武陵山区民族村寨家园遗产演化与地方重构
Evolution of homeland heritage and place reconstruction in ethnic villages in Wuling mountain area
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收稿日期: 2022-01-25 修回日期: 2023-02-14
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Received: 2022-01-25 Revised: 2023-02-14
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作者简介 About authors
陶慧(1983-), 女, 湖北恩施人, 副教授, 硕士生导师, 研究方向为旅游地理与旅游人类学。E-mail:
作为地方家园的物质载体,建筑遗产不仅在历史上呈现出生产、生活与生态的价值溢出,也因其现代性实践而凝聚了当地人心态秩序的变迁,重现了物的象征性沟通的性征,并随着实践场域的嬗变,呈现出物质价值与身份的重塑。传统吊脚楼形制作为中国少数民族日常生活实践的场所主要分布在武陵山区,承载着物质、制度与精神多层次的地方意义。本文从物的视角出发,构建了“时间—空间—地方”三元辩证的研究框架,动态地考察武陵山民族地区的家园遗产与文化主体的互动过程及社会秩序嬗变:① “物”的在场是其民间保留和时代传承的历史回应,承载着家屋文化与地方记忆;② “物”的式微与脱域是在现代性渗透下宏观力量与个体行为的博弈与融合,也是地方主体性的消解、协商与重构;③ “物”的出场则意味着家园被置于更深层次的地域文化价值体系,让民族建筑的空间价值外溢,从而以文化资本的形式参与到旅游语境的交互中。更进一步,本文试图从地方性的视角探讨家园遗产的物质空间、社会空间与人文生态空间的秩序重塑逻辑:① 空间赋能:景观基因焕发空间价值的生产面向;② 秩序重塑:社会动力激活空间价值的生活面向;③ 地方知识:多元主体共育空间价值的生态面向。通过“物”的本土化书写,探索一直以来隐于民间的“物”如何伴随民族场域的现代化转换吸引着多元主体共创“记忆之场”,进而实现从日常“家园”向“地方”的发明的秩序流转,以此为中国民族地区的家园遗产存续与“诗意栖居”的打造探寻新的路径,助力乡村振兴。
关键词:
As the material carrier of native land, architectural heritage not only presents productive, living and ecological values in history, but also reflects changes of local people in mentality order and reproduces the character of symbolic communication of things due to its modernity practice, which reshapes material values and identities with the evolution of practice field. Diaojiaolou-the traditional stilted buildings, as a site of daily life practices for Chinese ethnic minorities, are mainly located in the Wuling mountain area, which contain local meanings on multiple levels, including material, institutional and spiritual significance. This paper constructed a dialectical framework of "time-space-place" from the perspective of "things", to dynamically investigate the interaction between homeland heritage and cultural subjects as well as the transformation of social order in the Wuling mountain area: (1) the presence of "things" represents the historical response to folk preservation and generation inheritance, carrying home culture and local memory; (2) The declining and disembedding of "things" implies the game and integration of macro power and individual behavior under the penetration of modernity, as well as the deconstruction, negotiation and reconstruction of local subjectivity; (3) The appearance of "things" suggests that the home is placed in a regional cultural value system at a deeper level, which shows up the spatial value of ethnic architecture, thus participating in the tourism context as a form of cultural capital. Furthermore, the paper tried to explore the reconstruction of the order of material, social and human ecological spaces of homeland heritage from a local perspective: (1) Spatial empowerment: landscape genes renew space value in the aspect of production; (2) Order reconstruction: social motivation activates space value in the aspect of life; (3) Local knowledge: multiple subjects nurture space value in the ecological aspect. Through the localization of "things", this study explores how "things", which have been hidden in the folk, attract multiple subjects to create a "field of memory" along with the modernization of ethnic areas, in order to achieve the order transformation from the daily "home" to the "place", thus exploring new paths for the survival of homeland heritage and the creation of "poetic dwelling"in China's ethnic areas, as well as promoting rural revitalization.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
陶慧, 张梦真, 刘家明.
TAO Hui, ZHANG Mengzhen, LIU Jiaming.
1 引言
人地关系是地理学研究的核心与出发点,地理学家Sack认为“家”是这门学问最要紧的概念,心中对家的认知引导着人们如何在自然中筑造和栖居[1]。作为一个可量化的地理空间单位,“家园”是被人类社会实践所建构的特殊“自然—人文”生态系统,以家屋建筑为代表的物质构件及其聚落环境随着时空变迁不仅形塑了地方的外在风貌,也成为居民历史记忆、权利表达、社会互动的重要表征[2]。近年来,由于现代化和城镇化的快速推进,中国传统社会结构发生了颠覆性变革,作为后发展区域,民族地区大量人群离乡谋生,呈现钟摆式的时空流动,从而在地理和情感上拉开了他们与“家”的距离,由此引发的传统文化消逝、物态空间破损与“熟人社会”瓦解等问题日益凸显[3]。《乡村振兴战略规划(2018—2022年)》明确指出“传承传统建筑文化,使历史记忆、地域特色、民族特点融入乡村建设与维护”。因此,在农耕文化传承保护实践中如何“实施乡村经济社会变迁的物证征藏工程”,并将其运用于当代中国的社会实践中,成为乡村振兴必须思考的问题。
吊脚楼是土家族最具特色的建筑形制,并以强大的生命力一直延续在湘鄂渝黔交汇的武陵山区[4]。然而这些遗产资源或尘封于文保名录的认证体系中因现代化功能的受限成为“孤岛式”文化景观,或在市场化浪潮中成为新一轮旅游资本下乡的猎物,被改造为千篇一律的样板工程,损毁了千百年来人与自然和谐相处的家园遗产系统。当前,学界对于家园遗产的研究聚焦于文化主体性与遗产保护的批判性转型等,大多将家园遗产视作静态的、被动呈现的载体符号,对于物与人的互动以及物的“能动性”关注不够,缺乏以动态的、过程性的视角考察家园遗产[5-6]。因此,探究民族地区社会空间变迁中家园遗产与地方性的价值演变与交互规律,藉由其现代化嬗变与续存来呈现建筑所承载的“人”与“物”的互动秩序、社会意义与地方性表达,成为乡村振兴重要议题。
20世纪80年代中期,人类学家Appadurai在其编著的《物的社会生命》中强调物的主体性,即主张关注不同语境中的物,并以历时性的方式将物置于社会文化史中加以叙述[7],自此开启了学者们对物的社会性指向的关注。本文尝试在“物的社会生命”分析框架中建构中国西部民族地区典型的干栏式建筑的空间志文本,抑或说为深藏于武陵山土家族栖居的“吊脚楼”的价值嬗变与地方重塑书写传记。从微观层面,作者将主观的感官经验加入到吊脚楼的物质文化考察中,通过“体物入微”的“进入”到吊脚楼空间中的研究,体察人、物与地方之间的相互交织与建构。从宏观角度,本文将吊脚楼置于时空的流动与社会文化的变迁中去理解它从“在场”到“出场”的价值流转与再造,通过“物”的遗产表征去探询背后深层的地方价值与文化再生产。本文通过探索式的案例研究演绎中国民族村寨现代化变迁的整体特征,通过方法论层面上“物”的本体回归不仅可以更好地理解家园遗产对于民族文化事业保育的基础性作用,而且可以帮助人们透过建筑价值的流转重新思考乡村的发展逻辑,从而明白那些在我们周围惯常生长着、延续着的“物”的印记,都来自于每个相关的、鲜明特色的“地方”。“地方”的身份也由此让每一个相互关联的“我”终将成为“我们”。这对反思和理解由国家与地方、传统与现代、全球化与地方性等所构造的“现代社会”的内涵和实践至关重要。
2 理论引证与研究框架
2.1 物的社会生命:家园遗产与地方
Kant的“哥白尼式的革命”开启了主客对立的篇章,理论界将物视为没有生命亦延展不出任何活力的沉寂客体,从而聚集于主体忽略了客体的存在[8]。现象学为突破主客二元对立提供了关键理论资源,Husserl的“回到事物本身”试图突破传统哲学对现象与本质、主体与客体的割裂[9]。20世纪30年代,Benjamin关于建筑和时尚的物质文化研究与巴什拉的空间诗学奠定了“物的转向”的重要根基[10]。20世纪80年代,持续升温的物质文化研究形成了一股学术思潮。Appadurai主编的《物的社会生命》主张从时间维度追溯物质的变换及其与社会文化相互影响的动态关联关系,强调物不再是单纯的客体,而是同人一样具有生命且其生命历程凝聚了社会和历史的变迁[7]。随后学者们从流动的物入手,遵循“物的社会生命”的研究方法关注寻常物如何参与建构人的日常生活,强调将物置于不同的社会和历史语境中开展身份、自我、物与人关系等议题研究[11⇓-13]。
近年来在日常生活实践的语境下,有学者将民居视为人类日常生活展演的基本物质空间,从而以“物”的视角梳理一个区域或族群社会文化发展的历史轨迹与样态,同时反映特定的“物”对社会逻辑的形塑以及内外互动关系[14]。这也为家园遗产的研究提供了新思路,即将其视为植根于“地方”土壤的交流、交通和交换的介质,既可映射历史的空间范围,也可被凝视和分享,进而透过涵养这一遗产的建筑空间、物质实践与文化形态等对其价值进行整体性研究。但伴随城镇化发展,家园遗产所依存的历史空间与深深植根的生活土壤发生了改变,“地方性”特质出现日趋淡化的情势,开始出现包含着“地方—非地方”的共存体“样态”[15]。诸如此类的研究,尤其聚焦于少数民族地区凭借独特的聚落形态与文化习俗而被旅游资本侵入的空间,这也引发了全球范围内的“旅游反思”,学者们偏向于指摘旅游催化了原生性建筑遗产脱域与同质化趋势,建筑文化呈现出了原真与异化、传统与现代的对抗[16]。
