Traditional trade routes that penetrate the natural barrier of the Himalayas are critical for connecting major Chinese and South Asian markets. Research on these trade routes can contribute significantly to facilitating the construction of the South Asia Channel and enhancing trans-Himalayan connectivity. Combining historical literature, field surveys, and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, this study examined the spatial distribution characteristics and dynamic mechanisms driving the formation, development, decline, and restoration of the routes, focusing on transverse valleys of the Himalayan arc. The key findings were as follows. First, there are 21 traditional trade routes traversing the Himalayan region: 6 Sino-Nepalese routes, 4 Sino-Bhutanese routes, and 11 Sino-Indian routes. The routes are arranged in a "one horizontal and multiple vertical" spatial pattern. Second, the evolution of the traditional trade routes has entailed five distinct phases: an incipient period (pre-7th century), formation (7th century-842 AD), development (842-1959), decline (1959-1962) and recovery (1962-present). Third, the incipient and formative developmental phases were prompted by the spread of Buddhism and the exchange of goods. The stability of local governments in Tibet and in the Central China Plains and favorable border trade policies along with Britain's colonial expansion and commercial interests stimulated further development of traditional trade routes. However, India's strategic miscalculation and "Forward Policy" instigated the decline phase, while China's strategic needs are currently the key driver of the restoration and construction phase. Finally, a lack of strategic mutual trust and existing border issues are the main obstacles impeding the restorative and construction phases. Future efforts to support the construction of the South Asia Channel and the stability and development of border regions should focus on strengthening multi-perspectival investigations and research on traditional trade routes, formulating strategies for corridor construction and control, and emphasizing the corridor's commerce, tourism, and cultural exchange functions.

喜马拉雅地区传统贸易通道是突破喜马拉雅山脉天然屏障、连接中国与南亚腹地两大市场的关键,对于南亚大通道建设和跨喜马拉雅互联互通建设具有重要的战略意义。本文以喜马拉雅山脉断裂河谷为出发点,综合历史文献、实地调查及GIS技术手段,分析通道的空间分布特征、演变过程及动力机制。研究表明：① 喜马拉雅地区的传统贸易通道主要有21条,其中中尼通道6条,中不通道4条,中印通道11条,在空间上形成了“一横多纵”的空间格局。② 传统贸易通道的发展经历了萌芽期（7世纪以前）、形成期（7世纪—842年）、发展期（842—1959年）、衰落期（1959—1962年）和恢复期（1962年至今）的演变过程。③ 货物交换和佛教传播促进了通道的萌芽和形成,西藏及中原地方政权稳定和边贸政策、英国的殖民扩张和商业利益推动了通道的发展,印度的战略误判和前进政策导致了通道的衰落,中国的战略需求将推动通道的恢复和建设。④ 战略互信和边界问题是通道恢复和建设面临的主要障碍,未来需要加强对通道的多视角调查和研究,制定通道的建设和管控策略,充分发挥通道的商贸、旅游和文化交流功能,积极服务于南亚大通道建设,促进西藏边疆地区的稳定与发展。

With analysing six locational elements of frontier trade: geography, politics econo-my,policies transportation and port fundament, territory differences between open con-ditions and main areas of frontier trade are discussded. The important frontiers are in northeast China,Yunnan-Guangdong and Neimeng-Xinjiang respectively.Six characteristics of frontier trade in China are generalized as follows:(1)The function has changed;(2)Agglomeration and spread are formed simultaneously;(3)Quantitative growth is faster than ever;(4)The structure of import-export goods is special;(5)The territory of trade is enlarged;(6)There are various trade ways.

