Based on land use, point of interest, socio-economic statistics and other data, this study constructs an evaluation system of rural function from five dimensions of economic development, agricultural product production, social security, ecological services and tourism and leisure, and reveals the spatial characteristics of the five functions above and their comprehensive functions of the ecological conservation area from the township scale. By means of Spearman rank correlation analysis, production possibility frontier (PPF) and trade-off intensity index and so on, the trade-off coordination relationship and the degree of trade-off between rural functions are quantitatively discussed. The results show that: (1) the spatial patterns of economic development, social security and leisure tourism functions are similar; on the contrary, the functions of economic development, social security and agricultural products production in towns with strong ecological service function are often weak. (2) There is a significant synergy relationship between economic development and agricultural production / social security function, and a significant trade-off relationship between economic development / agricultural production / social security and ecological service function. And the trade-off intensity is economic development - ecological services > social security - ecological services > agricultural production - ecological services. When it comes to the PPF curve, we can conclude that the trade-off between economic development / agricultural product production and ecological service function is similar. That is to say, the trade-off between which will be weakened while sustainably developing the ecological services. The trade-off between social security and ecological services will intensify with the continuous investment of ecological services. The synergetic effect of economic development on agricultural production (social security) function will slow down with the development of economic function. (3) According to the idea of "the less the trade-off intensity is, the symbiotic development among functions" and "the greater the trade-off intensity, the most one function can be developed". In order to maximize the comprehensive income of rural functional combination, the ecological conservation area will be divided into four types of development areas: I (four types of functional symbiosis), II (three kinds of functional symbiosis), III (two kinds of functional symbiosis) and IV (single function development). The research results will be helpful for regional rural revitalization and development planning, and provide technical support for scientific design of rural function collaborative development path.

本研究基于土地利用、兴趣点、社会经济统计等数据,从乡镇尺度揭示了北京生态涵养区经济发展、农产品生产、社会保障、生态服务、旅游休闲以及综合功能的空间特征,并运用Spearman秩相关分析、生产可能性边界（PPF）、权衡强度指数等定量探讨了多功能间的权衡-协同关系及其权衡程度。结果表明：① 经济发展、社会保障和休闲旅游功能的空间格局相似;生态服务功能与经济发展、社会保障和农产品生产功能的空间格局基本相逆。② 经济发展与农产品生产/社会保障功能为显著协同关系;经济发展/农产品生产/社会保障与生态服务功能为显著权衡关系。③ 按照“‘权衡强度越小,功能间共生发展’‘权衡强度越大,最多发展一种功能’”的思路,以追求乡村功能组合的综合效益最大化为目标,将生态涵养区划分为I（4种功能共生）、II（3种功能共生）、III（2种功能共生）和IV（单一功能发展）4种类型区。研究结果将为区域乡村振兴规划编制提供参考,为乡村功能协同发展路径设计提供技术支撑。

Environmental conflict consists of the conflicts, between human activities and geographical environment in different areas, with different extent and form. It takes place more frequently with the development of economy, improper and excess exploitation of natural resources, and the out-of-order competition among departments and regions. This thesis introduces the devel-opment of the research overseas. Due to its obvious regionalism and inter-conditioning and inter-dependence with elements of physical and human geography, Environmental conflict has pro-found geographical signification handling environmental conflict by the same principle of justice in dealing with inter-regional, inter-department, and inter-generation conflicts, reliably regional sustainable development is essential. Then, the application of environmental conflict analysis in geographical research is tentatively discussed.

By applying an integrated framework, we developed a new way to quantify the multifunctionality of rural residential land: analyzing the reciprocal relationships between the structure and function of land use, as well as identifying the demand of rural sustainability for residential land functions. In the assessment of the rural residential land functions from the supply and demand perspectives by establishing an indicators system, the results show that there are five substantial functions of rural residential land, i.e., residential, public service, industrial, commercial and ecological function, and a potential function. Unbalanced development patterns between function supply and demand are clearly observed at multilevel: at the regional level, demand exceeding supply refers to the public service, commercial, and ecological function, especially for ecological function; at the town level, the spatial pattern of the difference is closely linked with topographic features; the inferior and complex topographic condition always is associated with inadequate function supply. Strategies based on the arrangements of rural residential land use structure, including function conversion and function enhancement, have been adopted to balance the supply and demand of land functions. Together, alternative strategies (e.g., industrial allocation, population introduction, and location choices) also need to be recognized by policymakers to achieve rural sustainable development.Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