2.2 物的转向:空间消费、展示与再生产
20世纪60年代开始,地理学出现“文化转向”的同时,人文社会科学出现“空间转向”[19]。通常作为“客体”存在的建筑空间成为研究的“主体”,通过解析物的社会意义形塑过程,进而转向对社群文化结构的新认知。从此,空间的社会性指向变为多个学科的关注焦点,在相关的讨论中呈现出两种不同的思维:一种是将空间作为地方结构与文化意象的物质载体,这是更为惯常的研究范式[20];另一种是关注建筑物的空间能动性,即建筑空间不仅为物的生长、变迁与特性的承受者,亦是社会生产与人地关系的发生器[21]。随后,Appadurai提出的“方法论上的拜物教”(Methodological Fetishism)赋予了物的主体性指向,也使得以民族志文本的历史叙事方式为物质空间书写“传记”成为可能[22]。
在面向“地方”与“非地方”的变迁过程中,对于家园遗产的研究,一部分学者从建筑学、艺术设计的角度分析装饰、景观生产以及如何在继承传统的基础上对旧物进行修缮以适应现代生活方式的需求[25];另一部分学者则在保护与变迁问题上展开现代性批判探讨,这一情形在当下中国传统村落或文化遗产保护的话语体系下尤为突出[26]。表面上看,人们争论的是传统民居外在的形制、素材,以及与地域整体空间的和谐关系,而实质上则是关于建筑物所承载的社会文化意义,以及在日常生活实践的语境下呈现出静态空间保护与动态的地方再生产之间的博弈。让遗产适应时代发展的需要,让传统文化重回生活,这对于中国乡土文化的传承、武陵土家族原生态文化的挖掘、保护与开发极具现实意义。因此,对地方性的研究离不开物在经济活动中的生产交易、分配消费与享有传承等过程的讨论,更与当地人的生活方式密不可分,从而意涵了空间的生产、生活与生态价值的多维主体性面向。
2.3 “时间—空间—地方”三元辩证研究框架
Lefebvre开启的空间生产、三元辩证等理念将人文社科焦点转向空间,随后学者们又提出空间不仅是作为“物质空间”存在,更是作为地方实践的结果[27]。在Harvey、Soja等社会学家的推动下,空间与地方成为社会学的核心概念和主流议题。以Park为首的社会学家在对城市空间的研究中提出空间是动态平衡的生态有机体,并强调非人主体的竞争性互动在形塑社区空间中占据主导地位,这为解释一定范围内地方变迁发展与动态平衡提供了新的理论范式[28]。Mckenzie进一步发展了Park的理论范式,将地方的变迁细化为聚集(Concentration)、离散(Dispersion)、侵入(Invasion)、适应(Accommodation)等生态过程[29]。其中,聚集是社区人口集中的过程,离散意味着人口向更为广阔的空间扩散,侵入是指土地利用形式的改变或土地占有者的更迭带来空间结构的更替过程,这一过程常常伴随着竞争与矛盾,适应是侵入的结果,它表征着一种新的空间平衡态。侵入与适应的连续性交替产生的结果使得社区出现了明确的分区,每个分区有其独特的经济与文化特征(图1)。
图1
图1
三元交互视角下家园遗产的演变逻辑
Fig. 1
Evolution of homestead heritage based on tripartite reciprocal determinism
武陵山地区民族村寨现代化的过程同样遵循着这样一种从集聚、离散到侵入与适应的交织平衡的过程,主要是为了实现人对自然环境的择居与适应。但与城市空间的变迁略有不同,集聚是为了防御或生存的便利性,离散是求生的多元机会,侵入是现代化因素的嵌入与竞争,适应(或者说再适应)是侵入性社会张力的后果,它意味着一种新的空间平衡重新建立,是地方能动性的呈现。侵入与适应交替性进行的连续性过程又不断塑造着一定区域内独特的经济与文化特征。每一时期空间功能的变迁都伴随着人类社会的参与,在与地方的互动中不断适应社会的发展,“空间—地方”也随时间的沉淀不断到达新的循环起点。
建立以旅游为主体的生态产业体系是武陵山少数民族地区因地制宜的主要发展策略,本文通过对武陵山区土家族传统村寨家园遗产现代化变迁的追踪调研,通过透视“物”的社会生命语境下文化遗产的价值再现和乡村现代化实践的逻辑,探讨如何认识和理解武陵山民族村寨居民对传统的坚守与发展的诉求,为武陵山区现代化转型发展提供参考。
3 研究方法与研究区概况
3.1 研究区域
作为中国扶贫攻坚主战场的14片集中连片特困区域之一的武陵山区,地涵湘鄂渝黔4省市71个县(市、区),国土面积17.18万km2,是包括土家、苗、侗等9个少数民族的聚集区,有着独特的地域文化,成为中国中西部地区保育民族文化生态系统的重要基地。自20世纪90年代,武陵山区凭借少数民族特色文化资源大力发展文旅产业,文旅收入成为地方生产总值的主要来源,其中恩施地区最具代表性,近5年连续多次被评为最受欢迎的国内旅游目的地。
本文选取彭家寨作为典型案例进行剖析主要基于以下3点理由:① 武陵山吊脚楼建筑遗产价值的典型。彭家寨地处武陵山区西部的湖北省恩施州宣恩县两河口村(图2),寨内吊脚楼始建于清代前期,现存建筑大部分为近代,被认定为国家级文物的核心建筑共计21座(被收录于第7批全国重点文物单位名录),其中包括清代以来的20座传统民居和1座公共建筑,建筑面积共计8651.5 m2,是目前恩施州所存规模最大、保存最完整的一处干栏式建筑群,是武陵土家族聚落典型选址。张良皋等称其为土家吊脚楼群的“头号种子选手”[30]。② 武陵山民族村寨文化凋敝的代表。纵然吊脚楼群价值显著,但是当地居民仅将其视为日常生产生活实践的场所,保护意识淡薄,部分吊脚楼建筑年久失修甚至被推倒建起了“洋房”,村里年轻人流失严重,空心化现象严重,村寨式微之势正是中国西部地区空心村之缩影。③ 现代语境中地方重构的聚焦。武陵山区作为后发区域,不同于中国东部沿海村落依托市场实现转型,以彭家寨为代表的诸多民族村寨凭借强有力的政策扶持,辅之以资本与智力支持从而实现地方重构。2016年起,在地方政府主导下,旅投公司与高校学者进入彭家寨地区,以吊脚楼群为核心,以文化创新和旅游产业为载体,建成了一个活化的、动态的、再生的土家泛博物馆,再现和展示土家人原真的生产生活场景。2018年以来,彭家寨两次参加威尼斯建筑双年展,向全球展示了代表中国地方建筑遗产活化的杰出成果,这也唤醒当地居民重新参与到家园遗产价值的重构中。武陵山区吊脚楼群风貌保存完好的聚落已是凤毛麟角,彭家寨在面向现代生活转型中平衡着保护与发展,避免沦为“文化孤岛”,其实践路径可作为武陵山地区民族村寨可持续再生的理性参考。
图2
3.2 研究方法
Eisenhardt总结出适用于案例研究方法的6类基本条件,本文研究的问题符合探索式案例研究标准[31]。该方法适用于以计量经济或其他实证方法尚无法探究出规律的复杂演化过程,由此需要从繁杂的数据中提取观点,并将其发展为研究框架或理论模型[32]。在民居建筑的社会生命发展的研究中,“时空—地方”的互动机制及其引发的价值嬗变尚未明确,需要理论探索,因此,本文采用探索式研究方法。在探索式研究常用的分析方法中,单案例的嵌入性分析既可以保证案例挖掘的深入性和案例细节的完整性,又能发挥案例研究中逐项复制和差别复制的作用,增强案例研究的真实性和科学性。因此,本文对彭家寨进行嵌入性分析,嵌入性分析的单位是沙道沟镇政府、彭家寨旅游公司、本地村民等利益相关要素。
本文以彭家寨为研究对象,案例的适用性在于:① 该村旅游发展推动家园遗产演化与地方价值重构特征显著,契合本文的研究语境。长久以来,中国武陵山区民族村寨比较封闭,自然环境比较恶劣,彭家寨的总体布局诠释了先民的“择居智慧”;2002年以来彭家寨古建筑群被各级政府列为文物保护单位,伴随国家话语的渗透和消费的大众化,旅游经济逐渐下沉至彭家寨;彭家寨的建筑空间价值的变迁历程是一部人类社会围绕空间的互动、博弈、调适的历史,每一历史时期都体现了地方与空间的互动。② 彭家寨空间价值变迁的线索是生产生活方式的改变,从曾经一元的农耕经济走向当今多元业态经济,对巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同全面推进乡村振兴的衔接路径,有重要的意义。
案例分析中遵循“案例编号整理—形成案例库—单个分析单位分析—跨分析单位分析—尊重案例整体、反复比较”的逻辑[33]。首先,笔者梳理彭家寨发展的脉络,并对收集到的单个嵌入式分析单位进行编号整理,形成案例库;然后,笔者对每个分析单位进行分析,清晰地了解土家族村寨在内生发展需求与外源动力的共同驱动下,乡村空间经历了聚集、离散、侵入与适应的连续性过程;最后,通过跨分析单位的比较分析,归纳出在社会资本与国家话语驱动下,物质空间与社会生产方式融合互动的特征,并建构民族村寨家园遗产身份重塑过程中的逻辑框架。
3.3 数据收集
作者于2012—2021年期间共11次前往武陵山区恩施州境内的16个民族村寨进行了为期89 d的田野调查。文章通过半结构访谈、参与式观察和二手资料收集的方法对彭家寨的社会文化变迁进行全面调查。采用抽样方法对宣恩县政府和彭家寨旅游公司的工作人员、当地农家乐主人(均为村民)和普通村民进行深度访谈。访谈时间均在30 min左右,共有关键受访对象43人,获得时长2383 min的访谈录音,最终整理出28万字左右的访谈资料。对受访者进行分类时考虑了受访者的童年经历、经济状况、生计方式、社会关系等一系列因素,使用编号代替真实姓名,以保持受访者的匿名性。访谈对象按照“人员类型+受访排序”方式进行编号,V为村民,G为政府工作人员,M为旅游公司管理人员(表1)。调研期间住在村民经营的土妹子农家乐中,能够近距离观察村民的日常生活,与当地人建立了良好的关系,也为本文写作期间随时需要补充数据与当地保持及时沟通提供了可能。
表1 2012—2021年间重要访谈信息统计表
Tab. 1
访谈对象 | 访谈内容 | 访谈人次(人次) | 访谈时间(min) | 文稿字数(万字) |
---|---|---|---|---|
彭家寨旅游公司负责成员共7人:副总裁1人、副总裁助理1人、彭家寨项目负责人5人(M1~M7) | ①“土家泛博物馆”项目规划、发展过程② 彭家寨的阶段性合作特征及约束和相应的解决方案 | 17 | 642 | 12.1 |
沙道沟镇政府、宣恩县文旅局、恩施州政协等机构工作人员8人(G8~G15) | ① 吊脚楼修缮历史及彭家寨情况介绍 ② 泛博物馆项目运作流程和沟通机制 | 16 | 698 | 11.8 |
普通村民28人(V16~V43) | ① 关于泛博物馆项目的见解 ② 项目如何带动村寨居民减贫 | 35 | 1043 | 15.7 |
总计 | 68 | 2383 | 39.6 |
通过对田野日志与访谈文本的分析发现,土家吊脚楼“物”的价值在不同历史背景下,如何被理解与认知存在着有迹可循的演变规律,正好契合了Mckenzie对空间的社会学解构模式。另一方面,作为地方知识的空间载体,家园遗产不仅在历史上呈现出生产、生活与生态的价值溢出,也因其现代性的旅游实践与土地、资本和不同人群生产出更为多变的联结(如市场或资本嵌入)而凝聚了当地人的心态秩序的变迁,并呈现出“地方”的发明与再建构。
4 流动的空间:家园遗产的价值嬗变
4.1 集聚:环境竞选与“物”的在场
社会经济的生产、主体的空间实践以及文化的传承在社会变革中作为变量发生着不同程度的变迁,而自然地理大环境作为历史发展的常量具有“停滞”性质,这种性质从村域尺度赋予了武陵山区诸多民族村寨稳定性[34]。据记载,彭家寨先民大多系由湖南怀化顺酉水迁徙至此。清末及抗战时期的两次“川盐济楚”,这里成为重要的盐运通道,数次盐业移民的浪潮使人口不断集聚于此,形成并维持着男耕女织、自给自足的古老生活模式。寨子位于观音山下,它们遵循山势呈带状抱团式生长。西面以一条“叉几沟”为界,沟上横跨的风雨桥是寨子里唯一的公共建筑空间,已有百年的历史,其最基本的实用功能是作为公共空间连接东西两岸,为村民提供农耕交通(西面坡地多为梯田)、日常交流、遮风挡雨的便利①(①武陵地区的“风雨桥”是土家族、苗族、侗族聚居地的代表性公共建筑。历史上被侗族人称“风雨桥”,土家族人称“凉桥”“花桥”,当今恩施地区都统一称风雨桥。由于空间结构由廊道和亭阁综合构成,所以这类桥既是过河越溪的桥,又是遮风避雨的屋,因此又有“屋桥”的俗称。部分乡村的地方节日“女儿会”也是在风雨桥举办,从而成为地方文化的重要空间载体。)。寨前龙潭河穿村而过,常年河水清澈见底,“老一辈人都是打跳过河,从一块石头跳到另一块石头,那时候水不深”(V31, 2021.7.20)。彭家寨虽沿河布置,但并不紧贴河面,而是离河边一段距离,这一方面为躲避山洪水涝灾害,在河岸边形成一片缓冲区,并且由于洪水的冲刷土地往往很肥沃,缓冲区由此成为大山里难得的庄稼种植地;另一方面,进村的道路一般铺设在河对岸,河水成为寨子天然的防御屏障。由此,彭家寨形成了“山—河—田—村”的生态居住空间态势,构筑了层层递进的外部空间层次(图3)。