As a window of the Economic Cooperation Belt around the Himalayas, the development of trade and transportation at the Chinese-Nepalese ports is an important support for China's construction of the Grand Opening Channel to South Asia. This study explored the coupling and coordination composite system of ports trade and cross-border transportation of China and Nepal, evaluated the ports trade sustainable development level and the accessibility of cross-border transportation of China and Nepal using an evaluation index and cross-border transportation accessibility model, and analyzed the coupling and coordination relationship between ports trade sustainability and cross-border accessibility from 2010 to 2019 using the coupling and coordination model. The results show that: 1) The composite system of ports trade and cross-border transportation is an organic whole with an interactive coupling relationship. The simultaneous high-level development of ports trade and cross-border transportation is the key to the coupling and coordination of ports trade and cross-border transportation. 2) The overall sustainable development level of China-Nepal ports trade is relatively low, and trade flow is the key for ports trade sustainability. The cross-border transportation accessibility of the Chinese-Nepalese ports has been slowly improved, and the Zhangmu Port has obvious advantages in cross-border transportation. 3) The coupling and coordination of ports trade and cross-border transportation of China and Nepal are moderately out of balance, trade lags behind transportation development, and transportation has a limited role in promoting trade. In order to promote the coupling and coordinated development of ports trade and cross-border transportation, it is necessary to give full play to the cargo transportation function of the Chinese-Nepalese ports, vigorously develop Nepal's re-export trade, and open up the South Asian market. Accelerating the construction of a cross-border economic cooperation zone at Jilong Port, building new channels in the long term to give full play to the cargo transportation function of Zhangmu Port, and using helicopters to develop the "Holy Mountains and Lakes" tourism economy at Pulan (Xie erwa) Port will promote the sustainable development of ports trade.

中尼口岸作为环喜马拉雅经济合作带的窗口,其贸易和交通发展是中国建设“面向南亚开放大通道”的重要支撑。论文探讨口岸贸易与跨境交通的耦合协调机理,运用评价指标体系法和可达性模型分别评估中尼口岸的贸易可持续发展水平和跨境交通可达性,运用耦合协调模型分析2010—2019年中尼口岸贸易可持续性与跨境交通可达性的耦合协调关系。研究结果表明：① 口岸贸易与跨境交通复合系统是一个具有交互耦合关系的有机整体,口岸贸易与跨境交通高水平同步发展是口岸贸易与跨境交通耦合协调的关键。② 中尼口岸贸易的整体可持续发展水平偏低,贸易流量是中尼口岸贸易可持续发展的关键要素;中尼口岸的跨境交通可达性提升缓慢,樟木口岸的跨境运输优势明显。③ 中尼口岸贸易与交通发展的耦合协调整体处于中度失调状态,贸易滞后于交通发展,交通对贸易的促进作用有限。为了推进口岸贸易与跨境交通的耦合协调发展,应当充分发挥中尼口岸的货运职能,大力发展尼泊尔转口贸易,打通南亚大市场。加快建设吉隆口岸跨境经济合作区;远期打造新通道以发挥樟木口岸大宗货物运输功能;利用直升机发展普兰(斜尔瓦)口岸的“神山圣湖”旅游经济,促进口岸贸易可持续发展。

This paper outlines a new approach to the study of power, that of the sociology of translation. Starting from three principles, those of agnosticism (impartiality between actors engaged in controversy), generalised symmetry (the commitment to explain conflicting viewpoints in the same terms) and free association (the abandonment of all a priori distinctions between the natural and the social), the paper describes a scientific and economic controversy about the causes for the decline in the population of scallops in St. Brieuc Bay and the attempts by three marine biologists to develop a conservation strategy for that population. Four ‘moments’ of translation are discerned in the attempts by these researchers to impose themselves and their definition of the situation on others: (a) problematisation: the researchers sought to become indispensable to other actors in the drama by denning the nature and the problems of the latter and then suggesting that these would be resolved if the actors negotiated the ‘obligatory passage point’ of the researchers' programme of investigation; (b) interessement: a series of processes by which the researchers sought to lock the other actors into the roles that had been proposed for them in that programme; (c) enrolment: a set of strategies in which the researchers sought to define and interrelate the various roles they had allocated to others; (d) mobilisation: a set of methods used by the researchers to ensure that supposed spokesmen for various relevant collectivities were properly able to represent those collectivities and not betrayed by the latter. In conclusion it is noted that translation is a process, never a completed accomplishment, and it may (as in the empirical case considered) fail.