There is a big gap between general rural modernization paradigm and huge empirical rural geography studies. This gap results in impotent development strategies on regionally differentiated countryside. Based on multifunctional agriculture theory and multifunctional rural theory which emerged in Western World as a new paradigm, this paper discusses the multiple objectives, differentiated pathways and policies of agriculture and rural development in China. Firstly, this paper reflects the problems and challenges caused by modernization paradigm in rural China on economic, social, and environmental aspects, as well as that of western developed countries. It can be concluded that conventional agricultural and rural modernization is developed largely at the expense of rural environment, social fabric and economic viabilities. Obviously, "modernization development paradigm" alone is not enough for healthy agricultural and rural development in such booming economy as China. A better paradigm should be developed which takes economic development, social justice and environmental sustainability into account at the same time. After a brief review of multifunctional agriculture theory and multifunctional rural theory overseas, the multiple objectives of agriculture and rural development in China are put forward. These multiple objectives, however, should not and could not be a burden on rural space indiscriminatingly due to the enormous differentiation of natural and socio-economic conditions. Thus, the final but main part of this paper envisions the differentiated pathways and policy portfolios of agricultural and rural development in China from the perspective of territorial division.

传统的乡村现代化发展范式和地理学关于乡村的区域差异研究之间存在缝隙,不足以为快速演化分异的乡村地域发展提供直接理论支撑。本文引入西方近20年来逐渐兴起的多功能农业与多功能乡村理论,从新的视角观察思考中国乡村多元化发展的目标、路径及对策。首先从经济、社会和环境三个方面反思中国乡村现代化的基本历程与得失,以及西方国家乡村现代化产生的问题,指出传统的农业农村现代化发展在很大程度是以牺牲乡村环境和乡村社会机理脆弱化为代价的,也造成了乡村经济对外部支持的过度依赖,仅仅强调“现代化”发展范式显然是不够的;然后简要介绍了国外多功能农业与多功能乡村理论;在此基础上,从功能角度提出中国农业农村发展的多元目标,推演探讨农业农村发展的区域差异化路径及对策。

As a bridge between natural landscape and human society, landscape function is always an important content of landscape ecology. Multifunctional landscape becomes closely related with the decision of land use by means of endowing landscape function with human value judgments. Till now, it has been an important development direction of landscape function research, an important field of multi-disciplinary integrated landscape study, as well as a new discipline growth of landscape ecology. Based on comprehensively analyzing the conceptual connotation of multifunctional landscape, the similarities and differences among the four concepts, i.e., multifunctional landscape, landscape multi-functionality, multifunctional agriculture, and ecosystem services are also fully contrasted and clarified. Focused on such three key issues as landscape multi-functionality assessment, spatial identification of multifunctional landscape, and multifunctional landscape planning and management, the updated research progress and main shortcomings on multifunctional landscape are deeply discussed. Finally, five topics are proposed as future research directions on multifunctional landscape, i.e., mechanism analysis of trade-offs in multifunctional landscape, regional categorization of multifunctional landscape, scaling and zoning effects assessment of multifunctional landscape, dynamic prediction of multifunctional landscape, and scenario simulation of multifunctional landscape.

作为沟通自然景观与人类社会的重要桥梁,景观功能一直以来都是景观生态学的重要研究内容;多功能景观通过对自然景观功能赋予人类价值评判,与土地利用决策紧密相关,已成为当前景观功能研究的重要发展方向、多学科景观综合研究的重点领域和景观生态学新的学科生长点。在系统梳理多功能景观概念内涵的基础上,对比分析了其与景观多功能性、生态系统服务及多功能农业的概念异同;并从景观多功能性评价、多功能景观空间识别、多功能景观规划与管理等3个方面,重点探讨了近年来国内外多功能景观研究的进展及其主要不足;最后,展望了当前国内外多功能景观研究的重点发展方向,即多功能景观权衡机理解析、多功能景观区域类型识别、多功能景观尺度与划区效应评估、多功能景观动态预测及情景模拟。

With the rapid economic development, social progress, and land use change in rural regions, rural territorial function and development orientation show more significant spatial differentiation and diversification. Using the well-developed Jiangsu province as a case, this paper quantitatively identified and calculated four rural territorial functions at county level, i.e., ecological conservation, agricultural production, industrial development and social security. Subsequently, the influencing factors of spatial differentiation on rural territorial functions for 63 regional units were analyzed; the dominated functions of each spatial unit were also identified. According to the case study, the multifunctional feature of rural territorial function was evident, however the function of industrial development was of significant dominance accompanying with the increase of dominant degree from northern to southern in Jiangsu province. The spatial agglomeration degrees of four rural territorial functions were low with variant agglomerative areas, that was, ecological conservation function was mainly distributed at coastal, surrounding lake and mountain areas, agricultural production function was mainly found in the northern and central parts, the industrial development function was predominately in the southern part, social security function which had the lowest spatial agglomeration was obviously distributed in municipal districts and their surrounding counties rather than other counties. The functional combinations of the 63 regional units were diversified and nine functional types were identified. Results of influencing factors analysis indicated that the natural geographical characteristics, spatial location, and economic development were the main influencing factors of differentiation on rural territorial functions, but their effects were of different intensities and directions for the spatial differentiation of four rural territorial functions. Specifically, the industry development function was mainly affected by road density, location advantage, FDI, GDP and floating population from other places; most factors were negatively related with the agricultural production function except the areas of important ecological function zones and cultivated lands; the relationships between the ecological conservation function and influencing factors were complicated, in which some more developed counties also had higher ecological conservation function; the social security function had very weak relationships with influencing factors owing to its complexity. This paper provided a scientific reference for identifying the rural development orientation, promoting the differential development, enhancing the characteristics and competitiveness of different counties; meanwhile, it was a meaningful supplement for the research of Major Function Oriented Zoning and related studies about territorial function.