图3
图3
彭家寨(核心区)地域环境平面图
Fig. 3
Geographical environment plan of Pengjiazhai (core area)
彭家寨的“在场”充分考察了地域特征并对其充分利用,代表了武陵山区人与自然山水和谐共生的营建智慧。武陵土家族吊脚楼屋址大多修建在较为平缓的地面,两侧的横屋顺着山势架空而建,形成了“占天不占地”的独特建筑形式。由于前后建筑基地的落差大,后栋建筑的室外平台往往由前栋建筑错落有致的大屋面围合而成,层层叠落的退台式平顶成为家庭休憩交流和户外活动的重要空间。由于山区耕地面积紧缺,村民尽可能利用村落内部的边缘空间,获取更多的耕地资源。村内街巷多是自然形成为了方便建筑之间的联系以及从事生产活动,因此大多顺应所处地势呈蜿蜒曲折式。由此形成了武陵山区土家村寨整体布局与物质空间的基本关系,表现出较强的整体性与空间秩序。
4.2 离散:主体流失与“物”的式微
随着信息流动加速和交通技术变革,人们的交流和社会生活超越了传统生活空间的边界,武陵山区闭塞聚落的在地居民开始向城市流动,以谋求更好的发展机会,彭家寨的变化也最为典型[35]。“20世纪80—90年代,寨子里的青壮年就陆陆续续出去打工了,城里福利待遇好,挣钱比种地多,大家都出去打工了”(G9, 2020.3.19),随着城市基础设施与社保体系的完善,村民举家迁入县城(珠山镇)居住的现象非常普遍,人口数量的急剧减少,2012—2017年间笔者多次往返现场,仅能遇到为数不多的留守老人与孩童,他们成了外来者认知寨子的沟通主体,也亲历了寨子“人气”凋敝的过程。
地方主体的集体外迁让山区古寨在现代性的对抗中呈现出落寞与无助。其中显性表征为村寨物质空间的式微。“搬去珠山镇的家庭,基本上不回来过,外出打工的人过春节的时候会回来”(V18, 2018.5.6),由于吊脚楼长期无人居住修缮,柱根腐朽严重,台基石构件灰缝脱灰,内部杂草滋生,加速了寨子的颓败趋势。“我们有个习俗,在堂屋举办风俗节事的时候要把大门卸下来,这样堂屋更亮堂,但是后来木制门年久失修不好安装了,就把它闲置在一边了”(V39, 2021.7.20)人口外流除了引发显性“空心化”问题,其对于隐性文化层面的冲击也日益凸显。民居窗户的浅线施纹一直被土家匠师赋予了很多文化内涵,寄托着土家人对生活的希冀,但这种手工榫卯的技艺渐渐被更现代的技术所替代,“年轻人都出去了,寨子里只有我们几个老木匠有这手艺,没人继承啊,现在都用机器切割了”(V27, 2020.10.3)。农耕文明中的传统技艺是乡村历史的积淀,但青年对乡土文化技艺的理解是碎片化、表象化的,“小时候常听寨子里的老一辈唱薅草农歌,村里有个老人都是自己谱曲自己唱,特别好听,当时没有传承的意识,只想去外面打工”(V32, 2021.7.22)。村落物质空间既承载着在地居民的日常生活实践,又维系和滋养着传统社会秩序与农耕文明[36]。随着现代化的进程,以彭家寨为代表的诸多武陵山土家村寨原有的文化个性随之消解,人们看不到自己特有的历史文化的价值,它们都渐渐成为隐没在山野间寂寞的小村。
4.3 侵入:市场嵌入与“物”的脱域
武陵山片区作为中国典型连片特困区之一,经济发展相对滞后,近年来随着一系列政策的出台,有力地促进中部地区的经济发展[37-38]。同时,市场力量的发生变得强劲且频繁,加之权威规划认证的介入,武陵山区众多民族村寨的家屋在物质、情感与社会多维面向发生着迭代更新与重塑[39]。本文整理了2012—2017年间的访谈素材中村民对于“旅游给寨子带来了哪些变化?您是如何看待这些变化的?”等相关问题的回答并进行了词频分析,在初始结果的基础上删除了“觉得、有些、旅游”等意义泛化的词语,并将一些意义相近的词进行合并(例如将旅游者、外来客、游客合并为游客),根据统计结果将频次排序位于前30位的高频词制成词云(图4)。词频统计结果展现出3个层面的脱域表征。
图4
(1)物质空间的嬗变。这一阶段的访谈核心围绕吊脚楼的修缮展开,随着经济条件的改善,武陵山区诸多民族村寨里居民开始回流,并投入到对祖屋的装修改造的现代化实践中,包括更换防盗门、防盗窗,铺设地板砖,盖砖石偏房等。此外,旅游经济力的嵌入往往最先作用于物质景观层面,彭家寨旅游发展的第一步体现在遗产符号的还原与可视化表达。在地方政府的支持下,自2017年旅游公司以300~400元/m2的价格征收吊脚楼所有权,居民只保留居住权,以此限制居民对房屋的改造。此外,为了保存街道小巷的整洁,禁止村民散养家畜,一律改为圈养,并在寨子四周筑起物质边界形成了封闭的“景区社会”。短期内资本的注入有助于物质景观的修复与保存,但也造成了人与物的割裂,人们已不能随意支配熟悉的家园空间从而引致了主体归属感的失落。
(2)社会关系的疏离。伴随着旅游经济的嵌入,彭家寨社会空间关系变得复杂多元,2009年寨子南面先后有4户民居投入改造运营农家乐。新型社群关系不断强化并融入以地缘、血缘为核心的亲属关系中,亦会激化邻里竞争与矛盾,“我们这边生意好,寒暑假会有很多学生来这边写生,忙的时候还要请帮工,对面的总觉得我们抢了她们生意”(V19, 2017.5.17)。另一方面,为了迎合城市游客的生活习惯,打破了传统的空间组合形式的规训,如厨房和卧室的独立间隔,饲养空间、储藏空间的消失,这也使得民族村寨传统的家屋空间不断生产出新的社会边界与隔离。
(3)心态秩序的颠覆。词云的第三层面围绕归属感的消逝则是“物”的脱域在情感空间的投影,诚如Griffin所说:“现代化的力量就像一把巨大的铁锤,无所顾忌地砸向所有旧的社区结构”。在政府与资本主导的旅游开发中,彭家寨农民将种植果树的农地以约600元/亩(1亩≈ 666.7 m2)的价格流转给旅游公司,随后被规划为整齐的水稻景观。研究发现,“务农”“下田”“喂鸡”等日常生计实践频率正在减少乃至消失,取而代之的是“开农家乐”“农产品”“跳摆手舞”等旅游生计,农耕文化的弱化让世居于此的居民与原先的社会生活场域产生离析,内心出现不适与抗拒。
4.4 适应:景观生产与“物”的出场
伴随着城市资本的下沉,武陵山区的乡村也在主动契合现代的生产生活方式、文化价值的过程中突破着空间界线,并与外界建立广泛的交互,社会空间也由单一、平面化空间逐渐转向多主体、多尺度和网络化[40]。自2018年以来宣恩县文物局主持开展了数次修缮、消防与安防等保护工程,总耗资达1100余万元,旨在遵循现代生活基础上维持整体景观的色彩与材质的协调(表2)。2016年起在行政力量、旅游资本和社区居民的持续互动下,将龙潭河上下游土家族村寨连成一体,形成了以彭家寨为核心的“土家泛博物馆”生态走廊,并被列入文旅部优先项目和湖北省“十三五”服务业重点项目(图5)。“泛博物馆是湖北五家台公司负责建设,以彭家寨吊脚楼群为核心,集土家文化展示、建筑艺术交流、农耕文化体验等为一体的文旅项目,现在由彭家寨公司负责运营,蜗牛公司作为第三方运营指导”(M3, 2021.7.21)。经过这种编码,将“点”与“点”通过交通线路连接起来,促进了区域经济的联系,也为一部分村民回流提供了就业机会,“我之前一直在广东打工,因为要修村子,疫情之后一直留在村里帮着铺路,这几年村里回来了好多人,而且都留在附近工作”(V31, 2021.7.21)。武陵山区诸多民族村寨在外界环境变迁与内在利益需求下开始发生着空间行为的变化,但村寨的复苏和居民的回归是平稳的甚至是缓慢的,相比于在行政命令或旅游项目下的骤然改变,自然生长才更加符合社区长远的发展。
表2 彭家寨传统民居维修情况统计表
Tab. 2
修缮类型 | 修缮内容 | 修缮方案 | 具体措施 |
---|---|---|---|
公共建筑 | 风雨桥、河道、铁索桥等 | 结构加固、景观整饰与风貌协调 | 清理河道污水管网,运用地势差将其修缮为水潭、跌水与卵石滩等生态景观 |
文保单位 | 以彭继权宅为首的21栋传统民居建筑 | 建筑群整体环境维护 单体建筑外立面整修、建筑高度控制 | 拆除临建棚舍、与传统建筑及山水景观极不协调的新建建筑,根据现存构件痕迹进行外立面的修复 |
改善内部空间结构、完善设施功能 | 更新老化的建筑材料,修补屋内木构件,刷防锈漆,并做防腐、防虫处理,并更新火塘屋等生活设施的现代化功能 |
注:数据来源于宣恩县文物局,作者整理。
图5
在互联网带来的媒体语境下,伴随国家话语的渗透和消费的大众化,以彭家寨为首的诸多武陵土家村寨的文化复兴之路获得国际建筑人士的青睐。自2018年以来,彭家寨两次参加威尼斯建筑双年展,通过跨国连线双向交互直播的方式向全球展示了代表中国地方建筑遗产活化的杰出成果。以雅伦格文化艺术基金会主席Marino·Folin为代表的全球数十位专家高度赞扬彭家寨泛博物馆项目在乡村振兴、文化保育和更新以及可持续的经济发展的价值策略,并认为彭家寨“两河口”项目具有国际示范意义。
截至2021年12月,通过百度搜索引擎搜索“彭家寨”可以获得250多万条记录,其中有影响力的新闻报道有350多篇,这些报道发表时间主要在2012年以后,2019—2021年的3年是集中爆发时期。彭家寨的媒体宣传作为权力话语的点缀,多用于地方经济发展、文化保护或传承以及政府参与项目的宣传。自2018年起,这种宣传努力也常见诸于主流媒体对彭家寨的报道中,新华网、央广网、中国网都曾拍摄过关于土家泛博物馆、乡村旅游、吊脚楼营造技艺等方面的素材。在主流媒体和自媒体共同的渲染中,武陵山区民族村寨在复杂、流动的多重身份的转换中快速走向世界。2021年4月彭家寨旅游景区成立自媒体公众号,桥连了线下组织与线上社群。2022年8月由政府转移到旅投集团进行整体运营,彭家寨正式以景区的形式成为地方旅游发展的核心节点,旅游人数由9月3.25万多人次稳步增长,旅游收入当月达23.22万元。彭家寨与周边文化空间的联动,也为居民的生计转型开辟了更广阔的空间,调研期间已经可以在农家购买到来自邻镇高罗的沙田柚、沙道沟的荞麦饼等农副产品。未来结合地方经济与农产品的加工,可以预见,彭家寨的发展将吸引更多人群的参与,它甚至成为县域特色产业走向外界的一个窗口。
5 地方的“发明”:家园遗产的秩序重塑
再造和“发明”遗产是重构地方记忆的重要途径,传统总是活在日复一日的地方实践中,活在“转化”和新的阐释中[41-42]。以彭家寨为代表的、深藏于武陵山区的家园遗产身份重塑的过程具有其自身的逻辑框架(图6)。作为文化表征的建筑空间,在应对城市化的挑战时,既要呼应现代性对地方的发明,反之又形塑着新空间中的地方意义[43]。正如列斐伏尔对空间“整合论”的界定[27],民族村寨在各个历史阶段均是物质、社会和精神三层空间的集合,并不会割裂呈现:① 现代资本与规划语言介入村寨的物质空间,以家屋建筑为核心的生产圈层发生最直接的迭代与赋能。从地方价值的生产面向来看,意蕴着武陵山区农耕生产水平及应对山地环境的营建技艺与文化审美,恰恰成为当地寻求产业再生的“景观动能”;② 作为行动交往的载体,村寨的社会空间本质反映的是该时期民族群体内或群体间生活秩序与互动的空间型式。从地方价值的生活面向来看,吊脚楼群的功能变迁阐释了家屋既作为社会组织单位,又作为亲属制度和习俗仪式等文化秩序的日常实践和再生产的重要场域与身份;③ 位于核心的人文生态空间的形成源于文化主体与其他主体、非人类主体共同应对自然环境的调适与改造而形成的地方性知识。从地方价值的生态面向来看,吊脚楼是传统农业社会中土家族居民与原生态自然环境进行知识对话的产物,身体、家屋、社会制度和民族心态等不断互动,延展出地域文化生态系统的物化图式。
图6
图6
家园遗产的地方秩序重塑框架图
Fig. 6
Framework for the reconstruction of local order of homestead heritage
从地方的人文生态系统的不断演变来看,吊脚楼及其附属物围合而成的家园遗产组成了地方的“记忆之场”[44-45]。吊脚楼群之所以在地方的“记忆之场”中能够被赋予“景观动能”,其根本原因在于“后工业化时代”的到来,在“怀旧情感”与“反思现代性”的文化浪潮中,重新评估历史和传统的意义与价值,寻找、刻写与重构社会发展与人类精神的历史脉络,成为其重要的一环[46-47]。改革开放40多年来,农村的生产生活方式发生着剧变,民族地区复杂多元的文化遗产受到城市化与现代化的影响,其物质环境和社会活力陷入衰退的困境,传统的空间形式逐渐成为物质“躯壳”。近年来,在名录制度与国家话语的加持下,大量的资金不断被注入建筑空间的修缮与保护工程中。但一些地方静态的、“文物式”的呈现与展演依旧缺少自我存在的生命力,难以融入当代的社会生活[48]。因此,对于家园遗产的身份重塑不能只从建筑物的保护与修复等技术层面去考虑景观化的问题,还要在现代生活方式的转变中充分调动民众的能动性,参与到文化旅游的新场域行动中,以激活建筑物日常的生活美学。更为重要地,要从功能再生和社会动力上深层探索地方性知识如何融入文旅产业的发展,如何呈现更有意义的价值转换,只有这样,遗产地的物质空间与社会经济生活之间才能相互支撑,与此同时地方在主动寻求生产生活方式、文化价值更新过程中进行着“发明”与再建构。
5.1 空间赋能:景观基因焕发地方价值的生产面向