Along with the development of facility agriculture, horticultural agriculture and leisure agriculture, nowadays, the functions of agricultural production in rural areas have been weakened but the functions of consumption have been increased in Beijing. This shows that the commodification of rural space in Beijing has been developed in recent years. Rural tourism, as one of the important forms of the commodification of rural space, has played an important role in increasing farmers' income, preventing rural decline and revitalizing rural economy. Therefore, this paper selects rural tourism as the representative of the commodification to examine the formation and evolution of spatial commodification of rural space in Mayufang village as well as to explore farmers' participation in this process based on the actor network theory. In the process of the transformation, the rural areas being the farmers' producing and living spaces have changed to the urban residents' leisure and consumption spaces in Mayufang village and formed a heterogeneous actor-network, in which Tourism Bureau of Changping District and Changling Travel Company and other human actors and non-human actors have played a focal role. Major actors used the policy and the financial support to enroll farmers and other actors by the top-down executive network. Along with development of promotion, training, supervision and infrastructure, some local farmers started to create the physical and non-physical environments for the urban residents' consumption activities. Thus more and more farmers have been engaged in rural tourism, and the commodification of rural spaces in Mayufang village has been developed. As Mayufang village became the consumption space to the urban residents, the commodification of rural space in Mayufang village started its transformation of actor network. However, with the quit of non-human actors, which is Duijiuyu Natural Beauty and reduction of incentives launched by the original major actors, the representative of market has become the focal actor in the new actor network. More and more farmers, who were against the common purpose of the actor network were excluded, quitted the former actor network, thus commodification in rural space in Mayufang village declined. In the process of the formation of commodification of rural space in Mayufang village, the farmers who had the advantages of location, age and profession have much stronger desire to be involved in rural tourism, unemployed farmers prefer to be involved in rural tourism than farmers who make a living on agriculture. The farmers who worked in township enterprises are more willing to participate in rural tourism than self-employed business persons; villagers employed in the government units have less possibility to take part in rural tourism. While commodification of rural space in Mayufang village has declined, farmers began to transfer the labor force to other professions from rural tourism. When interests of major actors are commonly and inextricably linked with actors in actor network in rural areas, its commodification in rural space is strengthened, and vice versa.

乡村旅游作为农村空间商品化的表现形式之一,在增加农民收入、阻止农村衰退、振兴农村经济方面发挥着重要作用。为此本文以北京市昌平区麻峪房村的乡村旅游为例,借助行动者网络理论分析农村空间商品化的形成与演变,并讨论农户在此过程中的参与。麻峪房村在从农民生活空间转变为城市居民消费空间的过程中,形成了以区旅游局、乡旅游公司为关键行动者,并吸纳了多个人类和非人类行动者所构成的行动者网络。在网络形成的过程中农户参与乡村旅游的程度逐渐提高,由此推动了麻峪房村农村空间商品化的发展。麻峪房村演变为城市居民消费空间后,由于行动者网络发生变化使农村空间商品化发生变化,导致麻峪房村农村空间商品化程度降低。同时新的行动者网络中的各行动者的不对等性明显,各行动者之间存在很多异议,使该网络趋于僵化、丧失活力,不足以支撑麻峪房村乡村旅游继续发展。在麻峪房村农村空间商品化的形成过程中,农户的院落区位、年龄与原有工作等对农户参与乡村旅游的意愿产生不同的影响。当农村地区行动者网络中的关键行动者与行动者利益共通且紧密联系时,其空间商品化就得到强化,反之亦然。