随着经济社会发展和土地利用格局变化，乡村地域功能和发展定位的多元化和空间差异特征日益明显。以经济发达的江苏省为例，采用定量化价值评价方法，研究县域尺度乡村地域生态保育、农业生产、工业发展和社会保障功能的空间差异，识别各县市区主导功能类型，揭示不同类型乡村地域功能的影响因素。结果表明：乡村地域多功能特征明显，工业发展功能占据主导；4 类乡村地域功能空间集聚程度均较低，生态保育功能高值区集中于沿湖、沿海或苏南山丘地区，农业生产功能集中于苏北和苏中，工业发展功能以苏南最强，社会保障功能则集中于市辖区及其临近市县；乡村地域功能组合类型多样，共可分为9 种；4 类乡村地域功能的影响因素存在较大差异，自然地理、空间区位、经济社会发展等因素的影响在强度和影响方向上明显不同。研究可为针对性地定位乡村功能和发展导向、增强县域乡村功能特色和竞争力提供参考依据。

The long-term supply-demand imbalance of rural land use functions (RLUFs) is one of the main reasons for rural issues in China. Based on the multifunctionality theory, this study explained the mutual relationship between rural land consolidation (RLC) and rural vitalization with a focus on supply-demand and element-structure-function relationships, and then discussed how to realize the supply-demand balance of RLUFs through RLC so as to promote sustainable rural development. The results show that: 1) Comprehensive rural land consolidation is a multifunctional land use method and an important means to solve rural issues for promoting rural vitalization. In essence, it is the transition from productivism that focuses on economic benefits to non-productivism that takes social, economic, and environmental benefits as a whole. 2) RLUFs include production, living, ecological, and cultural functions, corresponding to the economic, social, enviromental, and cultural demands of rural vitalization. The production functions are divided into agricultural, commercial, and industrial functions, and living functions include residential, employment, and public service functions. 3) Along the path of integrating land use elements, restructuring land use structures, and optimizing land use functions, RLC promotes the supply-demand balance of RLUFs from the supply side according to local conditions. 4) In future research, the mechanisms and modes of RLC impact on rural vitalization at different spatial scales, as well as quantitative analysis of the functional supply of land use and the functional demand of rural vitalization under the influence of RLC should be given more attention, thus laying a scientific foundation for the formulation and implementation of land use and rural vitalization planning.

长期以来乡村土地利用功能的供需不平衡是造成乡村问题的主要原因之一。论文基于土地利用多功能性视角,以“供给—需求”“要素—结构—功能”为主线,阐释了农村土地整治与乡村振兴的互馈关系,探讨了如何通过农村土地整治实现乡村土地利用功能的供需平衡,进而促进乡村振兴。研究结果如下：① 综合土地整治是一种多功能的土地利用方式,是当前解决乡村问题、促进乡村振兴的重要手段,其本质是从以经济效益为主的生产主义向兼顾社会、经济、环境等的非生产主义的转变。② 乡村土地利用具有生产、生活、生态、文化等4种主要功能,满足乡村振兴在经济、社会、环境、文化等方面的需求,其中生产功能分为农业、商业、工业生产功能,生活功能分为居住、就业和公共服务功能。③ 农村土地整治沿整合土地利用要素、重组土地利用结构、优化土地利用功能的路径,从供给侧因地制宜地平衡乡村发展对土地利用多功能的需求。④ 今后,农村土地整治与乡村振兴的研究应该考虑不同空间尺度下土地整治对于乡村振兴的作用机制与模式,定量分析土地整治影响下土地利用的多功能供给以及不同类型乡村发展对土地利用功能的需求,从而为土地利用和乡村振兴规划的制定和实施提供科学依据。

