military power and foreign investment influence), climate and environmental protection and social inclusive development, which might influence the willingness of the pan-Arctic countries to exploit the Arctic energy. Finally, we apply fuzzy-set qualitative analysis (fs/QCA) to examine the driving mechanisms of these geopolitical factors on the willingness to exploit the Arctic energy. The results showed that: (1) Arctic countries mainly serve as energy exporter while observer countries mainly serve as energy importer. The amount of China's energy imported from Arctic counties is small at current stage, but with a huge potential. (2) Energy dependence, energy importance, national power and social inclusive development are significantly correlated with the willingness on Arctic energy exploitation, acting as key geopolitical factors. (3) Key geopolitical factors drive or impede the willingness on Arctic energy exploitation through three major pathways, among which, national power together with energy dependence or energy importance behave as the major driving forces for most of the pan-Arctic countries, large countries in particular, such as Russia, USA, China and India. The second pathway is driven by national power but restricted by social inclusive development, including most European countries and Canada. The third pathway is mainly driven by energy importance while restricted by social inclusive development, mainly including Norway. Finally, this study provided coping strategies and suggestions on China's participating Arctic energy exploitation based on the energy trade structure and the driving mechanisms.

全球气候变暖加速了北极海冰的融化,使得北极能源开发变成可能,大大激发了泛北极国家参与北极能源开发的积极性。本文在分析了泛北极国家（北极8国和13个观察员国）能源贸易格局的基础上;利用相关性分析方法,明确了影响北极能源的关键地缘要素;并通过模糊定性分析（fs/QCA）,揭示了关键地缘要素及其组合对不同国家开发或参与开发北极能源的驱动机制。结果表明：① 北极国家多为能源输出国,而北极观察员国多为能源进口国;中国从北极国家能源进口量较少,潜力较大;② 能源依赖性、能源重要性、军事力量、对外投资影响力和国家包容性是影响泛北极国家开发北极能源的关键地缘要素,而气候表现和环保指数与北极能源开发的关系并不显著;③ 关键地缘要素的作用路径主要包括：一是以能源依赖性、能源重要性和军事力量为主要驱动,包括俄罗斯、中国、美国、印度、日本和韩国等国家;二是受到包容性发展限制的、以大国力量为驱动的西欧国家;三是以能源重要性为驱动的北欧国家。基于以上研究结果,本文提出了中国参与北极能源开发的对策建议。

Tourist flows is one of the current issues in the field of tourism geography that should be urgently addressed. There is a sharp contrast between the rapid growth of China’s outbound tourism flow and the steady growth of inbound tourism flow. It is of great theoretical value and practical significance to understand the mutural tourist flows from and to China. Based on the multiple distances perspectives, this research draws upon the international trade field distance theory framework which includes economical distance, geographical distance, cultural distance and institution distance (CAGE), and the research method is Qualititive Comparative Analysis (QCA) method, which is very useful in exploring the path and mechanism of China’s high and low inbound and outbound tourism flows. In so doing, the structural characteristics, differences, evolution rules and influencing mechanisms of China’s inbound and outbound tourism at different levels can be analysed. The research results are as follows: 1) the influence of distance, as an influential factor is relatively certain. 2) Particularly, it influences China outbound tourism in a similar way that it affects the inbound tourism development. 3) When comparing China’s high international tourism flow and China’s low international tourism flow, distance has different effects on them. Among them, economic distance is the core condition of high international tourism flow. Geographical distance, cultural distance and institutional distance are the core conditions of low international tourism flow.

中国出境旅游流的高速增长与入境旅游流趋于稳定的增长形成强烈反差，明晰中国出入境旅游流之间的差异关系和影响因素具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。引入包含经济距离、文化距离、地理距离、制度距离的四维度距离理论框架（CAGE），尝试从多重距离视角剖析近年来中国出入境旅游流发展过程中产生的结构性差异，并通过使用当下社会科学领域新的研究方法——定性比较分析（QCA）对中国出入境旅游流的作用路径进行组态分析。研究结果发现:① 在时间层面上，距离因素对近年来中国出入境旅游流的影响较为稳定；② 对比中国出入境旅游流，距离因素对于出境旅游流和入境旅游流的作用规律存在一定程度的相似性；③ 对比高、非高净值国际旅游流，距离因素对高出入境旅游流和非高出入境旅游流的作用方式不同。其中，经济距离是高净值国际旅游流产生的核心条件；地理距离、文化距离、制度距离分别是非高净值国际旅游流产生的核心条件。