传统聚落景观基因是解读地方蕴含的深层次地学特征的重要切入点,其强调村落个性化且具有标识作用的特征,已被成功应用于单个区域景观文化特征的挖掘[49-50]。武陵山区民族村寨的生产空间是生产关系延续的载体,传统的耕作方式反映着原住民的生活智慧,形塑了最初的村落肌理风貌,而后在长期的历史演变与发展中形成了许多具有人文、生态、艺术等价值的建筑遗产,这些具有地域特色或人文关照的空间蕴含着丰富的景观基因。对于当地政府来说,应注重对村落选址、街巷格局、民居建筑等肌理形态与文化资源禀赋的传承与延续,保护家园遗产存活的生态,以自然本底为基础,联合当地木匠修复传统民居及古建筑。20世纪中叶由古建筑学家张良皋先生首次“发现”并称之为“土家族文化的活化石”,半个多世纪过去了,2012年由华中科技大学、威尼斯建筑大学、东南大学、重庆大学4所高校联合组成的国际四校联合研学营的学者与学生们,扎根于此并由李保峰教授提出中国土家泛博物馆的概念,以深度研学撬动了“古寨—盐道”文化复兴乡村的大门。
传统空间的延续还可借助市场力量发展电商下乡直播培育乡村空间的特色产业,引导传统聚落进入更广阔的社会生活。一方面,可以依托地方自然与人文景观发展高品质产品,例如村落型酒店、文化民宿,为旧的物质空间重新定义新功能。另一方面,政府引导民族村寨产业要素聚集、空间扩张,逐步形成区域品牌和规模效应。市场溢出会促进多元的经营主体基于产业链的分工和联系参与村寨旅游的供给,通过垂直方向上的产业链延伸与统筹空间优化促进区域一体化开发模式,焕发空间发展新动能。
5.2 秩序重塑:社会动力激活地方价值的生活面向
武陵村寨的生活空间是满足原住民日常生活起居的空间聚合体,村寨土地分布与居住房屋都映射着传统的生活方式。伴随着传统村落向旅游发展的过渡,宣恩从高罗到布袋溪一线的诸多吊脚楼的产权大多被政府收购,现在吊脚楼的修缮工作已经统一由政府负责,房屋主人只需向政府申请即可,由于一栋老房子的修缮成本不菲,这种保护模式既减轻了房主保护吊脚楼负担,也保存了吊脚楼原始风貌。除了民居住房外,古寨的大部分耕地被征用作基础设施建设与景观植物种植。对于村寨老年人来说,他们无法像年轻人一样外出务工谋生活,耕地是他们最基本的生活保障,失去了原有土地后生活变得十分迷茫。因此,在旅游发展过程中,积极引导村民参与,让村民从旅游开发的边缘者转变为旅游发展中的开创者,在生活方式的转变中保持自己的生活节奏,并找到生活的依托和慰藉。
以往研究中有学者提出外来游客的涌入会持续影响居民的生产生活方式,加之古建物本身的脆弱性,发展小众体验式的旅游更能形成相对稳定和独立的社区生活秩序。然而互动实践陈展于主客之间,游客与居民进行直接沟通从而产生更为广阔和深入的联系,比如有居民(V21, 2020.5.2)将自己的生活空间共享给外来经营者开展精品民宿,而耍耍街的居民还首次接触了“密室逃脱这样新社会的有趣玩法儿”(V40, 2021.7.23)。这样不仅可以有效激活武陵山区生活空间的价值,也可以让游客得到了真正悠闲、安静的农家生活,获得更高质量的游憩体验。最关键的是,通过传统与现代的对接,让本地人不仅找回对历史的自信,更在亲密的互动关系里,意识到乡村生活可以亲近现代性,乡村生活实践能带来自我建设能力的重塑。
5.3 地方知识:多元主体共育地方价值的生态面向
少数民族聚落的复兴依靠多元主体的共同实践,挖掘乡村建筑聚落蕴藏的民众传统生活智慧、地方性知识,建设属于乡村自己的“空间文脉”标识,并将其融入旅游等业态,推出具有鲜明地方特色的旅游产品,通过有形展示带给消费者的不仅仅是作为“物”的商品,还包括地方性的人文生态优势。例如武陵山区的民间文化除编织技艺外,还有摆手舞、薅草锣鼓、三棒鼓等,它们作为地方符号意义的重要文化景观,长期经由民间自发传承面临着技艺封闭的风险[51-52]。2016年起,在政府与旅游公司的推动下,墨客廊桥、耍耍街、中意研学营等新建空间成为武陵山微观景观背景,组织当地村民进行非遗展演,依托“人”及其活动,向当地民众和游客展示某一种或多种土家风情。当民间文化走出静态遗产空间的圈禁之后,反而在乡土的生态土壤下,觅得绵延不绝的动力源泉。
文化遗产生产发展的空间已然改变,所谓的原生态民间艺术仅仅存在于人们的想象之中。新建的文化走廊、演出场所均凸显了地方知识的符号和特点,是保护传承、展示传播民族文化遗产的优质平台,为游客提供了作为外来客融入地方共同参与地方性知识和文化空间生产的渠道。同时,文化景观再造空间就具有了文化能量和经济存量,其文化生产满足民众的生活需要,激发了村民参与传统村落活化和旅游开发的主体性。民族村寨的价值落脚点就在于人与地方的发展。
6 结论与讨论
“家屋”作为地理学透视社会的窗口,是地理学者探究人地关系的微观尺度[53]。武陵山民族村寨的家园遗产不仅形塑了这一独特地理单元的外在风貌,更是生计传承、地方记忆与人文生态的重要象征。以彭家寨为代表的民族村寨在以旅游为媒介的流动性力量与多元主体的空间实践中,正经历着从全球化的遗产话语体系中走向地方价值的再生产。
当以一种历时性视角来考察武陵山土家族吊脚楼群这一家园遗产的价值演化与重塑,可以发现吊脚楼既是一种印证社会文化的物质符号,也藉由其物质性积极地参与着地方现代性的建构。本文藉由Mckenzie的空间生态理论,将彭家寨建筑空间变迁细化为聚集、离散、侵入和适应这一完整的演化过程:“物”的在场是其民间保留和时代传承的历史存在,承载着家宅文化与地方记忆;“物”的式微与脱域是在现代性渗透下宏观力量与个体行为的博弈与融合,也是地方主体性的消解、协商与重构;“物”的出场是外部建筑形式以商品的形式参与到旅游语境的讨论中去。武陵山片区民居建筑身份嬗变的过程中也体现出了宏观力量与微观个体之间“统治与抵抗”的交缠:一方面,外部的建筑形式往往受到经济和政治力量,与更宏大和广泛的话语联系在一起;另一方面,内部的个体家庭使用很多时候可以被看作是对前者统治模式的抵制或反抗,通过各类物品布置、使用、分配或是遗弃进行空间的再次演说。不仅如此,自吊脚楼群被列为文化遗产之际,就承受着来自双面的“拉扯”:一方面是全球化的伦理技术与话语体系对遗产标准化的检视与推广;另一方面,建筑遗产又带着浓烈的“生于斯长于斯”地理黏性,即地方性。于是,在全球化与地方性双向的拉扯与挤压下,家屋不再仅仅是静止的、等待着被解读的化石,而是关系的联结,具备了动态的“持续修订”的能力[54]。
民族村寨多样化的物质与非物质特征、社会群体多样化的社会与文化需求,不断地相互影响、相互塑造,“地方之外”逐渐演化为经济与政治景观的住宅与社区,“地方之内”不断进行着身份塑造与情感延续,这一动态过程向我们展示了一种更为完整的物的社会生命史。然而,在这种“地方内外”的分野中,可以看出支配家园的主导力量的变化,以及随之而来的一种无奈——伴随着经济与政治力量强有力的介入,遗产空间的权属发生了置换,遗产的权威识别一方面提升了保护的高度,另一方面也会带来一定程度上对文化主体价值的边缘化。当家屋异化为市场和权力的一种资本和规训手段后,地方主体对于地方营造实践,要么被剥离在日常秩序之外,要么被裹挟着进入同质化商业活动中,个体的“家”成为“大众的家”。伴随着大众旅游的发展,“消费地方”已成趋势,这也带来正反两方面的影响:一方面,正如人类学家们提出的文化反思一样,确实会存在市场化和世俗化的旅游流动不断削弱族群文化遗产的地方性与异质性。另一方面,不得不承认被纳入到新的经济活动领域的文化遗产,已成为当地谋求发展的核心动能,很多乡村凭借着文化资源的产业转化而摘掉了贫困的帽子,这正是遗产保护事业促进地方发展的最终意义所在。本文通过探索式案例研究提出了地方秩序的重塑,需要从物质空间更新赋能景观生产动能、社会空间的日常秩序激活生活策略以及文化空间的多元主体共创人文生态系统三个层面出发,让民族文化的保护与传承在以人地关系为核心的遗产研究中提供“人与物”“物与地方”整体性认知,以期重构“诗意栖居”的和谐乡村,助力乡村振兴。
在当下传统复兴的热潮中,乡村建筑的价值再造与发展方向就是落实“地方”[55]。常常看到都市设计师的创意设计下乡遭遇水土不服的窘境,浮于表面的景观生产的叙事逻辑是否能滋养出“物”可持续性的生长,关键还取决于地方主体究竟能从文旅复兴乡村的项目中获益多少。为当地带来经济、社会与文化效益的修旧工程,需要长时间的打磨、共谋与妥协,物的景观升级或许能在短期内增加一个旅游爆点,但和实现文化振兴乡村不能完全等同。家园遗产地方价值的认证,是以打破原有的地方智慧系统为代价,在人人都通过外在的物质景观、构建的图像来认知他者甚至世界的时候,是否如Strauss早已针对现代性制造提出的“拼贴”一样,原型的生活、生产与生态空间被塑封于博物馆和展览橱窗中,而失去了物的文化多元价值[18]?当民族聚落不再是村民的住宅,物的功能已然异化,地方内外已然分野,如何给造物者的文化主体予以更多的关怀,如何让地方成员通过与物在价值重塑中的交往与互动进行新一轮的自我驱动与地方认同,应当是我们未来持续思考的问题。在中国乡土文化根基会与本土技艺进入新一轮调整的新时代,通过对彭家寨的个案跟踪与解析,以此梳理民族地区的生产、生活与人文生态空间向现代化、产业化转型的核心逻辑,如何保护民族村寨的家园风貌,如何建设宜居乡村,体现以人为本的遗产再生理念,并在人与物的交互中寻求平衡,也给今日的乡村振兴、城乡演进带来颇具意义的启示。
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土家族吊脚楼研究综述
From native rural China to urban-rural China: The rural transition perspective of China transformation
从乡土中国到城乡中国: 中国转型的乡村变迁视角
Lifestyle, profit, and the selling of home to tourists in Lijiang, China
DOI:10.1080/14616688.2019.1708447 URL [本文引用: 1]
Following the (unfollowable) thing: Methodological considerations in the era of high globalisation
DOI:10.1177/1474474016647370
URL
[本文引用: 1]
The past few decades have seen many studies that ‘follow-the-thing’ by tracing an object back to its origins. In carrying out my own thing-following, however, I found the objects I chose were at times unfollowable, their trajectories highly changeable and punctuated by numerous ruptures. This article explores how we might progress with a methodology born in an age of early globalisation, when tracing things was easier and more surprising than today. It suggests that attempting to understand the unfollowable bits of the commodity trail may be an apposite way to go about such studies, especially in the light of the fact that globalisation is now a well-established phenomenon and capitalism’s precarious nature shows no sign of abating.
The material as heritage: Ethnographical paradigm on the material studies
遗事物语: 民族志对物的研究范式
Rethinking material cultures of sustainability: Commodity consumption, cultural biographies and following the thing
DOI:10.1111/tran.2018.43.issue-1 URL [本文引用: 1]
Regulation, affordance and atmosphere: Three mechanisms on how the vernacular dwelling heritage shapes a local society
规矩、示能和氛围: 民居建筑遗产塑造社会的三个机制
Study on the reproduction of space of tourism community from the perspective of everyday life: Based on theories of Lefebvre and De Certeau
DOI:10.11821/dlxb201410015
[本文引用: 1]