The core objective of rural vitalization is to systemically establish a coupling pattern of various rural development elements including population, land and industry. As one of the prerequisites, land resources is required to be optimally allocated via land consolidation. Consequently, land consolidation contributes greatly in population agglomeration, industry development and resources support under the context of combating rural decline. In light of these facts, this paper conducts an elementary analysis on the connotation of land consolidation and rural vitalization in the new era, as well as their relationships. Furthermore, the issues on the alternative paths for achieving rural vitalization via land consolidation in different regions were also discussed. Main conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) It is manifested that rural vitalization in the new era can be explained as a comprehensive process of tackling the loss and decline of rural development elements through political, economic and cultural means. Most importantly, vitalizing the interior motivation and absorbing the external power are essential for the efficient reconfiguration and utilization of rural population, land and industry, thus achieving the goals of arousing rural vitality, optimizing elements structure, enhancing territorial function and restructuring rural morphology. (2) From the perspective of rural vitalization, land consolidation, which adheres to the path of connotative development, should not only target at stimulating the key elements of rural development, but also place emphasis on the coordination of material space and spirit core, so as to realize the co-prosperity of the urban and the rural areas. (3) Regional natural indigenous factors and the corresponding phases of socio-economic development should be both taken into account in the process of implementing rural land consolidation. Following the principle of adjusting measures to local conditions, appropriate paths or modes are supposed to be chosen in different regions constrained by the territorial development pattern. Finally, focusing on a series of problems and new concepts, which is aimed at achieving urban-rural integration development and boosting socio-economic growth in rural areas, we propose further discussions.

乡村振兴的核心目的是系统构建人口、土地、产业等多种发展要素的耦合格局。土地整治在乡村振兴过程中肩负着为人口集聚、产业发展提供资源支撑的基础性作用。本文基于影响乡村发展的关键要素阐释了新时代乡村振兴和土地整治的内涵及其互馈关系,剖析了乡村振兴背景下土地整治的区域实施路径。最后,就未来乡村振兴视角下土地整治的方向进行了展望与讨论。结论如下：① 乡村振兴的内涵在于为应对乡村内部要素的流失与衰退,通过经济、政治及文化建设等手段激发内部动力和吸纳外部资源来重新组合、优化配置和高效利用乡村人口、土地和产业等发展要素,从而优化要素结构、提升地域功能、重塑乡村形态,实现乡村地域经济、社会及生态的全面复兴和城乡融合发展的新格局;② 乡村振兴视角下土地整治要激活乡村人口、土地和产业等关键发展要素,统筹物质空间振兴与精神内核提升;③ 开展农村土地整治要与区域自然本底条件和社会经济发展阶段相适应,按照分区统筹、分类施策的原则在国土空间开发格局的框架下因地制宜地采取相应的模式与路径;④ 未来有必要重塑土地整治的价值取向,在统一空间规划体系下统筹土地整治规划与乡村振兴规划,大力发展土地整治与多功能农业相结合的新模式。

Based on multiple remote-sensing image interpretation and classification, and economic and social data, this study focused on rural settlement and land use change amidst rapid urbanization. Rural settlements, spatial and temporal patterns of land use and influencing factors in the Bohai Rim were explored within 5×5 km grid cells, as per GIS spatial analysis and geostatistical analysis. Results show that the spatial distribution of rural settlements in the Bohai Rim is remarkably varied. The number of rural settlement sites in a 5×5 km grid cell exceeding 5.0 are distributed in a six-area pattern in the Bohai Rim; rural settlement dispersion is particularly high in agricultural regions in south Hebei and southwest Shandong, suggesting rural settlement density keeps increasing from northeast to southwest, characterized by high density and dispersed spatial distribution in traditional agricultural regions. Furthermore, rural settlements show dramatic spatial differences in terms of distribution and dynamic change degrees in the Bohai Rim. In terms of spatial distribution, rural residential land is always extensive in plains, with a high density of rural settlements, on the North China Plain in particular, and rural residential land in the south of Shandong province is also extensive, with most rural settlement land use areas in the 5×5 km grid cells exceeding 3 km2. However, traditional agricultural regions have underdeveloped economies, industrialization and tertiary industries, characterized by low urbanization rates, with farmers not feeling assimilated in rural or urban areas. In terms of the temporal sequence, urban expansion rapidly promotes the transformation of rural residential lands in rural-urban transitional belts of provincial capital or prefecture-level city into urban lands, and in traditional rural areas, residential lands are growing. The natural environment, transportation conditions, economic development and farmers’ incomes all have effects on type of land use change and pattern of rural settlements. It is a core objective for future rural development to reconstruct a rational spatial pattern of villages or towns and well-organized village-town systems, build central villages, key towns or central towns, optimize or reconstruct production, living and eco-space of rural areas. It is of significance for rural geographical research to further interpret and explore spatial reconstruction theory.