Global energy governance is an important form of shaping energy discourse, and its essence is a network of relationships among energy stakeholders around diversified energy issues. In previous studies, the structure, functions, performance, and complex impacts of various energy organizations have dominated, while the overall structure and internal relationships of global energy governance have not been further explored. This study argues that there is an interactive relationship between energy organizations and actual trade, and it is necessary to combine the two relationships to further present and explain the global energy governance structure. This study uses the relationship between countries in energy organizations and energy trade to construct a global energy governance network and to explore its basic structure and its trend of "boundary reconstruction". The study found that: (1) There are significant structural differences between energy organization networks and energy trade networks, with the US and Russia dominating both networks. (2) China has become a major energy trading nation but is weak in the global energy organization cooperation system and lacks formal governance cooperation with traditional energy interests. (3) The global energy governance system has a typical "Core-Fringe" structure and is divided into the EU, Asia-Pacific and North America, with OECD countries occupying the core and net energy exporters (ASEAN and the Middle East) on the periphery. (4) The "boundary reconstruction" focuses on the "nested scales" in the coexistence of globalization and regionalization of energy governance. This is a significant difference from the "fragmentation" or "unification" that has been judged in studies. Globalization provides a platform for global governance and breaks the inherent boundaries of interest between the main bodies of production and consumption, while regionalization reflects that the main regions have formed internal interdependent groups. This study can further clarify the relationship among major countries within the global energy governance system and provide ideas for further exploration of the global energy governance system in the future.

全球能源治理是当前能源话语权塑造的重要形式，其本质是能源利益主体间围绕多元能源议题而构建的关系网络。在以往相关研究中，各能源组织的架构、功能、绩效以及所产生的复杂影响占据了主要内容，而对于全球能源治理的整体结构以及内部关系却未能有进一步探索。本研究认为，能源组织与实际贸易存在交互关系，将二者相结合来进一步呈现和解释全球能源治理架构是有必要的。基于此，本研究以2019年为时间节点，收集主要能源组织的属性数据与各国之间的石油和天然气贸易数据，将国家间在能源治理组织的常态化合作关系与实际发生的能源贸易关系作为分析基础;并利用社会网络分析方法构建全球能源治理网络，探析其基本结构以及出现的“边界重构”现象。研究发现：① 能源组织网络与能源贸易网络存在显著的结构性差异，在两种网络对比中，美国与俄罗斯均占据主导地位。② 中国已经成为能源贸易大国，但在全球能源组织合作中不具优势，与传统能源利益集团之间缺乏正式的治理合作。③ 全球能源治理体系呈现出典型的“核心-边缘”结构，主要被划分为欧盟以及亚太-北美“社区”，其中OECD（经济合作与发展组织）国家占据“核心”地位;而以单一能源输出为主导功能的出口国（东盟与中东）则相对“边缘”。④ 全球能源治理网络的边界重构集中表现为能源治理全球化与区域化并存下的“尺度嵌套”关系，这与已有研究中对“碎片化”或“统一化”的判断存在显著差异;全球化表现为全球性治理平台通过建立和强化“生产-消费”主体间的对话来打破固有的利益边界，而区域化则反映了主要区域已经形成了内部相互依赖的治理集团。通过该研究，能够进一步明晰现有常规能源视角下全球能源治理体系内部主要国家间的关系，为未来进一步探索全球能源治理体系提供可借鉴的思路。

In this study, we developed an energy security evaluation model (ESEM) from three dimensions, energy supply-transport security, safety of energy utilization, and stability of political-socioeconomic environment, based on the integrated application of subjective and objective weight allocation technique. Then the spatial-temporal evolution of global energy security pattern and its driving mechanism was analyzed with the method above, and the results are shown as follows: (1) since the 1990s, the spatial patterns of global energy security have shown a deteriorating trend, with the growth of countries in at-risk type and relatively at-risk type. (2) The spatial distribution of countries with secure energy system shows a strong stability, and these countries are concentrated persistently in Western Europe and North America. The spatial evolution of countries with relatively secure energy system also presents a strong stability, which are mainly distributed in the periphery of the secure ones, namely Central and Southern Europe, South America and Eurasia, while countries with general energy system are mainly distributed in Asia, Africa and Southern Europe, and the spatial-temporal evolution of this type is the main cause for the deterioration of world energy security pattern. Countries with at-risk and relatively at-risk energy system are mainly concentrated in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Eurasia, rendering spatial extension to the east and south. (3) In the past 20 years, the mechanism for world’s energy security pattern formation gradually transforms from the ‘unitary dimension dominated’ to the ‘binary dimension-dominated’, and the main factors influencing the global energy security pattern become more diverse. (4) In the pattern of world’s energy security, China’s performance on energy security has been the global average since the 1990s, which shows a decreasing trend in safety of energy utilization dimension. Findings in this study can provide a reference for the government in terms of formulating strategic responses and policy options.