Rural gentrification is a new path for rural transformation and revitalization under the background of two-way flow of urban and rural elements. This paper analyzes the evolution process, type and mechanism of rural gentrification based on actor-network theory (ANT) based on a diachronic field survey of rural gentrification in the Panyang River Basin of Bama County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The following results were obtained. (1) The evolution of rural gentrification is a dynamic actor-network jointly established by human and non-human actors, "grass-roots" actors and institutional actors. The evolution of rural gentrification has experienced a transition from initial to development stage, which has brought a series of changes. The key actors are replaced from the "amenity immigrants" pioneer and local elites to local governments and investment developers, while the OPP (obligatory passage point) has changed from "developing 'migratory bird' tourism and building a longevity village" to "developing comprehensive health industry and building a global longevity town". The path succession of rural gentrification changes from "grass-roots" gentrification to institutional gentrification with the replacement of key actors from "amenity immigrants" pioneers, and the rural gentrified industry has changed from receiving amenity migrants and developing tourism to the integrated development of comprehensive health industry. The gentrification type has evolved from "amenity immigration oriented" to "tourism oriented" and "real estate oriented", and finally formed a mixed rural gentrification pattern of "multiple types in one place". (2) Factors such as the replacement of key actors along with their roles and functions, the path succession of rural gentrification, the replacement and integrated development of leading industry, China's macro rural development system, as well as the regional natural and cultural environment, which jointly affect the stage succession and type symbiosis of rural gentrification. The replacement of key actors along with their roles and functions transformation dominates the stage succession of rural gentrification, while the path succession of rural gentrification as well as the replacement and integrated development of leading industry, which jointly promotes the evolution type of rural gentrification, is the general mechanism of rural gentrification evolution. At present, China's rural macro development strategy (Beautiful Countryside Construction, Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization) and basic institutional arrangements (rural land collective ownership, homestead system, and regional development dominated by the local government) as well as the regional natural and cultural environment (unique healthy geographical environment, and "migratory immigrants" healthy geographical dependence, combined with the actors' power balance under the comprehensive action comprised by "Bama complex", the Zhuang clan power and the rural nostalgia) shapes the symbiotic characteristics of evolution type, which is the regional mechanism of rural gentrification evolution. (3) Actor-network theory (ANT) is a conducive method to show the stage succession context and symbiotic characteristics of evolution type, and reveal the general mechanism and regional mechanism of rural gentrification evolution.

乡村绅士化是城乡要素双向流动背景下乡村转型与振兴的新型路径。基于对广西巴马盘阳河流域乡村绅士化现象的历时性田野调查,采用行动者网络理论解析乡村绅士化演化的过程、类型与机制。研究表明：在巴马盘阳河流域乡村人类行动者与非人类行动者、“草根”行动者与机构行动者共同缔结的行动者网络的转换过程中,伴随关键行动者从“候鸟人”先锋、屯社精英向地方政府、投资开发商的更替,乡村绅士化路径从“草根”绅士化向机构绅士化演替,乡村产业从接待“候鸟人”、发展旅游转向大健康产业融合发展,乡村绅士化类型从单一的舒适移民绅士化向舒适移民、旅游和地产共构的“一地多类”绅士化演化。关键行动者更替及其功能角色转换、绅士化路径变迁和主导产业更替与融合发展、宏观乡村发展制度与地域自然人文环境共同作用于乡村绅士化的阶段演替与类型共生。行动者网络理论与方法利于呈现乡村绅士化的阶段演替脉络与共生演化特征,并揭示乡村绅士演化的一般机制与地域机制。

Along with the growing public awareness of the impossibility of separating nature from society and the difficulty of dividing the world neatly into spaces of 'human' and 'non-human', more-than-human geographies become increasingly popular in exploring the human-nonhuman assemblages in Western countries. However, existing literature demonstrates that the investigation of more-than-human geographies has received insufficient attention from non-Western countries, including China. Based on a systematic analysis of journal papers published in the Core Collection of Web of Science over the last 15 years, this article is dedicated to introduce the more-than-human geographical thoughts and approaches into China. The software Citespace has been used to analyze a total of 298 journal papers published from 2002 to 2017 in the Core Collection of Web of Science, among which the main themes can be generalized into five categories: new animal geographies and natural conservation, urban culture and political ecology, materiality and commodity economy, body and life health, climate change and environmental issues. New animal geographies have usually been understood as comprising the mainstream of more-than-human geographies, while the last two topics have been regarded as new fields. This article first investigates the core views of three philosophical and theoretical ideas which inspired the development of more-than-human geographies and explained how these insights influence the associated thoughts and approaches. Moreover, to show more details about what kinds of assemblages more-than-human geographies are interested in, this article introduces the content of each category with classical case studies. Finally, the primary contributions and critiques of more-than-human geographies are also presented. China's rich natural products and multiple social cultures, as well as the rapid development of science and technology mean that there is a potential for Chinese geographers to provide more interesting and vivid investigations for more-than-human geographies in the Chinese context.