Through a micro-level analysis, the paper investigates the power of residents and their daily life during the process of community evolution in tourism destinations, which are overlooked in the previous studies. The paper draws on comprehensive observation and indepth interviews in exploring the phenomenon and characteristics of the space reproduction of tourism community driven by tourism development. The case of Maxianglong Village is presented as an example, which is located in the core area of the world cultural heritage "Kaiping Diaolou and Villages" in South China. Based on both Lefebvre's theory of "spatial triad" and De Certeau's theory of "practice of everyday life", this paper focuses on the resistance process of the residents against the representation of space which is proposed by both the local government and the tourist area management agents. Residents in Maxianglong Village embody this process through their everyday life. Results show that the space of representation displays in different forms including insertion, resistance, aggressive resistance, reverse invasion and revitalization during residents' daily life. In the current stage of the presented case, a delicate balance is achieved in the confrontation of the residence against the government and the management agents under low-level tourism development. However, the potential of resistance exists due to the characteristics of residents' role, management organizations and land ownership through a long-term perspective. Spatial orders of tourism community are determined by the negotiation among all tourist stakeholders. Negotiation ability, which is affected by the role of the residents, results in different mechanisms and meanings. Vitality of tourism community is evoked by multiple agents and multiple targets during the space reproduction process, which demonstrates the creativity of everyday life.
日常生活视野中的旅游社区空间再生产研究: 基于列斐伏尔与德塞图的理论视角
DOI:10.11821/dlxb201410015
[本文引用: 1]
在空间与旅游地空间的相关研究中,社区居民及其日常生活所扮演的角色未得到充分的重视.而本文试图转向微观层面,关注空间演化中居民与日常生活的力量.研究以世界文化遗产“开平碉楼与村落”核心区马降龙村为例,运用观察法与访谈法,探索由旅游发展所推动的旅游社区空间再生产的现象与特征.基于列斐伏尔的“空间三元论”与德塞图的“日常生活实践”理论,讨论在空间再生产的过程中,居民如何通过日常生活,对抗政府与景区管理主体构想的空间表征,体现具有反抗性的表征空间.研究发现,在日常生活中,反抗性的表征空间表现出嵌入、抵制、进攻性抵制、反噬、再生等形式.现阶段,低度开发水平下居民与政府及景区管理主体的对抗达到一种微妙的平衡状态.长期看来景区组织与居民角色的特性,以及对土地的掌控保障了反抗潜力的延续.而旅游社区的空间秩序最终将在所有旅游利益相关者的协商中形成.旅游发展中居民扮演的角色影响其协商能力,造成不同的行动机制与意义.旅游社区空间活力最终在多主体、多目标的空间生产过程中激发,这一过程始终展现出日常生活的创造力.
Reconstruction of subjective value of production-living-ecology space in rural heritage tourism destinations: The case of Guangfu ancient town
乡村遗产旅游地“三生”空间的主体价值重塑: 以广府古城为例
Rematerializing social and cultural geography
The influence of tourism on the changes of the Dai people's material culture and its capitalization: Taking the Dai's dwelling houses for example
旅游对傣族物质文化变迁及其资本化的影响: 以傣楼景观为例
Space as an agent: Observations of contemporary rural changes based on a "Spatial Ethnographic" approach
空间作为能动者: 基于“空间志”的当代乡村变迁观察
Rethinking the timescape of home: Domestic practices in time and space
DOI:10.1177/0309132520923138
URL
[本文引用: 1]
Although geographers have long argued that time and space are interwoven in everyday life, far less attention has been paid to complex and multiplex connections among temporal rhythms/cycles, the experience of temporal relations and a sense of temporal modalities in the domestic sphere. This article harnesses the notion of ‘timescape’, which emphasises the association between practices in space and time, to seek the time-spaces and temporalities in the domestic. It argues that geographies of home need to pay more attention to the links across everyday time and temporality, life-time and large-scale time and their wider implications in diverse contexts.
Spatial evolution of home to commercial home in the peripheral areas in cities: A case study of Jinghong city in Xishuangbanna
城市边缘区域“家”到“商业的家”的空间演变: 以西双版纳景洪市为例
The ternary interactive practice of the production of traditional ritual space in the tourism context
DOI:10.11821/dlxb202008013
[本文引用: 1]
Ritual has become an excellent field for space research and theoretical interpretation due to its symbolic and social nature. In the research of ritual and ritual space, the social relationship behind ritual and its impact on ritual space have not been fully taken into account. This study takes Tunpu Dixi and Bamabadian as examples, using the method of interview, observation and literature analysis, to trace back and analyze the process and characteristics of two ritual space productions, describe the social relations that participate in and influence the ritual space production, deeply analyze each dimension of ritual space and the ternary interactive practice of space production, and try to compare and present the impact of tourism development on the changes of local traditional rituals. The study found that the traditional ritual space is shaped by the social relations of the ritual subjects, and its space production is essentially a process of "restructuring or debugging" social relations and spatial order. In the ritual space production under the influence of tourism, the differentiated interactive relationship between the spatial representation and the representational space creates the differentiated ritual space practice. In addition, the ritual space production implies the resistance to the dissolution of modernity. This study builds a theoretical framework for traditional ritual space production, and provides a new perspective for interpreting and deepening Lefebvre's space ternary interaction, in order to reveal the deeper connection between tourism and local cultural changes.