In recent years, renewable energy is becoming a momentous growth point of international energy trade, which results in a series of new changes for the extent of trade dependence among countries. Firstly, based on application of complex social network analysis and statistics from datasets on the website of International Energy Agency and World Intellectual Property Organization including global energy trade, global economy and innovation indexes for different countries in the period 2011-2020, this paper illustrates the current trade status of fossil energy and renewable energy. Secondly, after using modified Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and network construction formula to build trade dependence networks for fossil energy and renewable energy yearly, this paper respectively discusses the evolution process of the trade dependence networks for fossil energy and renewable energy though horizontal and longitudinal contrasts. Finally, in the context of removing trivial factors: geographical distance, economic differences, degree of openness, pressure to reduce CO2 emissions and differences in innovation capabilities among countries, this paper induces QAP regression to explicitly distinguish and quantitatively analyze the substitution effect of renewable energy trade dependence on fossil energy trade dependence, which is the key contribution of this study in terms of issues about energy substitution. The results show that from 2011 to 2020, the trade of fossil energy is more stable than renewable energy from 2011 to 2020, while the development of trade of renewable energy is faster. Meanwhile, both kinds of trade dependence networks show robust disassortativity and “core-periphery” characteristic. However, the trade dependence networks of renewable energy show higher average degree of dependence. In addition, the effect on trade dependence networks of fossil energy originating from that of renewable energy has transformed gradually from positive correlation to negative correlation. Hence, it implies that the trade dependence on renewable energy has a substitution effect on that of fossil energy to some extent over time. The outlined findings provide some policy suggestions. One is that China should promote the development of renewable energy industry vigorously, while firmly strengthen the trade cooperation with energy powers. The other is to establish a more stable duplex energy trade cooperation relationship between other countries while increasing the width and breadth of cooperation in international energy trade.

随着可再生能源成为国际能源贸易重要增长点，国家和地区间的能源贸易依赖关系也随之变化。基于2011—2020年世界能源、经济及创新指数等数据，通过社会网络分析法阐释化石能源和可再生能源的贸易情况，探讨化石能源和可再生能源贸易依赖网络的演化过程，使用 QAP回归方法定量分析化石能源贸易依赖网络和可再生能源贸易依赖网络之间的关系。结果表明：在2011—2020年，化石能源贸易的稳定性较高，而可再生能源贸易发展迅速。可再生能源贸易依赖网络展现出更高的整体依赖程度，其对化石能源贸易的依赖关系产生了替代作用。中国既要大力推进可再生能源产业发展，也要加强与能源大国的贸易合作，从而与世界建立更加稳固的双向能源贸易合作的网络关系。

Technology change is the material foundation of energy geopolitics transition. Different from the traditional view that "energy politics is equal to resource politics", this article argues that resource endowment and technology breakthrough are equally important in determining energy geopolitics dynamics. Energy technology can be divided into two categories, namely competence-enhancing technology and competence-destroying technology. For example, shale oil and shale gas extraction technology belongs to the first category and renewable energy technology belongs to the second, while the breakthrough in renewable energy technology will significantly reconstruct global energy structure. Tracing the history of technological transition, the dominant energy resource evolved from wood to coal, to oil and gas and then to renewables. The energy technology innovation cycles are closely intertwined with great powers' geopolitical competition, while major technology shift triggers the upgrade of energy utilization. The technology leading state could always exert its geopolitical advantages in each energy transition process, and the success of challenging state in replacing hegemonic state is always being supported by new energy technology innovation. With the arrival of the fourth industrial revolution, renewable energies, such as wind power, solar power and controllable nuclear fusion will substantively transform and reshape global energy geopolitics. Currently, two geopolitical consequences in new energy transition could be observed. (1) Accessibility and availability to critical elements, especially the rare earth, cobalt and lithium in renewable energy sector, will become the new battle fields of energy geopolitics. (2) Disruptive technology will be the linchpin in leading energy industry upgradation. Global powers such as China, US and EU have set up their roadmaps in promoting renewable energy development. Geopolitical competition among great powers will accelerate the evolution of the present round of energy transition. The progress of new energy technology will substantively affect energy security. On the one hand, the structure of major powers game and the implementation of energy diplomacy will largely differ from the past. On the other hand, the oil and gas related geopolitical conflicts will be largely decreased. In the meanwhile, the cut-off of grids will be a new weapon in global geopolitical game.