随着现代科技发展与社会环境变化,人类与非人类的边界日益模糊,这使得以往研究中未能引起足够重视的非人类生命与物质逐渐引起学者们的关注。21世纪以来,在西方地理学界兴起的“回归唯物主义”思潮中,超越人类的地理学（MTHG）应运而生,并成为探索人类与非人类共同构成的世界的重要途径之一。通过对298篇相关期刊论文及著作的分析发现,超越人类的地理学主张“关系本体论”,其产生受到行动者网络理论、生物哲学与非表征理论的深刻影响,现有研究议题聚焦于新动物地理学与自然保护、城市社会文化与生态政治、物质性与商品经济、身体与生命健康、气候变化与环境问题等方面。本文通过梳理超越人类的地理学的理论源起并剖析各议题的经典研究案例,以期为中国地理学研究提供新的视域。

The actor-network theory (ANT), originated from the sociology of science, has been widely used in many disciplines. In the field of geography, this theory tends to break through the long-standing dualism between global and local, nature and society, etc. Much of the theoretical work has been done to understand the complex and obscure connotation of ANT. For instance, representative human geography scholars like Jonathan Murdoch and Sarah Whatmore proposed to cancel many dualistic presuppositions in geography, thus rethinking the nature of geographical knowledge through ANT. However, the current empirical studies in Chinese academic world show the trends of oversimplification and misuse of this concept by reason of lacking a sufficient understanding of the relationship between ANT and human geography. Therefore, the paper aims to investigate the interaction between the actor-network theory and human geography. Specifically, it is found that there are overlaps and similarities in the aspect of temporal-spatial view by summarizing and comparing ANT and the related theories of human geography. More importantly, the principle of general symmetry links ANT with human geography, which makes us re-recognize the description methodology, the significance of nature and materiality, and the network in human geography. Nevertheless, the understanding of ANT is still controversial and has been critically discussed, ranging from the aspects of social interpretation and network interpretation, the legitimacy of traditional criticism and the authenticity and validity of human-nonhuman symmetry. To accommodate the neglected and insufficient description of the real world, some geographers bring in assemblage thinking, including concepts like desire, virtual and flux. In addition, as the profound impact of the case study of the scallop experiment on the understanding and application of ANT by human geographers, the article analyzes the latent translation logic contained in this case. Finally, the study points out key issues that need to be reflected in the application of actor-network theory in empirical research, and indicates the possible directions for further research from the perspectives of human and nature, scientific knowledge production and dissemination. In summary, this paper discusses the enlightenment of ANT to human geography, which provides more possibilities of dialogues between different studies based on ANT, enhancing the innovation and geographical knowledge spillovers.

行动者网络理论（ANT）被用于诸多学科,对突破地理学中的二元思维具有重要意义。通过梳理和比较ANT与人文地理学的相关理论,发现其时空观具有相通之处。广义对称性原则将ANT与人文地理学链接,使得人文地理学中描述的方法论、自然和物质的重要性及网络被重新认识。地理学者对ANT的批判主要围绕社会解释与网络解释、传统批判的合法性、人与非人对称的真实性与有效性等方面展开。一些地理学者试图使用拼装（assemblage）思维来弥补ANT的不足,将欲望、虚拟、流等概念补充进来,使之更为贴近现实世界。由于扇贝实验的案例研究对人文地理学者理解与运用ANT影响较大,文章解析了该案例中蕴含的转译逻辑。最后,阐明ANT在经验研究中需要反思之处,并讨论了可进一步研究的方向及对人文地理学的启示。

Dualisms have been a recurring feature of sociospatial analysis. Micro/macro, local/global, subject/object, particular/universal – one or more of these dualistic frameworks can be discerned in many geographical texts. Dissolving the dualisms, somehow finding a way through the gaps which open up between them, requires the development of an approach which allows the various scales of social life to be treated symmetrically so that we never have to shift to a different register when studying large-scale or ‘big’ (usually termed structural) phenomena. It is proposed in this article that a geography of associations, which traces how actions are embedded in materials and then extended through time and space, provides one means of overcoming the dualisms. Drawing upon actor-network theory it is argued that interactions are both ‘localized’ and ‘globalized’ using nonhuman entities and these permit certain actor-networks to act at a distance on others. Patterns of centrality and marginality thus emerge as particular power geometries are drawn. Tracing these power geometries by following the associations can only be undertaken in a nondualistic fashion.