With the rapid development of rural tourism, local communities have become the places where multi-groups compete and conflict with each other. The differences in preference to tourism development among multi-groups have become a key indicator of conflicts in these communities. Taking Tangyu town as a case, this study employed participatory mapping, which is an important tool of the public participation geographic information system (PPGIS), and semi-structure interview to investigate the landscape values and preferences for tourism development from local residents, tourists and vacation homeowners. Finally we obtained 315 sets of questionnaires, interviews and mappings, which totally generated 5518 geo-spatial points. Based on Brown's land use conflict model, this study combined preference differences and landscape values with geo-spatial analysis to explore the spatial features of differences of different preferences and potential conflicts held by multi-groups. Results indicated that: (1) Preferences toward tourism development and their difference were characterized by obvious location differentiation, and were related to different groups' spatial perception of landscape values. The spatial distribution of conflicts potential associated with tourism development in Tangyu was uneven, but presented a patch structure. The areas with high values of conflict potential were mainly distributed across core areas of tourism development, and the values decreased gradually from the core areas to the peripheral areas. (2) The formation of potential conflict sites was not only impacted by the traditional factors, but also by the spatial factors. The tourism development stages of local community, the involvement degree of those related groups, the spatial structure of tourism development elements and the spatial perception of landscape values, jointly contributed to the formation of conflict sites. (3) The combination of participatory mapping and in-depth interview provided a new method to better understand the spatial features of preferences and conflicts potential associated with tourism development.

随着乡村旅游的快速发展,乡村旅游社区逐步成为多群体竞争与冲突的场所,其内部多群体的态度差异成为指示社区冲突的重要指标。本文以西安汤峪镇为例,采用参与式制图（Participatory Mapping）和半结构访谈方法对当地居民、度假购房业主和游客3类群体的旅游开发态度和景观价值感知进行调查,最终获得315套访谈表与填图,共提取空间信息点5518个。基于对Brown等土地利用冲突倾向指标模型的修订,并结合地理空间分析方法探讨旅游社区态度差异和冲突倾向的空间特征。结论显示：① 旅游开发态度及其差异具有明显的地点指向性,并与景观价值的空间感知相关联。旅游开发冲突倾向空间上并非均匀分布,而是呈斑状格局,高值集中于社区旅游开发核心区域,且强度由开发的核心区域向外围区域减弱;② 潜在冲突地点的形成既有传统冲突因素的影响,又有特殊空间因素的作用,旅游开发要素的空间结构、多人群景观价值的空间感知、社区旅游发展阶段和相关人群的涉入程度都会影响冲突空间的形成;③ 参与式制图与深度访谈结合的方法能够帮助获得多人群主观数据,为认识态度和旅游开发冲突的空间特征提供了新的技术支撑。

Understanding complex processes of landscape change is crucial to guide the development of future landscapes and land resources. Through Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping, we studied the processes of landscape change of six different environmental zones in Europe. Results show that landscapes are complex systems, with many interactions. Except for one, all regions show a strong decline in landscape quality. Dominant drivers are EU policy and the global economy, sometimes in conjunction with environmental drivers or the governance system. The process of change differs for all cases, through urbanisation or land abandonment in some cases, and agricultural intensification in others. The (un)intended effects of policies are difficult to predict. Although some EU Policies directly improve landscape quality, their indirect effects as well as other EU policies outweigh this positive influence and jointly result in a decrease of landscape quality. To counter these negative side effects, targeted landscape policies are urgently needed.

Taking the tourism area of southern Anhui Province as the research object, adopting multi-index comprehensive evaluation, hot spot analysis, the geographic detector model comparative analyzes the differences in features and influencing factors of rural multifunctional evolution in different main functional areas by constructing a multi-functional research framework for countryside of the tourist destination on a county scale and its indicator system. Then, the multi-functional pattern of rural areas is identified and the promotion path is proposed. The results showed that: 1) From 2006 to 2017, different functional structures have obvious differences in various major function oriented zones, the proportion of tourism and leisure function gradually increased in various major function oriented zones, while agricultural production and ecological service function continued to decline. 2) The multi-functional development in rural areas gradually decreased from key development zones to key ecological function zones and agricultural production areas with the continual wider gap. But the multi-functional diffusion convergence and functional intensity of rural areas in different major function oriented zones are basically matched. 3) The rural multi-functional evolution of key development zones is urban-driven, which is mainly affected by urban radiation, industrial structure, and population agglomeration; the rural multi-functional evolution of agricultural production areas is modernized by agriculture, which is mainly controlled by natural conditions, policies and technology application; the rural multi-functional evolution of key ecological function areas has evolved into tourism development, which is mainly affected by tourism, ecological resources, and market demands. 4) Based on the results of the multi-functional measurement in the rural areas, seven types of polar development and four types of dominant development counties are identified, and the path of improvement is proposed from the perspective of urban-rural integration in the major function oriented zones.