旅游背景下传统仪式空间生产的三元互动实践
DOI:10.11821/dlxb202008013
[本文引用: 1]
仪式因其符号性和社会性成为空间研究和理论阐释的绝佳场域,在仪式与仪式空间研究中,仪式背后的社会关系及其对仪式空间的影响尚未得到充分重视。本文以安顺屯堡地戏和芒康加达村巴玛巴典为例,运用访谈法、观察法和文献分析法,回溯并分析两种仪式空间生产的过程与特征,刻画参与和影响仪式空间生产的社会关系,深入解析仪式空间的各个维度及空间生产的三元互动实践,力图比较和呈现旅游发展对地方传统仪式变迁的影响。研究发现,传统仪式的空间是仪式主体社会关系织就的空间,其空间生产本质上是社会关系与空间秩序“重构或调适”的过程;在旅游影响下的仪式空间生产中,空间表征与表征空间之间差异化的互动关系造就了仪式中差异化的空间实践;此外,仪式的空间生产隐含着对现代性消解的抵抗。本文构建了传统仪式空间生产的理论框架,为解读列斐伏尔空间生产与空间三元互动提供了新视角,以揭示旅游与地方文化变迁之间更为深刻的联系。
What is "home"? The tourism practice of residents' home space in Xijiang Miao Villages
何以为“家”? 西江苗寨居民家屋空间的旅游实践
Residents' place identity at heritage sites: Symbols, memories and space of the "Home of Diaolou"
DOI:10.11821/dlyj201512015
[本文引用: 1]
Human geography puts emphasis on the subjectivity of "place". Thus, concepts showing emotional connections between people and place, such as "place identity", are reexamined. In the context of tourism development, all parties scramble for the ownership and presentation of heritages. Therefore, place identity of local people is reconstructed. As the first World Cultural Heritage in Guangdong Province, and the only one World Heritage theming overseas Chinese culture in China, Kaiping Diaolou and Villages is a typical case for the study of "impacts of tourism development on vicissitudes of place identity". Upon literature analysis, observations and interviews, this paper elaborates on the vicissitudes of residents’ place identity under the development of heritage tourism, and analyses the specific connotations that Kaiping -- "home of Diaolou" carries. Findings show that production of landscape in tourism industry makes Diaolou highly symbolic, and obligatorily as an emblem of the place. Besides, image of the "home of Diaolou" is not fully unfolded in the place identity of residents, and that presentation of Diaolou is transforming from inheritance to heritage. For "home of Diaolou", the historic continuity is multiply dissevered, while the spatial boundary is clear and closed.
遗产旅游地居民的地方认同: “碉乡”符号、记忆与空间
DOI:10.11821/dlyj201512015
[本文引用: 1]
文化地理学者对“地方”这一理论视角主观性意义的强调,使得“地方认同”等呈现人与地方情感联系的概念被重新审视。在当今中国申遗热的背景下,当地人的地方认同在各方力量对遗产归属与表述的争夺中重塑,如果将这种重塑放在多尺度的分析框架下,就可以发现地方认同不仅仅局限于某一特定封闭的地点,在本土、全国以及跨国空间中呈现不同的表述。开平碉楼与村落作为广东首个世界文化遗产,并且是中国唯一以华侨文化为主题的世界文化遗产,是研究遗产生产对地方认同变迁影响的典型案例。结合文献分析、观察法与访谈法等,阐述遗产旅游发展背景下当地居民的地方认同变迁,分析开平作为“碉乡”的具体内涵。研究发现:遗产申报和维护使碉楼被硬性确立为地方的象征,具有高度符号化的特点;“碉乡”形象在居民地方认同中的展开并不完整;“碉乡”在历史延续中存在着多重割裂;“碉乡”的空间边界既明确又封闭。
Building theories from case study research
DOI:10.2307/258557 URL [本文引用: 1]
Superior strategy in entrepreneurial settings: Thinking, doing, and the logic of opportunity
DOI:10.1287/stsc.2017.0045
URL
[本文引用: 1]
Our purpose is to develop a perspective on how executives form superior strategies in entrepreneurial settings. Understanding how executives achieve such strategies is theoretically intriguing because it pushes beyond the boundary conditions of the traditional strategic logics of position and leverage to the less-understood opportunity logic where advantage is precarious and often short-lived. Understanding how executives form superior strategies in entrepreneurial settings is also practically relevant. Strategically successful firms in these settings like Apple, Facebook, and Dropbox are primary motors for economic growth, but their strategists are challenged by the “high velocity” of their markets and opportunities. Our perspective combines two intertwined themes: (1) broad view of the strategic playing field enabling better visibility and understanding of opportunities (thinking) and (2) action within structures organized at the “edge of chaos” enabling flexible yet efficient capture of opportunities (doing). We describe these themes and opportunity logic and then contrast them with traditional strategic logics like positioning and resource leverage.
Targeted poverty alleviation drives the process and mechanism of rural reconstruction: A case study of Shibadong Village
DOI:10.11821/dlxb202110016
[本文引用: 1]
As a "package of projects", the targeted poverty alleviation strategy has accelerated economic, social and spatial reconstruction of rural areas. This paper aims to conduct a theoretical analysis of the connotation, characteristics, process, and mechanism of targeted poverty alleviation that drives poor rural reconstruction and provide empirical evidence of Shibadong Village, which is the first initiative of targeted poverty alleviation. It is found that targeted poverty alleviation is a process of multidimensional, comprehensive, and rapid reconstruction that is led by the government with multi-party participation in combination of "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches. The process of targeted poverty alleviation changes the poor rural areas from 'low-level poverty equilibrium' to 'healthy development equilibrium' through a combination of administrative power, sending elites to the village level, improving market accessibility, and coordination of factor integration, motivation, planning, training and institutional guarantee mechanisms. Since the implementation of the targeted poverty alleviation, Shibadong Village has transformed from a dualistic economy to a pluralist economy, from a pure acquaintance society to a semi-acquaintance society with a mixture of acquaintance logic and contract spirit, and from a spatial form highly overlapped from the production and living spaces, yet separated from the ecological space to a diverse and orderly cluster of organic integration of production, living and ecological space. The practice of Shibadong Village provides a fresh sample for us to understand the process and mechanism of the restructuring of poverty-stricken villages, and it is also an essential embodiment of its "reproducible and extendable" experience.
精准扶贫驱动贫困乡村重构的过程与机制: 以十八洞村为例
DOI:10.11821/dlxb202110016
[本文引用: 1]
精准扶贫方略作为“一揽子工程”,为贫困乡村带来了强烈的外部冲击,驱动贫困乡村的经济、社会和空间加速重构。在对精准扶贫驱动贫困乡村重构的内涵、特征及过程与机制进行理论解析的同时,以精准扶贫首倡地十八洞村的实践加以实证,发现:① 精准扶贫驱动贫困乡村重构是一个政府主导、多方参与,“自上而下”与“自下而上”有机结合的多维、全面、快速重构过程;② 在精准扶贫驱动贫困乡村重构过程中,行政势能、精英下沉、市场链接驱动,要素整合、动力激发、规划引导、能力培育、制度保障机制协同,推动贫困乡村由“低水平贫困均衡”走向“良性发展均衡”;③ 精准扶贫以来,十八洞村经历了经济系统从“二元经济”向“多元经济”转变;社会形态由纯粹的熟人社会向熟人逻辑与契约精神混合的半熟人社会转变;空间形态从生产、生活空间高度重合,但与生态空间隔离的两大传统农业区组团向生产、生活、生态空间有机融合的多元有序组团转变。十八洞村的实践为理解精准扶贫驱动贫困乡村重构的过程与机制提供了鲜活的样本,也是其“可复制可推广”经验最本质的体现。
The practical solutions of effective coordination between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization in ethnic areas: A case study of Wuling Mountain area
民族地区脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接的现实路径: 以武陵山片区为例
Tourism development and rural revitalization based on local experiences: Logic and cases
基于地方实践的旅游发展与乡村振兴: 逻辑与案例
'Homesick tourism': Memory, identity and (be)longing
DOI:10.1080/13683500.2014.920773 URL [本文引用: 1]
The construction and memory of urban nature: A cultural geographic analysis of urban rivers in Guangzhou
DOI:10.11821/dlxb201902011
[本文引用: 1]
As an indispensable part of the city, urban nature is the important material carrier of city memory. Based on the data from web texts, interviews and photo ratings, this paper adopts the method of NVivo analysis to analyze the case of urban rivers in Guangzhou from the perspective of material geography, and discusses the interaction mechanism between the social construction of urban nature and urban memory. The analysis shows that the function of urban natural resources has changed with the development of social and economic conditions, and has evolved through the mutual penetration of human practices and social systems. Specifically, this paper indicates that the social construction of nature, to a great extent, has reflected not only the evolution of urban functions and material forms, but also the way of material utilization and its relationship with urban culture. In addition, the interaction between urban residents and rivers has been a way of cultural production. In this process, urban rivers have been the material carrier of local culture to maintain the sense of place. Moreover, this paper points out that the urban rivers have been an important material field where urban memory is produced by urban residents with their physical practices. In this way, urban memory could be inherited and preserved. From the perspective of material geography, this study highlights the social construction process of natural resources, reconsiders the interactive relationship between human beings and natural resources, and re-thinks the ways for tackling the relations between urban development and natural resources. Accordingly, this paper responds empirically from the perspective of cultural geography from "materialism" to "cultural representation" and then goes back to "re-materialism", as the review of the two core concepts of "material" and "culture". In practical terms, this paper discusses the interaction between urban residents and urban nature, which provides some reference for building a healthy city and for the development of urban reproduction.
广州河涌的自然社会构建与城市记忆
DOI:10.11821/dlxb201902011
[本文引用: 1]
基于网络文本、访谈和照片评定等数据,本文采用NVivo分析方法对广州河涌案例展开分析,讨论了城市自然的社会建构与城市记忆之间的互动机制。研究发现,城市自然资源的功能随着社会经济条件变化而变化,并通过人的实践与社会系统彼此渗透、共同演化。具体来讲,以广州河涌为例,本文指出河涌的社会建构很大程度上反映了城市职能和物质形态的演变,反映了物质的利用方式及其与城市文化之间的关系;此外,城市居民与河涌的互动是文化生产的一种方式,在这个过程中,河涌是地方文化的物质承载者,也是维系地方感的重要物质载体;最后,河涌是城市居民产生记忆及其身体实践的重要物质场域,通过此类物理的沉淀,城市记忆才得以传承和保存下去。研究立足于物质地理学视角,强调了自然资源的社会建构过程,重新审视了人类与自然资源的互动关系及过程,进而反思城市发展与自然之间的处理方式,从实证角度回应了文化地理学从“唯物主义”到“文化表征”再回到“重返物质主义”这个轮回对“物质”和“文化”这两个核心概念的审视。从现实意义来讲,本文讨论了城市居民与城市自然之间的互动,为营造健康城市以及为城市再生产的发展思路提供了一定的参考价值。
The logic of rural spatial governance and revitalization
DOI:10.11821/dlxb202204002
[本文引用: 1]
The rural vitalization in the new era and space development and utilization are closely related. It is meaningful to construct a theoretical system and practical path of rural vitalization based on rural spatial governance. Based on the deconstruction framework of "demand→effect→path→strategy", this paper discusses the internal logic relationship between rural vitalization and spatial governance. The results show the following: (1) The reconstruction of rural value is the key to ensure the realization of rural vitalization; rural spatial governance can be a good way to realize the rights allocation and effective control of rural space; rural spatial governance includes material spatial governance, organization spatial governance, and ownership spatial governance; through spatial governance, the structure and function of physical space can be reconstructed, the organization relationship can be reorganized, and the value distribution can be reshaped. (2) The effect of spatial governance on rural vitalization is presented from the optimization of the urban-rural interaction, as well as the stimulation and strengthening of rural endogenous power, and the capabilities of grassroots organizations. (3) Rural spatial governance is an effective path to implement rural vitalization by promoting the urban-rural integration development, activating rural endogenous development, and ensuring the organizations mechanism. (4) The rural spatial governance system combines "top-down" and "bottom-up" forms to implement rational allocation of spatial development power. The channels, capabilities, and effects of multiple subjects participating in spatial governance will promote the realization of space development and the establishment of a system with equitable rights and interests. The "right-sharing" spatial governance can implement the rural revitalization strategy in urban-rural sharing, subject and regional sharing. In summary, the research will provide references for improving the scientific system of rural spatial governance and implementing the rural revitalization strategy.