技术进步是能源地缘政治演进的物质基础,重大技术变革驱动能源利用形式的迭代升级。从能源转型的历史与现实出发,初步建立技术变革与地缘政治研究的理论分析框架。重大技术变革是推动能源转型的动力,而能源转型引发能源供需关系的改变,进而催生新的能源地缘政治格局。技术变革是能源地缘政治博弈的焦点。随着第四次工业革命的到来,在地理变量维度中稀土、钴、锂等能源关键元素成为大国争夺核心,而在科技变量维度中颠覆性能源技术则成为引领能源产业变革的关键。技术竞争、新供需关系与新地缘关系一同重塑了新能源地缘政治格局。新能源技术的发展对能源安全产生重大影响,一方面能源大国的博弈格局发生变化,能源外交的运用方式随之改变;另一方面与油气相关的地缘冲突将趋于减少,但电力断供将成为地缘政治博弈的新武器。

China proposed the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to facilitate the economic development of the Belt and Road (B&R) region. In the vision of BRI, countries will utilize their comparative advantages to foster cultural and educational exchanges, build scientific and technological platforms, enhance relevant institution for long-term and stable scientific and technological collaboration, and elevate innovation abilities. As a result, B&R technological transfer networks can be constructed. At the same time, the integration of regional innovation can be achieved. However, within the B&R region, except a few developed countries, most countries are still developing or less developed. These countries sometimes show quite different evolutionary mechanism from the developed ones. Therefore, research on B&R technical corporation networks has both pragmatic and theoretical meanings in boosting the development of B&R countries. Under the background of knowledge economy, technology innovation becomes the key to regional economic development. Cities are the main platform of technology activities. So in order to explore the technology activities in and outside B&R region, we investigate the PCT patent data from 2007 to 2018. The inner and outer B&R technical corporation networks are constructed to present the topological structure and spatial distribution of the technical corporation activities. The negative binomial regression is used to detect the dynamic mechanism from the perspective of the proximity theory. The results show that in terms of topological structures, the networks evolve from Scale Extension to Linkage Enhancement stage. Chinese cities gradually reach the core position. In terms of spatial distribution, most linkages between B&R cities are domestic. Meanwhile, cities from the same country show similar pattern of choosing outer corporation partners. Singapore is the most important hub in both inner and outer B&R networks. We find that the mass of cities has significant impact on corporation. Geographical proximity and economic proximity have the significant negative impact, while social proximity, technology proximity and language proximity have the significant positive impact. In addition, geographical proximity and economic proximity have complementary effects as well as geographical proximity and language proximity.

采用2007—2018年的PCT专利合作数据,基于“一带一路”视角,分段刻画城市技术合作网络的拓扑结构、空间格局及其时空演化,利用负二项回归方法分析其演化的邻近性机理,结果表明：① 拓扑结构方面,网络整体规模经历了从“规模扩大”到“联系增强”的演化过程,中国城市逐渐占据网络的核心层级。② 空间格局方面,“一带一路”城市之间的合作多为国家内部合作,来自同一国家的城市在选择外部合作伙伴时具有一定的相似性。新加坡是“一带一路”内部网络和对外网络的枢纽节点。③ 影响机制方面,合作城市的质量对合作具有显著正向作用,地理邻近性和经济邻近性具有显著负向作用,社会邻近性、认知邻近性和语言邻近性具有显著正向作用,而地理邻近性与经济邻近性、地理邻近性与语言邻近性具有相互补充作用。