以皖南旅游区为研究对象，通过构建主体功能县域旅游地乡村多功能研究框架及其指标体系，采用多指标综合评价、热点分析、地理探测器等方法，对比分析不同主体功能区乡村多功能差异特征、影响因素、类型模式，并提出提升路径。结果发现：① 2006—2017年，不同功能结构在各类主体功能区差异明显，旅游休闲功能比重不断增长，农业生产和生态服务功能比重不断下降。② 乡村多功能由重点开发区向重点生态功能区和农产品主产区梯级递减且差距不断扩大，不同主体功能区乡村多功能扩散收敛和功能强度格局基本吻合。③ 重点开发区乡村多功能演化为城镇带动型，主要受城镇辐射、产业结构、人口集聚的影响；农产品主产区乡村多功能演化为农业现代型，主要受自然条件、政策调控、技术应用的影响；重点生态功能区乡村多功能演化为旅游发展型，主要受旅游发展、生态资源、市场需求的影响。④ 基于乡村多功能测度结果，识别7类极化发展型和4类主导发展型县域，并从主体功能区城乡融合角度建议提升路径。

In the new era, China is promoting integrated urban and rural areas. Rural territory is in the process of transformation, development and reconstruction. The features of rural territorial function diversification and multi-functionality have become more and more obvious. This paper takes Liaoning province, which is one of the national grain producing bases and old industrial bases in China, as the research area. It constructs an evaluation index system of rural territorial multifunctions from the following four aspects: agricultural production function, non-agricultural production function, dwelling and living function, and ecological service function. Jenks and Global Spatial Autocorrelation are used to explore the spatial pattern and spatial correlation of rural territorial functions. The Spearman's rho is used to analyze the interactions among rural territorial functions. This paper identifies the dominant function types of different counties in Liaoning province, and puts forward policy recommendations for their future development. The results of the study are reflected in the following three aspects: (1) The spatial distribution of rural territorial functions has obvious spatial heterogeneity and spatial agglomeration characteristics in Liaoning province. The highest and higher values of agricultural production function concentrate in the Liaohe River Plain. Non-agricultural production function decreases from the core urban areas, the highest, and higher values areas to the outside. The highest, higher, and middle values of dwelling and living function concentrate in municipal districts. The highest and higher values of ecological service function are observed in the mountainous areas. (2) According to the correlation among rural territorial functions and the actual interaction among functions, the types of interaction among functions have been clearly identified, which can provide guidance for the regulation of functions. (3) Based on the status and interactions of different functions, eight types of rural territorial functions have been identified. According to the types, preliminary proposals are put forward for the future development of rural areas in Liaoning province, which would provide references for the promotion of the rural transformation and the balanced urban and rural development.

以具有国家粮食基地和老工业基地的经济功能与特征的辽宁省为例,通过构建乡村地域多功能评价指标体系,采用ArcGIS自然间断点分级法和全局空间自相关分析农业生产、非农生产、居住生活和生态保障四类功能的空间格局特征,采用Spearman等级相关系数定量分析功能间交互作用,识别各区县优势功能类型,并提出未来发展的政策建议。结果表明：① 从省域层面看,乡村地域功能空间格局的空间差异性和空间集聚特征显著;② 根据乡村地域功能间的相关关系和功能间的互动实际,得出各功能间的交互作用类型,从而为功能调控提供指导;③ 基于功能状态和功能间的交互作用,将辽宁省78个区县划分为8种乡村地域功能类型,并根据类型提出科学谋划辽宁乡村未来发展的初步建议,为促进乡村转型与城乡统筹提供参考。

Spatial conflict is a kind of objective geographical phenomena, which is due to the scarcity of spatial resources and spillover of spatial function. It is an opposite phenomena associated with the resource allocation and competition in the process of human-land interaction. Geographic space is the basic object of research on geography, spatial pattern and process has been the core content of geographical research, the spatial conflict is the result as well as an influencing factor of spatial process, and it is also reflected in the spatial pattern. From the perspective of geography the basic point of space conflict is the disharmony of proportion structure, spatial pattern and mutual transformation process between different types of geographic space. Based on this, referring to landscape ecology index theory and method, identifying the connotation and calculating methods, and choosing Changsha-Zhuzhou- Xiangtan (Chang- Zhu- Tan) urban agglomeration to take the verification, the results showed that: 1) The spatial conflict index is the quantized index used to measure space conflict intensity, speed of changes and direction. It is an important basis of evaluation for spatial conflict risk, revealing the mechanism of the formation and evolution of spatial conflict. Based on the direction of geography, the types of spatial index can be divided into spatial type conflict index (STC), spatial structure conflict index (SSC) and spatial process conflict index (SPC). 2) It has been concluded from the test of spatial conflict index on Chang-Zhu- Tan urban agglomeration that the total spatial structure is barely reasonable. The spatial conflict has not happened yet, but the speed of transformation from un-constructional space to constructional space is too fast. Because the limited agriculture space, and irrational distribution of some districts especially industrial districts, conflict of spatial type and process has been emerged. Even in some units the space conflict has exceeded the upper limit threshold, where there is a large possibility for the happening of spatial conflict risk. Additionally, patterns of spatial conflicts present urban-rural gradient changes, and the spatial type conflict in city area is prominent, while the districts with serious spatial pattern and process conflict mainly are distributed in the suburbs or mutual connection of Chang-Zhu-Tan. After verification, the conclusions of empirical analysis are basically consistent with the actual situation, which further explains that the construction of spatial conflict index is scientific and has geographical significance.