Cities are inhabited by all manner of things and made up of all manner of practices, many of which are unnoticed by urban politics and disregarded by science. In this paper we do two things. First, we add to the sense that urban living spaces involve much more than human worlds and are often prime sites for human and nonhuman ecologies. Second, we experiment with what is involved in taking these nonhuman worlds and ecologies seriously and in producing a politics for urban wilds. In order to do this we learn how to sense urban wildlife. In learning new engagements we also learn new things and in particular come to see urban wilds as matters of controversy. For this reason we have borrowed and adapted Latour's language to talk of wild things. Wild things become more rather than less real as people learn to engage with them. At the same time, wild things are too disputed, sociable, and uncertain to become constant objects upon which a stable urban politics can be constructed. So a parliament of wild things might be rather different from the house of representatives that we commonly imagine. It may be closer to what Stengers (1997, Power and Invention University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN) has characterised as cosmopolitics, a politics that is worked out without recourse to old binaries of nature and society. Using empirical work with urban wildlife-trust members we muddy the clean lines of representational politics, and start to grapple with issues that a reconvened wild politics might involve.

Recently, the actor-network theory (ANT) was widely applied to the field of human geography. ANT approach provides a new perspective by allowing researchers to take into consideration the flow of factors and network interaction. After a brief introduction of ANT, this paper summarizes the progress of ANT applications to human geography by summing up the application topics and methods in different branches, and compares the gap between international and domestic researches. This paper reveals that ANT promotes the progress of human geography in both theory and application. Most theoretic explorations happened in the field of economic geography: the relational economic geography based on ANT provides new angle for the reconstruction of "postmodernism" economic geography theory system. In application, analytical framework of ANT applied to the field of human geography emphasizes actors, translation process, and the result, with special attention to the spatial changes as verification of the effect of actor network. ANT uses a structural way to construct the main actor behaviors, resulting in an effective analysis framework for local development and policy implementation research in every branch of human geography. High citation rates of ANT applied research papers indicate ANT approach is now attracting more and more attention in the field of human geography. However, compared to international researches, domestic researches are relatively lagged and limited. Currently, domestic researches still remain in the stage of applying ANT analysis framework directly with little thinking about theory improvement, while international research is starting to rethink the limitations of ANT approach. Based on recent rethinking of ANT use, this study emphasizes that analytical framework of ANT should be highlighted and the use of ANT should carefully control the size of the network and the list of actors, due to the uncertain research paradigm.

行动者网络理论以一种结构化的方式来构建行为主体之间的关系, 并将要素流动和网络化互动形态纳入分析范畴, 为各学科研究提供了全新的视角, 在人文地理领域的应用也日渐增多。本文在总结行动者网络理论主要内容的基础上, 分类归纳评述了行动者网络理论在不同分支研究领域的应用主题和方式, 并就研究的深度、广度、影响力进行国内外对比。研究表明, 行动者网络理论对人与非人行动者的一致看待及其通过转译过程解析网络关系的研究模式, 除强化了经济地理等领域的理论建构之外, 也为乡村地理、城市地理、经济地理、旅游地理等领域的地方发展、政策实践研究提供了一种有效的分析方法。引入该理论的人文地理研究引用频次高, 有较大的学术影响。目前国内研究多停留在行动者网络理论分析框架的直接套用, 极少涉及分析框架改进和理论思考, 在广度和深度上与国际研究仍有差距。

While there is widespread recognition of the importance and role of trust in facilitating regional development, technology transfer, and agglomeration economies, the concept remains rather undertheorized within economic geography and regional science. This paper reviews and assesses the literature on the role and constitution of trust for economic and industrial development and presents a conceptualization of the trust building process that accounts for the influences of agency, institutions, materials, and interpersonal expression. In doing so, geographic concerns about the role of space and context are linked to economic and sociological conceptualizations of trust and to scholarship from actor-network theory (ANT) and social psychology regarding the influence of power, non-human intermediaries, and performance on social outcomes and network configurations. The result is a heuristic framework for analyzing trust-building processes as temporally and spatially situated social phenomena shaped by context-specific subjective, intersubjective, and structural factors. The conceptualization’s broader significance lies not in detailing the many factors that influence trust but in its contextualization of the micro-social processes that can strengthen business relationships. In doing so, the framework can facilitate a move beyond solely instrumental conceptualizations of trust and toward a relational understanding of how the means for establishing and sustaining trust influence the development and potential of such ‘ends’ as clusters and production networks.