论乡村空间治理与乡村振兴战略
DOI:10.11821/dlxb202204002
[本文引用: 1]
新时期乡村振兴挑战与空间利用问题密不可分,基于空间治理建构乡村振兴的理论体系和实践路径具有现实意义。本文基于“诉求→效应→路径→策略”解构方案,探讨了基于空间治理的乡村振兴可行性和内在逻辑体系。结果表明:① 乡村价值重构是确保乡村振兴目标实现的关键环节,乡村空间管控和发展权利配置可从乡村空间治理寻找突破口;乡村空间治理从物质空间治理、空间组织治理、空间权属治理入手,重构物质空间结构功能,重组空间组织关系,重塑空间价值分配体系;② 空间治理振兴乡村的效应从城乡互动关系优化、乡村内生动力激发、基层组织能力强化等层面加以呈现。③ 乡村空间治理推动城乡融合发展、激活乡村内生发展、保障组织机制,是落实乡村振兴的有效路径。④ “上下结合型”乡村空间治理有利于落实空间开发权利的合理配置;多元主体参与空间治理的渠道、能力与效应,推动空间发展目标落地和公平权益体系建设;“权利共享型”空间治理可在城乡共享、主体共享和区域共享中落实乡村振兴目标。研究结论可为完善乡村空间治理科学体系和落实乡村振兴战略提供参考。
The reconstruction of household of Zhucun in Guangzhou in the process of the rapid urbanization
DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.09.005
[本文引用: 1]
Traditional village as the material carrier of human culture heritage, facing space reconstruction and transformation of society in the process of rapid urbanization. Village traditional culture facing the realistic problem that lost its space carrier and space. As the basic unit of the village, home is the micro scale for geography to research the man-land relationship. Based on the geography of home, this article, which uses the basic theory and method of space syntax, locates the reconstruction of traditional villages and the home space in the context of repaid urbanization. It not only focuses on the spatial analysis of culture but also emphasizes the cultural studies of space. Following the insight into the micro space, this article reveals the cultural representation of material changes of the home space and the socio-cultural logic that hidden in the reconstruction process of space form. The findings of this article include: 1) In the process of rapid urbanization, the responses of individual families follow different logics of spatial production. Three different reconstruction patterns could be discovered in the process of the reconstruction of the home space, namely “family modernization”, “from home to household”, and “home is separated from the house”. 2) Accompanied with the reconstruction of home space, the relationship between human and nature, the sacrifice space, the internal and external relations, the kinship between family members, the intergenerational relationship, and the gender relationship have been reconstructed as well. 3) The location and the large number of immigrants are the main external driving forces while the modernization of the villagers' families and the economic needs of the home space are the internal driving forces. Both of them contribute to the reconstruction of home space in Zhucun Village. The new socio-culture relations brought by urbanization are the intrinsic logic of the reconstruction of the home space in Zhucun village. This research provide references and enlightenment for the new urbanization and the development of urban villages.
城市化进程中家屋空间重构的过程、内容与逻辑: 以广州珠村为例
DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.09.005
[本文引用: 1]
基于家的地理学视角,运用空间句法的基本理论与方法,把传统村落及家空间的重构现象放置在快速城市化进程中进行思考, 既重视文化的空间分析又强调空间的文化研究。在微观空间中,揭示了快速城市化进程中家空间物质形态变迁的文化观念表征和空间形态重构过程中的社会文化逻辑。主要结论如下:① 快速城市化进程中,个体家庭的响应遵循着不同的空间生产逻辑。家屋空间产生了家庭现代化、从家到户、家与房子的分离3种不同的重构模式。② 在家屋物质空间重构过程中,家中人与自然的关系、祭祀空间、内外关系、家庭关系、代际关系、性别关系等均发生着重构。③ 区位和大量外来人口是珠村家屋空间重构的外在动力;村民家庭的现代化诉求和家空间的经济需求是家屋空间重构的内在因素。城市化带来的新的社会经济关系是珠村家空间重构的内在逻辑。
Tourism and multi-dimensional production and identity construction of the "home" in Zhudi village
DOI:10.11821/dlyj020181359
[本文引用: 1]
In the context of mobility brought about by tourism, capitalization intervention and tourism utilization of the "home" space in traditional ethnic Zhudi village in China have triggered the multi-dimensional production of space, the difference of identity and the vicissitude of human-land relationship of the "home" space of Mosuo people in the village, and also prompted people's reflection on the development of tourism and production of the "home" space in the village in the transitional period to an urgent problem to be concerned and solved. By means of field investigation, participating observation and in-depth interview, this paper studied the multi-dimensional production and identity construction of Mosuo people's "home" space in the study village under the background of tourism. The religious beliefs and the circulation in different periods of Mosuo people in Zhudi village regulate the natural, worldview and moral outlooks of Mosuo villagers in their daily space practice reflecting the self-consistency of spirits and objects and the unity of body and mind. The "home" space of Mosuo people in Zhudi village is systematic, which is reflected in different scales of spatial circles of village outer layer, village layer, home site layer, grandmother's house and body layer. Its spatial order and significance involve abundant natural ecological consciousness and human-land relationship. Structural forces such as capital, power and consumption, which are mediated by tourism, interweave and influence each other, resulting in multi-dimensional production of the traditional space of the Mosuo people's "home" in Zhudi village, bringing about the micro-geospatial relationship of the "home", the social and cultural significance and the geographical remodeling of the human-land relationship, and having the interactive dialectics of multi-dimensional spatial level. With the multi-dimensional production and micro-geographic remodeling of "home" space in the village, the construction of pre-factor identity characterized by humanism and the construction of consequential identity characterized by structuralism and the construction of "intermediate" identity characterized by "value identification, emotional disapproval" and "value disapproval, emotional identification" have emerged. The identity construction of the tourismized practice of home space of Mosuo people implies and reflects the villagers' recognition of "homestead" and "home country". The essence of tourismized "home" space tourism is the practice process of traditional national space capitalization. Ultimately, it is the choice of development path and mode by "locals" in the new era. It is also necessary to adjust the contradiction between "home" space capitalization and development alienation. In addition, the case analysis of the micro-geographic space of "home" in Zhudi village enriches the existing theoretical research achievements of "home" in academic circles.
旅游与竹地摩梭人“家”空间的多维生产及身份认同建构
DOI:10.11821/dlyj020181359
[本文引用: 1]
采用田野调查、参与观察、深度访谈等方法,对旅游背景下竹地摩梭人“家”空间的多维生产与身份认同建构问题进行了研究。结果显示:① 竹地摩梭人的宗教信仰及其在不同时代的流转,规约着摩梭村民日常空间实践中的自然观、世界观和道德观,具有心物自洽和身心统一性;竹地摩梭人“家”空间具有系统性,体现在村外层、村寨层、家址层、祖母房和身体层不同尺度空间圈层中,其空间秩序和意义蕴含着丰富的自然生态意识和人地关系;② 以旅游为媒介的资本、权力和消费等结构性力量相互交织和渗透,对竹地摩梭人“家”空间带来了微观地理空间的社会关系、文化意义和人地关系的重塑,且具有多维空间的交互辩证生产性;③ 随着竹地“家”空间的多维生产和微观地理重塑,出现了以人本主义为特征的前因式认同建构、以结构主义为特征的后果式认同建构,以及以“价值认同,情感不认同”和“价值不认同,情感认同”为特征的“中间型”认同建构。竹地摩梭人对“家”空间旅游化实践的身份认同建构,暗含和折射了村民对“家园”和“家国”的认同状况。④ 竹地“家”空间的旅游化,本质上是传统民族空间资本化的实践过程,归根结底是新时代“地方”对发展路径和方式的选择,但未来需要调适“家”空间资本化和发展异化之间的矛盾。此外,竹地“家”微观地理空间的案例剖析,在理论上补充和延伸了学术界既有“家”的理论研究成果。
Intergenerational power and territorial structure in tourism commercialization home space: A case study of Daizuyuan Garden, Xishuangbanna
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.05.010
[本文引用: 1]
From the perspective of human geography, home space may be viewed as containers, where individuals' lives and their family relations are constructed. Based on semistructured interviews and secondary data collected from Daizuyuan Garden, Xishuangbanna, this study explored the micropolitics of territory in tourism commercialization home space from the perspective of power-space interaction, with a particular focus at the intergeneration relationships. The study unpacked that tourism commercialization home spaces might be significant in terms of reinforcing and negotiating family relationships, which, in a way, are organized around distributing and using resources. 1) The first generation of these small tourism businesses is responsible for establishing the family business. Therefore, they have collectively gained more economic and social resources. Compared to their successors, they have more power in decision making and division of labor in domestic arena. Their roles in the family are embodied by the "territorialization" of home spaces. That is, they have more power in making decisions about the setup of physical space, the spatial exclusion of social space, as well as the domestic labor divisions of economic space. 2) The younger generation or the successors have opportunities to seek education and career outside the village. They work hard to accumulate human resources, which are beneficial to their family businesses. Their family power of independence was mirrored in the practices of "de-territorialization" and "re-territorialization" of home spaces. Specifically, they pursue the separation of living spaces, the independence of private lives, and the self-determination on family business arrangements, to negotiate their role as the operator of family business and the independent individual of family life. This study outlined an analytical framework of family relation from the perspective of power-space relation. It contributes to the existing literature of territorialization theory by focusing on various forms of territorial strategies practiced by different subjects in moderate tourism commercialization home spaces, and its positive effects in maintaining intergenerational solidarity. In addition, it provides practical implications for the sustainable development of small tourism businesses in rural areas.