空间冲突是源于空间资源的稀缺性和空间功能外溢性的一种客观地理现象,是在人地关系作用过程中伴随空间资源竞争而产生的空间资源分配过程中的对立现象。地理学视角下空间冲突的基本指向在于不同类型的地理空间在结构比例、空间组合以及相互转化过程中的不协调。基于此,论文借鉴景观生态指数理论与方法,构建空间类型冲突指数(STC)、空间格局冲突指数(SSC) 以及空间过程冲突指数(SPC),并明确其内涵及计算方法,并选择长株潭城市群进行实证区测度与验证,实证分析结论与实际情况吻合,进一步说明了空间冲突指数构建的科学性及其地理学意义。

Under the background of rapid urbanization, the culture of rural tourism destination is increasingly impacted, and the decline of rural culture has become an indisputable fact. Following the development trend of the rural revitalization strategy and integration of culture and tourism in the new era of China, taking Dongshan Town in Suzhou city as an example, we explored the types, spatial pattern and mechanism of cultural stress in rural tourism destinations by using qualitative research and spatial measurement methods. The results show that: (1) the scale of cultural stress of rural tourism destination constructed by the grounded theory and questionnaire survey contains 23 items and 5 dimensions, namely natural landscape culture stress, settlement landscape culture stress, production and living culture stress, interpersonal culture stress and spiritual ritual culture stress. (2) According to the results of GIS spatial analysis, the rural cultural stress space is mostly distributed along the street and water. Traffic jams are the most common stress symptoms in rural areas at the early stage of tourism development. With the development of tourism, the problems which are closely related to the life of local residents, such as water pollution and price rise, are becoming increasingly prominent. Otherwise, the spatial distribution characteristics of the cultural stress in each dimension are quite different. The general space of rural culture stress shows significant agglomeration, among which the production and living culture is most vulnerable to tourism development and shows symptoms of spatial stress. (3) The rural culture stress space has the core-peripheral pattern with multi-core hierarchical distribution, and its spatial agglomeration degree will be significantly improved with the development of tourism. There is a big difference among the spatial agglomeration characteristics of the cultural stress in each dimension. Among them, the settlement landscape cultural stress has the characteristic of large aggregation and small dispersion. (4) Factors affecting cultural stress of rural tourism destination can be identified into the individual and whole levels. The differences in social attributes and conceptual cognition at the individual level, as well as the basic conditions, social development and policy propaganda at the whole level, play a role in the emergence and development of cultural stress in rural tourism destinations.

快速城镇化背景下乡村旅游地文化日益受到冲击,并表现出衰落的现象已是客观不争的事实。紧跟新时期乡村振兴战略和文旅融合发展趋势,综合运用质性研究和空间计量方法,以苏州东山镇为例,探索了乡村旅游地文化胁迫类型、格局与机理,结果表明：① 乡村旅游地文化胁迫量表包含23个题项、5个维度,即“自然景观文化胁迫”“聚落景观文化胁迫”“生产生活文化胁迫”“人际交往文化胁迫”“精神仪式文化胁迫”;② 乡村文化胁迫空间多呈沿街、邻水分布,各维乡村文化胁迫空间分布差异较大。乡村文化胁迫空间总体上呈显著集聚,其中生产生活文化最易受到旅游开发胁迫而表现出空间受胁症状;③ 乡村文化胁迫空间具有多集核分级分布的核心-外围分布模式,且随着旅游开发程度的提高其空间集聚程度显著提升,各维乡村文化胁迫空间集聚特征差异较大,其中聚落景观文化胁迫具有“大聚集、小分散”的空间特征,且与总体最为类似;④ 乡村旅游地文化胁迫产生的原因可以归纳为个体和整体两个层面,个体层面的社会属性和观念认知差异,以及整体层面的基础条件、社会发展和政策宣传共同作用着乡村旅游地文化胁迫的产生和发展。

The imbalance between hotel supply and demand caused by anti-corruption policy has not attracted enough attention in academia. By introducing the concept of 'spatio-temporal fix' and the role of tourism within it, this paper proposes a general analytical framework to interpret the strategies adopted by the hotels and the local government to cope with the changes of tourists' consumption behavior. The framework of 'spatio-temporal fix' can be divided into economic dimension and non-economic dimension in the Chinese context. The economic dimension encompasses spatial fix and temporal fix. In Haitang Bay, spatial fix mainly includes geographical expansion and geographical restructuring, and temporal fix refers to 'switching' from the secondary circuit of capital accumulation towards the tertiary circuits. As for the non-economic dimension, the local government usually plays a key role within the development of spatio-temporal ?xes to capital. The government has pursued spatio-temporal ?xes to capital through up-scaling and down-scaling strategies: (1) by transforming the class interest of hotels and the local government into a general interest through the ideological machine of the state; (2) through urban strategies that have shaped and legitimatized the territorial manifestation production of tourism places of this capital ?xation; and (3) by promoting a set of regulations and devolution that have encouraged the moments of 'switching' and 'expansion' through tourism. Yet, some of the government's actions have disturbed the market order, which even have caused the deeper underlying troubles. In addition, there is a close relationship between the concepts of spatio-temporal fix and rescaling. Changes of tourism consumption lead to capital overaccumulation crises. The government's rescaling categories exert an important impact on the switch and expansion of capital. This paper improves the framework of spatio-temporal fix and illustrates how political and economic changes have reshaped the coastal landscape.