Owing to the multiple influences of globalization, urbanization, industrialization, and informatization, rural regional space has experienced the process of reconstruction. Focusing on the analysis of the internal mechanism of rural reconstruction driven by the internet economy, this study selected Lirendong Village in Panyu District of Guangzhou, the most active Taobao trading village in the Pearl River Delta, as a typical case. We had an in-depth analysis of the process and internal mechanism of the reconstruction of typical Taobao villages in the Pearl River Delta metropolitan area through semi-structured interviews and the actor-network theory analysis framework. The study demonstrated that the key actors, such as local government, clothing workshop, village committee, e-commerce entrepreneurs, and social networks of fellow villagers, participate in the pursuit and realization of land value in the village according to their goal vision and action logic. Furthermore, these actors jointly evolve and construct the actor-network process of periodic industrial succession and spatial value accumulation in Taobao villages. The process has gone through the stage of agricultural decentralization led by the government, the industrialization stage dominated by the market, and the stage of e-commerce dominated by the social network of fellow towns people. Government subject, market subject, and social subject constitute the core driving force. They are linked together by providing benefits, and rural reconstruction practice is carried out according to the political, market, and elite logic. The reconstruction results in the change in spatial-social relations related to the changes in the dynamic mechanism. The reconstruction is realized through the reshaping of space and the change of value, from exogenous driving force leading to endogenous driving force exhibition, thus initiating a new cycle of the space reconstruction process.

在全球化、城市化、工业化和信息化的多重影响下,乡村地域空间普遍经历空间重构过程。着眼于互联网经济驱动下的乡村重构内在机制剖析,本文选择珠三角地区淘宝交易活跃度居全国之首的淘宝村——广州市番禺区里仁洞村为典型案例,通过半结构式访谈,以行动者网络理论为分析框架,剖析珠三角大都市地区典型淘宝村重构过程及其内在逻辑机制。研究表明：地方政府、制衣作坊、村委会、电商创业能人、同乡社会网络等关键行动者依其目标愿景和行动逻辑参与村里土地价值的追逐和获取实现,共同演进和建构起淘宝村产业阶段性演替和空间价值积累的行动者网络过程,其历经政府主导的农业去中心化阶段、市场主导的工业化阶段,以及同乡社会网络主导的电子商务化阶段。政府主体、市场主体和社会主体构成核心驱动力,通过利益赋予联结到一起,依据政治逻辑、市场逻辑和精英逻辑推动乡村空间重构实践,重构结果引发空间社会关系的变化,触动动力机制的转变,并通过空间的重新塑造和价值改变来实现,从外源动力主导向内生发展动力转变,带来新一轮空间重构过程。

Rapid industrialization and urbanization process makes the functional value of urban ecology space even more remarkable. The green land protection policy on public interest results in barriers to develop rural community economy and promote residents’ income, which lead to more and more social conflicts originated from urban and rural land use. On the basis of urban spatial political-economy theory, and actors network theory, in a case of Fruit Tree Protection Zone of Haizhu District in Guangzhou City(HZFTPZ) the article investigated the evolution process, origins, types and governance mechanics of land use conflicts. The article found that, the evolution process of land use conflicts could be divided into 4 stages according to the intensity and levels of significance, i.e., latent period, obvious period, transformation period and conglutination period. But Nondeterminacy still exists in the further evolution of land use conflicts because of the role of conflict circle. During the evolution of land use conflicts, land use conflicts subjects spread from the core of land use conflicts to the periphery, social actors involved emerged ceaselessly, and conflict issues, standpoints and attitudes of conflict subjects and approaches to resolve conflicts were sequentially changed. In addition, land use conflicts were divided into procedure conflicts, value conflicts, interest conflicts and structure conflicts from appearance to nature, based on their origins and differentiation display. And all types of land use conflicts were logically related, because of the organically interaction and integration of social actors’ factors and social and economic regimes structure factors. Many land use conflicts registered as procedure destination differences among social actors, and the even deeper reasons displayed as the value judgment differences on the priority of protection-development and public interest-individual-interest among parties to a conflict, and the subjective understanding differences on land use interest distribution and risk exposure among parties to a conflict, but the final origins of conflict expansion or continuous agglutination existed in policy defects and regime cruxes in procedure design standard, values guidelines and interest distribution balance. During the governance process of land use conflicts, various sorts and varieties of social actors centered on some issues, established interlaced networks by consultation and negotiation and made up mechanics of recourse sharing and mutual benefit and collaboration, thus gained the ends of collaborative governance. The concrete measures including to establish the participation and communication networks based on communicating and participating of stakeholders, the collaborative governance network based on the networking cooperation of social actors, the community co-management network based on the appeal of community participation, the interest coordination network based on interest balance and coordination of stakeholders, and the land use conflict prevention and mediation network based on the prevention and mediation of land use conflicts.