旅游商业化“家空间”的代际权力关系与领域构建: 西双版纳傣族园案例
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.05.010
[本文引用: 1]
论文以西双版纳傣族园的旅游商业化“家空间”为分析样本,基于亲代和子代双重视角,构建家庭微观领域政治的分析框架,意在揭示代际权力关系和领域构建机制。研究发现,旅游商业化的“家空间”是整合多代家庭、促进代际资源交换和权力平衡的协商空间:① 第一代经营者在旅游经营中积累了经济资源、社会资源,掌握着家庭决策权和家务分工权,通过主导空间设置、强化空间排他性、分配家务劳动等领域行为,实现领域构建;② 第二代经营者通过接受教育和外出务工,提高劳动技能,在家庭经营中凸显人力资源优势,提高了家庭自主权,并通过居住空间区隔化、私人生活独立化、家庭经营自主化等空间“去领域化”和“再领域化”策略,重塑领域格局。该研究为理解适度旅游商业化“家空间”的“权力—空间关系”提供了一个分析框架,也是对领域化理论的补充,并为平衡代际权力关系、促进代际团结、推动乡村旅游小企业可持续发展提供了实践启示。
Characteristics and influencing factors of the key villages of rural tourism in China
DOI:10.11821/dlxb202204009
[本文引用: 1]
The key villages of rural tourism are typical demonstrations for promoting the high-quality development of rural tourism, which are of great significance for optimizing rural tourism supply and leading rural tourism development. The article analyzes the spatial distribution pattern and structural characteristics of 1000 key villages of rural tourism nationwide by using Nearest Neighbor Index and Kernel Density Estimation. The study further reveals spatial differentiation of the key villages of rural tourism. The main factors affecting spatial distribution of the key villages of rural tourism are analyzed by using Multiple Linear Regression, Vector Buffer Analysis and Geographic Detectors. The conclusions can be drawn as follows. Firstly, there are more key villages of rural tourism in the eastern region than in the western region of China. The inter-provincial spatial density stratification feature is obvious and the spatial distribution pattern of double core-ring core cluster-ribbon zone is unique. Secondly, the spatial distribution of key villages of rural tourism has significant positive spatial correlation. The key villages of rural tourism are spatially dispersed in cold spots and concentrated in hot spots. Thirdly, kernel density estimation shows that villages of agricultural production type have high spatial distribution density, while the others have low density. Fourthly, the spatial distribution pattern is the result of five factors: natural ecology, social economy, transportation facilities, scenic resources and policy environment. Gross domestic product per capita and household consumption expenditure have a significant positive impact, while the distance from the tourist market and the distance from transportation access are negative influencing factors. Fifthly, the driving factors for the spatial distribution of various types of villages are different and closely related to the village resource endowment and development characteristics.
中国乡村旅游重点村的空间特征与影响因素
DOI:10.11821/dlxb202204009
[本文引用: 1]
乡村旅游重点村是推进乡村旅游高质量发展的典型示范,对优化乡村旅游供给、引领乡村旅游发展具有重要意义。本文运用最邻近指数、核密度估计等方法分析了中国1000个乡村旅游重点村的空间分布格局和结构特征,揭示了乡村旅游重点村的空间分异规律。运用多元线性回归、矢量缓冲分析、地理探测器等方法剖析了影响乡村旅游重点村空间分布的主要因素。研究发现:① 乡村旅游重点村总体呈“东多西少”的空间分布格局。省际空间密度分层特征明显,“双核心—环核群—带状区”的空间分布规律突出。② 乡村旅游重点村的空间分布具有显著的空间正相关性,地域间呈冷点分散、热点集中的空间分异格局。③ 6类乡村旅游重点村的核密度呈一高五低、分异鲜明的类型特征。④ 乡村旅游重点村空间分布格局的形成是自然生态、社会经济、交通配套、景区资源、政策环境五大因素共同影响的结果。人均GDP和居民消费支出具有显著正向影响,客源市场距离及交通通达距离是负向影响因素。⑤ 各类乡村旅游重点村空间分布的驱动因素各异,与村落资源禀赋和发展特点具有密切关系。
Monitoring tourism flows and destination management: Empirical evidence for Portugal
DOI:10.1016/j.tourman.2016.03.019
PMID:32287746
[本文引用: 1]
We propose the use of a tool recently introduced by Gayer (2010), known as the "economic climate tracer", to analyze and monitor the cyclical evolution of tourism source markets to Portugal. Considering the period 1987-2015, we evaluate how tourism to Portugal has been affected by economic cycles. This tool is useful as it clearly illustrates the evolutionary patterns of different markets, and allows us to identify close relationships with economic fluctuations. We found that German tourism plays a leading role, since its movements are followed with delays by tourism flows from other countries, and exhibits higher resilience to shocks. Also, domestic and Spanish tourism have both displayed less irregular behaviors than tourism from other source markets. On the contrary, tourism from the Netherlands and the UK, have displayed irregular patterns, which demonstrates the urgency to diversify tourism source markets to reduce the country's vulnerability to external shocks and economic cycles. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd.
From localization to de-localization and re-localization: Transformation of the human-land relationship in China's urbanization process
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.01.003
[本文引用: 1]
The relationship between people and land provides an important perspective on urbanization paths. This study analyzed the development context and basic logic of the transformation of human-land relationship in China, and argued that the relationship between people and land has gone through three stages: localization, de-localization, and re-localization. In the stage of localization, the economic form of the country based on agriculture determined people's economic dependence and emotional attachment to the countryside, and the logic of localization is hard to shake. In the de-localization stage, the transformation of industrialization and urbanization in China pushed farmers to leave the agricultural fields and leave the countryside, and structural changes occurred to the value constraint that people cannot be separated from their lands. Under the influence of land use institutions and the household registration system, the passive landless farmers and those leaving the land behind at their own will jointly led the de-localization process of human-land relationship. In the stage of re-localization, the institutional reform led the farmers to become the main agent of urbanization. Nostalgia promotes the coexistence of urban and rural civilizations, which helps reshape the relationship between people and land. Finally, this article maintained that examining the historical context and basic logic of the transformation of human-land relationship can provide a theoretical reference for the institutional adjustment of human-land relationship in the new era and the smooth implementation of new urbanization.
从在地化、去地化到再地化: 中国城镇化进程中的人地关系转型
DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.01.003
[本文引用: 1]
人地关系是透视中国城镇化进路的重要视角。论文在历史向度上分析了城镇化进程中人地关系转型的发展脉络和基本逻辑,认为中国人地关系经历了在地化、去地化和再地化3个阶段。在地化阶段,农本立国的经济形态决定了人们对乡土的经济依附和情感依恋,人地关系的在地化逻辑难以动摇;去地化阶段,中国的工业化、城镇化转型推动农民离土出乡,人不离土的价值观束缚发生了结构性松动,在土地与户籍制度的影响下,被动失地的农民与主动离地的农民共同主导了人地关系的去地化过程;再地化阶段,制度变革引领农民真正成为城镇化的主体,乡愁推动城乡文明走向共生,二者助推中国人地关系重塑。对人地关系变迁的历史脉络和基本逻辑的梳理,可以为适应新时代的人地关系的制度调节和新型城镇化道路的顺利实践提供理论借鉴。
Review of nostalgia research
国内外乡愁相关研究进展及启示
Encountering stones: Things, objects and consumption signs in folklore tourism village
遭遇石头: 民俗旅游村的纯然物、使用物与消费符号
The semiotic mechanism of cultural landscape genes of traditional settlements
DOI:10.11821/dlxb202004009
[本文引用: 1]
The concept of cultural landscape genes of traditional settlements (CLGTS) was proposed by Chinese scholars in 2003. Since then, CLGTS has been playing a key role in capturing the deep-level geographic features of traditional settlements. However, there is a lack of work on covering CLGTS from the perspective of semiotics. Now, people are often involved in difficulties when they are trying to explore the nature of cultural landscapes of traditional settlements through using CLGTS. Obviously, it is of great significance to explore the concepts and methods of semiotic mechanism of CLGTS under the support of semiology. To lock this issue, we outline the dialectical features of CLGTS through the following five aspects. (1) For a given traditional settlement, its whole image at the macro-scale is in accordance with its cultural landscape genes at the micro-scale. (2) For the cultural landscape gene of a given traditional settlement, its core characterizations are in accordance with its appearance features. (3) For a given traditional settlement, its self-updating mechanism at local scale is in accordance with its global characterizations. (4) CLGTS can be treated as the scientific analysis method merged with the quantitative and qualitative approaches for dissecting the cultural features of traditional settlements. (5) For a given traditional settlement, its outstanding features of cultural landscape are in accordance with its rich cultural connotation. Then, this work proves the diversity of forms and complexity of spatial structures of CLGTS through ample examples. To some extent, this reveals the nonlinearity, self-organization, as well as self-iteration features of CLGTS. Based on the above, this research presents a conceptual framework of semiotic mechanism of CLGTS. Within the framework, we further summarize the symbols' main features, classifications, and expression ways of CLGTS. Through this work, we make clear the requisite theoretical conditions of making symbols of CLGTS by employing GIS. Ultimately, based on the aforementioned conceptual framework, this paper develops a prototype program for making symbols of CLGTS. The test results of the prototype program with a case of ancient village of Hunan Province show that it can run well in serving to establish a symbol database of CLGTS for a given region. Hence, this research proves that semiotic mechanism of CLGTS will make sense of perfecting the theory of CLGTS and forwarding its digital protection.
传统聚落文化景观基因的符号机制
DOI:10.11821/dlxb202004009
[本文引用: 1]
传统聚落文化景观基因是解读传统聚落景观蕴含的深层次地学特征的重要切入点。然而该理论目前尚未从符号学的视角探索文化景观基因的符号机制。对此,本文首先从符号哲学的视角系统地分析了文化景观基因的特征:① 文化景观基因是宏观的聚落意象与微观的细节特征、物质外观表征与内在文化寓意、整体性特征与局部自我更新、定性与定量分析方法、优势性与内涵丰富性的辩证统一;② 文化景观基因有着多样的形态特征和复杂的空间结构,具有非线性、自组织和自迭代的重要特征。其次,论文探索了文化景观基因符号机制的概念,论述了文化景观基因的符号特征、分类和相应的表达方法,明确了构建文化景观基因符号的理论依据。最后,运用VC#.net程序语言开发了文化景观基因符号库原型程序,并给出了相应的实例。本文研究工作表明,开展文化景观基因符号机制的探索,对于完善传统聚落文化景观基因理论,促进文化景观基因资源的数字化等深化应用,具有重要的意义。
Study of traditional rural settlements landscape genetic variability in Shaanxi Province based on accurate-restoration
基于精准修复的陕西传统乡村聚落景观基因变异性研究
Ethnic capital, migration, and citizenship: A bourdieusian perspective
DOI:10.1080/01419870.2019.1535131
[本文引用: 1]
This article examines how ethnic capital operates in ethnic affinity migration and external citizenship. Criticizing the "methodological nationalism", inadequate theorization of the state, and "groupist" understanding of ethnicity that characterize existing scholarship on ethnic capital, I develop an alternative account drawing on Bourdieu. I highlight the importance of state power that consecrates ethnicity as a legitimate element in classifying non-citizens and determines the key criteria for coethnicity. The conversion of ethnicity into a migration-facilitating resource, however, is not monopolized by the state. I pay attention to how aspiring migrants, assisted by various intermediaries, challenge the state's definition of ethnic group boundaries or deliberately cultivate specific ethnic markers, with varying implications for their ethnic self-understanding. Instead of treating ethnicity as what migrants are, I analyse what states, migrants, and intermediaries do with ethnicity - how they shape the valorization, conversion, and legitimization of ethnic capital in macro-political, meso-institutional, and micro-interactional contexts, with different agendas and asymmetrical power.
Indigenous writing of "an ethnography of objects": A case study of the Dai people's brocade handicrafts
“物的民族志”本土化书写: 以傣族织锦手工艺品为例
Geographies of home
DOI:10.1191/1474474004eu289xx URL [本文引用: 1]
The meaning of home: Literature review and directions for future research and theoretical development
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