Geopolitical issues have recently become a hot topic in Chinese human geography. A number of studies have evaluated China's geopolitical environment and proposed various suggestions for promoting the Belt & Road Initiative, solving the territorial disputes in South and East China Sea, and increasing international influence in the South Asia region. Some scholars have also discussed the disciplinary development and theoretical innovation of Chinese geopolitics. However, extant studies tend to have both methodological and theoretical limitations. On the one hand, with most of the extant studies focusing on evaluation of geopolitical environment or proposal of geopolitical strategies, few studies have examined geopolitical relations based on bilateral or multilateral relational data (despite of several exceptions based on trade data, which is arguably unable to directly reflect geopolitical relations). On the other hand, current studies tend to have weak theoretical foundation. To help narrow this gap, this paper analyzes the geopolitical relations between China and other countries based on the geopolitical codes theory and the UN vote data from 1971 to 2017. Using the S score and cluster analysis methods, we divide the dynamics of China's geopolitical relations with other countries into three stages and identify the geopolitical communities of China's "friends" and "enemies" in the recent ten years. We also examine the determinants of S scores between China and other countries using panel regression method and confirms the significant impacts of geographical distance, economic links, natural resource and technology on China's geopolitical relation with other countries. Echoing the "trade war" between China and the US, we pointed out the current and potential "friends" and "enemies" of China. The findings of this paper may have important implications for both enhancing quantitative research in political geography and making policies to improve China's international relations and geopolitical security.

地缘政治问题是人文地理学新兴的研究热点。但是，已有研究多基于地理环境要素分析国家的地缘环境或定性讨论地缘战略，很少从双边联系角度定量刻画国家间的地缘关系；现有研究的理论基础也比较薄弱。本文基于地缘政治准则理论，运用1971至2017年联合国投票数据和S分值等方法，从中国与其他国家间关系的历史阶段、友好程度和集团归属三个方面定量分析了世界其他国家对中国的友好程度及其地理分布，并针对中美贸易战的背景指出了中国当前的“朋友”和“敌人”。本文进一步运用面板回归模型分析了中国与世界其他各国的非政治双边关系及其发展水平对中国地缘政治准则的影响，论证了地理距离、经济、技术等因素对地缘关系的影响。本文的分析结果对于加强政治地理学的量化分析有启发作用，也能够为中国更好地处理国际关系和制定地缘政治战略提供参考。

With the complexity of global crude oil trade relations and the rising demand for crude oil in Asia, the "Asian premium" phenomenon in the global energy market has become a topic that needs attention. Based on the perspective of the complexity of the global oil trade network, this paper selects the 1993-2018 international crude oil trade data to conduct sample data surveys. By constructing a complex network model and potential competition index, this paper analyzes the Asian premium phenomenon in the global crude oil trade network and the potential competitiveness of China, Japan, India and South Korea. The research results show that the global crude oil trading groups are divided and blended, and China, Japan, India and South Korea are showing a trend of trade grouping. From the perspective of global crude oil trade network indicators, the status and influence of China, Japan, India and South Korea in the global crude oil trade network continue to increase, which has strongly promoted the shift of the global crude oil consumption center to the Asia-Pacific region. The potential competition index shows that the potential crude oil competition relationship between China, India, Japan, and South Korea presents different characteristics. China and Japan show the characteristics of "first strong and then weak", both between China and India and between China and South Korea are characterized by an overall continuous increase.

随着全球原油贸易关系的复杂化和亚洲原油需求的上升，全球能源市场的“亚洲溢价”现象成为需要关注的议题。本文基于全球石油贸易网络复杂性视角，选取1993-2018年国际原油贸易数据进行样本数据考察，通过构建复杂网络模型和潜在竞争指数，对全球原油贸易网络中的亚洲溢价现象和中日印韩四国潜在竞争力进行分析。研究结果表明：全球原油贸易集团分化交融，中日印韩呈现出贸易集团化的趋势。从全球原油贸易网络指标来看，中日印韩四国在全球原油贸易网络地位和影响力不断提升，有力推动了全球原油消费中心向亚太地区转移。潜在竞争指数表明，中国与日本、印度、韩国的潜在原油竞争关系呈现出不同特征。中日表现出“先强后弱”的特点，而中印、中韩表现为整体持续增强的特征。

This paper examines the effects of the world geographical structure on national security strategy and military force design of great powers, so as to help understand the geo-security risks and opportunities that China is facing on its global development path. As the most of world's land, population and economic activities are concentrated in the eastern hemisphere, especially in Eurasia, Eurasia has always been the central arena for world powers to compete. As the first non-Eurasian hegemonic power in the human history, the United States has always regarded the prevention of regional hegemony on the Eurasian continent as the supreme goal of its national security. From the perspective of the world geographical structure and its dynamic changes, this paper analyzes the geographical advantages of the eastern hemisphere, especially Eurasia, which gave birth to the world powers and human civilization. It also analyzes the influence of the geographical location of the United States on its early rise, the formation of its global strategy under this geographical condition, particularly, and the global military design of the United States based on preventing the emergence of regional hegemony in Eurasia. Finally, It points out that in the strategic game between China and the United States, China, which is located in the eastern edge of Eurasia, has natural geographical advantages.