The relational geography is conceived with the development of post-structuralism and "relational turn". From the perspective of relational geography, the world is understood as a topological structure of flowing while things are not considered as products of eidos ego but products of the relations. Relational thinking is counter-essentialized, it stresses on the dynamic, inter-dependent interactions between things. Through literature review, we find out the development relational geography is strong influenced by the social network and non-representational theory. The appearance of relational geography reconstructs the connotations of space, place, scale and subjectivity. We put forward the concept of relational space, place relations, multi-scale or the end of scale and the geographical inter-subjectivity. We construct the networking, relational and the flow of topological geography. The current empirical studies of the relational geography focus on the spatial diffusion and expansion, subject development, socio-cultural, bodily, tourist, health issues. Besides, we hope to offer new perspectives for Chinese human geographers based on the concepts of "human", "more-than-human", "things" and "re-materialization".

随着后结构主义思潮和“关系转向”的兴起,关系地理学（relational geography）应运而生。关系地理学把世界理解为流动的拓扑结构以及相互关联的产物,主张关系思维,强调事物在发展过程中相互影响与依存的动态关系。通过对关系地理学相关著作和期刊论文的分析发现,关系地理学的产生受到社会网络分析理论与非表征理论的深刻影响,其重构了空间、地方、尺度与主体性的内涵,提出关系空间、地方关系、多尺度或尺度终结,以及主体间性的地理学概念,建构了新的关于网络、关系和流的拓扑地理。关系地理学现有的实证研究主要聚焦于空间扩散与空间发展、主体发展与社会文化问题、身体与健康旅游/地理等内容。此外,基于“人”与“超越人类”,“物”与“重返物质”4个方面的内容提出关系地理学可能的研究展望,并对“关系”的内涵与外延进行了延伸讨论,以期为中国人文地理学研究提供新的学术视角。

文化地理学以往对表征和话语的过度重视,引起了部分学者对“非表征”和“再物质化”的思考,呼吁关注日常生活中即时的、动态和无法被表征捕捉的实践和情绪,并重视物质实体的展演性、流动性、情绪塑造和符号交换的意义,引发和促进了新文化地理学对于情感、身体、实践、展演和日常生活等议题的关注。论文对“非表征”和“再物质化”的概念和核心理论进行了梳理,并对“身份、认同及空间的构建”“情感与空间氛围”“身体与展演及意义”以及“权力与网络”4个相关议题进行了讨论,以期促进国内文化地理学对感知的、即时的和物质性的空间要素进行关注,并对新文化地理研究方法进行创新。

Gradually, then, it has become clear to me what I am trying to do. I want to provide a body of work which values creative praxis. This will not be easy as—with a few exceptions—most academics nowadays still tend towards impoverished views of praxis which leave remarkably little room for creative exorbitance. Thus, for example, many modern social and cultural theorists would find it difficult to understand the import of Wittgenstein's famous question, “what remains over from the fact that I raise my arm when I subtract the fact that my arm goes up?” In effect, what I attempt to provide is the beginnings of an answer to this question. In the first part of the paper I am therefore concerned with an account of a style of thinking which I call nonrepresentationalist. In the second part of the paper I then broaden the discourse by considering the ways in which this style of work might be linked to other developments in the social sciences and humanities grouped around the notion and the motion of performance. In the third part I consider one particular mode of performance—dance—as illustration of some of the steps I have traced out. Some tentative conclusions follow.