消费转型背景下旅游目的地供需失衡矛盾凸显,由此引致了目的地新一轮的结构性调整,然而这一现象并未引起学界足够重视,现有的理论框架在解释力度上也存在明显不足。本文在详细剖析时空修复理论研究成果的基础上,结合中国情境与旅游情境,提出了资本应对消费转型的一般框架,分析了三亚海棠湾时空修复的整体历程,并揭示了案例背后的制度逻辑。研究表明：资本以时空修复的方式完成了对消费转型的应对。其中,时空修复的经济维度包括资本的空间修复与时间修复,在三亚海棠湾,空间修复突出的表现为地理扩张与空间重组,时间修复则重点表现在二级循环的缓建、停建及其向三级循环的跃迁。时空修复的非经济维度方面,政府部门藉由尺度重组用以促进资本的循环与积累,通过尺度上推,借助意识形态与城市战略,构建了资本空间运行的合法性;通过尺度下推,藉由绩效优先原则与权力下放策略,支持与服务资本的空间运行。但政府的部分行为在某种程度上干扰了市场秩序,延缓危机的同时制造了更大的隐患。此外,时空修复与尺度重组之间存在着理论关联,消费转型使得原有资本节律失常,地域组织通过尺度重组搭建起全新的地理架构,为资本的时空修复提供了相对稳定的地理平台。本文完善了时空修复的理论框架,部分回应了消费市场的理性回归对度假地的可能影响。

Owing to the multiple influences of globalization, urbanization, industrialization, and informatization, rural regional space has experienced the process of reconstruction. Focusing on the analysis of the internal mechanism of rural reconstruction driven by the internet economy, this study selected Lirendong Village in Panyu District of Guangzhou, the most active Taobao trading village in the Pearl River Delta, as a typical case. We had an in-depth analysis of the process and internal mechanism of the reconstruction of typical Taobao villages in the Pearl River Delta metropolitan area through semi-structured interviews and the actor-network theory analysis framework. The study demonstrated that the key actors, such as local government, clothing workshop, village committee, e-commerce entrepreneurs, and social networks of fellow villagers, participate in the pursuit and realization of land value in the village according to their goal vision and action logic. Furthermore, these actors jointly evolve and construct the actor-network process of periodic industrial succession and spatial value accumulation in Taobao villages. The process has gone through the stage of agricultural decentralization led by the government, the industrialization stage dominated by the market, and the stage of e-commerce dominated by the social network of fellow towns people. Government subject, market subject, and social subject constitute the core driving force. They are linked together by providing benefits, and rural reconstruction practice is carried out according to the political, market, and elite logic. The reconstruction results in the change in spatial-social relations related to the changes in the dynamic mechanism. The reconstruction is realized through the reshaping of space and the change of value, from exogenous driving force leading to endogenous driving force exhibition, thus initiating a new cycle of the space reconstruction process.

在全球化、城市化、工业化和信息化的多重影响下,乡村地域空间普遍经历空间重构过程。着眼于互联网经济驱动下的乡村重构内在机制剖析,本文选择珠三角地区淘宝交易活跃度居全国之首的淘宝村——广州市番禺区里仁洞村为典型案例,通过半结构式访谈,以行动者网络理论为分析框架,剖析珠三角大都市地区典型淘宝村重构过程及其内在逻辑机制。研究表明：地方政府、制衣作坊、村委会、电商创业能人、同乡社会网络等关键行动者依其目标愿景和行动逻辑参与村里土地价值的追逐和获取实现,共同演进和建构起淘宝村产业阶段性演替和空间价值积累的行动者网络过程,其历经政府主导的农业去中心化阶段、市场主导的工业化阶段,以及同乡社会网络主导的电子商务化阶段。政府主体、市场主体和社会主体构成核心驱动力,通过利益赋予联结到一起,依据政治逻辑、市场逻辑和精英逻辑推动乡村空间重构实践,重构结果引发空间社会关系的变化,触动动力机制的转变,并通过空间的重新塑造和价值改变来实现,从外源动力主导向内生发展动力转变,带来新一轮空间重构过程。