本文旨在阐明世界地理结构在大国战略制定及军力设计中的基础性作用，以助于认识中国全球发展道路上面临的地缘安全风险和机遇。由于世界陆地、人口和经济活动相对集中于东半球特别是欧亚大陆，欧亚大陆历来是世界大国逐鹿的中心舞台。美国作为人类历史上第一个非欧亚大陆上的霸权国家，一直把防范欧亚大陆上出现区域性霸权作为国家安全的最高目标。本文从世界地理结构及其动态变化的角度，分析东半球尤其是欧亚大陆孕育世界大国和人类文明的地理优势，解析美国的地理区位对其早期崛起的影响，以及在这一地理条件下其全球战略的形成，并重点探讨美国基于防范欧亚大陆出现区域性霸权的全球军力设计。文章最后指出，在中美战略博弈中，位于欧亚大陆东缘的中国具有天然的地缘优势。

Changes in global military technological strength will reshape the world pattern and thus affect the trend of the international situation. Accurately grasping the evolution of the world's military technological pattern is of great practical significance for a profound understanding and effective response to the great changes unseen in a century. As arms are products that reflect military science and technology, this article uses SIPRI arms trade data and the World Bank database to investigate the evolution of the spatial and temporal patterns and driving mechanisms of global arms trade from three aspects: product structure, network pattern and influence mechanism, and finds that: (1) the scale of global arms trade shows a fluctuating upward trend, the structure of trade products is dominated by aircraft with other major products including naval ships and weapons, missiles and armored vehicles. Aircrafts are the main export products or import-dependent products of most countries. (2) The global arms export pattern is characterized by the tripolar distribution of the United States, Russia and Western Europe. The influence of Asian countries has increased significantly. The geo-military pattern has obvious characteristics of rising in the east and falling in the west, and rising in the south and falling in the north. Importing countries are concentrated in East Asia-Southeast Asia-South Asia-Middle East-Southern Europe-North Africa, and the spatial distribution pattern is consistent with Rimland theory of Nicholas John Spykma. (3) The global arms trade network is characterized by one superpower and multiple major powers. Eurasia has always been the main arena for global arms trade, and Asian countries have become an important force in reshaping the trade landscape. (4) The competition pattern of arms trade centered on the United States and Russia is highlighted. The flattening trend of the largest trade network in the United States reveals the improvement of the United States' leading ability and the decline of the sub-dominant countries in Western Europe. (5) The evolution of the global arms trade network is affected by the attributes and proximity of importing and exporting countries. History, language and economic proximity have positive effects on arms trade network, while geographical distance has negative effects on trade network. National development, level of science and technology, intensity of military spending, political stability, and resource endowment have varying degrees of influence on arms trade.

全球军事科技实力的变化将重构世界格局从而影响世界局势的走向，准确把握世界地缘军事科技格局演变对深刻认识和有效应对百年未有之大变局具有重要的现实意义。本文利用SIPRI武器贸易数据和世界银行数据库，从产品结构、网络格局和影响机制3个方面研究了全球军事科技贸易时空格局演化和驱动机制。研究发现：① 全球军事科技贸易规模呈波动上升趋势，贸易产品结构以军用飞机为主导，海军舰艇与装备、导弹和装甲车为组成的一极三核特征，军用飞机是大部分国家或地区主要出口产品或进口依赖产品；② 全球军事科技出口格局呈美国、俄罗斯和西欧的三极分布特征，亚洲国家影响力显著提升，地缘军事格局东升西降、南升北降特征明显，进口国和地区集中分布于东亚—东南亚—南亚—中东—南欧—北非一带，空间分布格局与斯皮克曼的边缘地带位置相吻合；③ 全球军事科技贸易网络呈一超多强特征，欧亚大陆始终是全球军事科技贸易的主要舞台，亚洲国家成为重塑贸易格局的重要力量。④ 以美国和俄罗斯为核心的军贸竞争格局凸显，美国最大流网络的扁平化趋势揭示着美国主导能力的提升和西欧次主导国家的衰退；⑤ 军事科技贸易网络演化是进出口国家（地区）的属性与邻近性共同作用的结果，历史、语言和经济邻近对军事科技贸易网络均具有正向作用，地理距离对贸易起明显负向作用，国家发展、科技水平、军费支出强度、政治稳定和资源禀赋对军事科技贸易具有不同程度的影响。