Cultural landscape protection compensation is a new topic in modern human geography. In this paper, we firstly proposed the theoretical framework of cultural landscape protection compensation of traditional villages, and then set up the cultural landscape protection compensation model on the basis of proposed theoretical framework. Finally, we discriminated the driving factors and offered a proof to the model, which takes Xiangxi nationality autonomous prefecture in Hunan province as a case study. The results can be concluded as follows: (1) From the aspects of the traditional architectural style, the location and pattern of villages, dynamical inheritance of the intangible cultural heritage of villages, and the level of their social and economic development of villages, traditional villages in Xiangxi conforming to the implementation conditions of cultural landscape protection compensation. (2) From the aspects of landscape characteristics and values, external market recognition, self-loss, government management, etc., cultural landscape protection compensation of traditional villages in Xiangxi conforms to the proposed cultural landscape protection compensation model. (3) From the aspects of its driving factors, cultural landscape protection compensation features of the 82 traditional villages in Xiangxi are in accordance with the comprehensive driving mode of landscape characteristics, government management, external market and self-loss. (4) In the traditional villages of Xiangxi, the cultural landscape protection compensation can be divided into three types, namely, social and economic compensation, historical and cultural compensation, and natural environment compensation. The factors of each type, such as social economy, historical culture, natural environment, all influence the structure of the compensation model.

本文提出了传统村落文化景观保护性补偿的理论框架,基于理论框架构建了传统村落文化景观保护性补偿模型。以湖南省湘西州为例,甄别驱动因素、佐证补偿模型。结果表明：① 从传统建筑风貌、村落选址和格局、村落非物质文化遗产活态传承及其村落社会经济发展水平看,湘西传统村落符合实施文化景观保护性补偿的条件;② 从景观特性及价值、外部市场认可度、自我损失、政府管理等层面而言,湘西传统村落文化景观保护性补偿符合所提出的补偿模型;③ 从驱动因素看,湘西82个中国传统村落文化景观保护性补偿特征符合模型中的景观特性、政府管理、外部市场和自我损失综合驱动型;④ 湘西传统村落文化景观保护性补偿可划分为社会经济补偿型、历史文化补偿型和自然环境补偿型,各类型的社会经济、历史文化、自然环境等因素均影响补偿模型结构。

Severe crisis such as architectural landscape destruction, cultural gene loss, settlement space conflict and ecological environment deterioration have aroused widespread concern on transformation of traditional villages' human settlement. Based on complex adaptive system theory, this paper analyzes the systematic characteristics of human settlement from the perspectives of the systematic basic features, structural composition and adaptive mechanism. Composed of natural ecology, social culture, regional space and multi-agent systems, the rural human settlement environment system is a huge open complex system. Compromising multiple objectives, multiple subjects and multiple sub-systems, the system is compatible with complex adaptive system features. With the case of Zhangguying village human settlement evolution studied, the conclusions are shown as follows: (1) At the wavering stage (1978-1988), the villagers' self-organizing development was the leading force of the human settlement evolution. The subject adaptive behavior and the effect of human settlement were both limited. The human settlement evolution of Zhangguying village was still on the accumulative stage of quantitative change. (2) At the transitional stage (1989-2001), strong government intervention was the leading force. This intervention resulted in the complexity of interest relation, high speed transformation of flow elements and uncertainty of systematic evolution. The human settlement evolution of Zhangguying village was on the key stage of qualitative change. (3) At the revulsion stage (2002-till now), interaction of multiple subjects has been the leading force. The intensity and complexity between subjects or between subjects and environment have both increased. Continuous tourism input has led to the dramatic change of the human settlement environment. The transformation of human settlement has been realized. The structure and level of the system have undergone a qualitative leap. In order to promote the orderly development of the traditional villages' human settlement, the paper constructs systematic regulation mechanism from the perspectives of promoting self-adaptive capacity, emphasizing self-organizing reaction, optimizing dominant regulation and introducing social governance. Using complex adaptive system theory to study science of human settlements is still at a groping stage, and it needs to be further improved, which provides innovation space for future research.

以复杂适应系统理论为基础,从基本特征、结构构成和适应机制等视角分析了传统村落人居环境的系统特征。传统村落人居环境系统由自然生态环境系统、社会文化环境系统、地域空间环境系统和多元主体系统等4个子系统构成,与复杂适应系统特征非常契合。以张谷英村为例,研究了其人居环境演化过程,结果显示：① 在徘徊阶段（1978-1988年）,村民自组织发展是张谷英村人居环境演变的主导力量,主体适应性行为和人居效应的作用强度均有限,人居环境系统演变处于量变的积累阶段;② 在过渡阶段（1989-2001年）,政府的强势介入是张谷英村人居环境演变的主导力量,导致了利益关联的复杂性、流要素转化的高速性以及系统演化的不确定性,人居环境系统演变处于质变的关键阶段;③ 在剧变阶段（2002年至今）,多元主体的交互作用是张谷英村人居环境演变的主导力量,各主体之间、主体与环境之间的作用强度和复杂程度增强,加速了人居环境功能转型和系统结构质的跃升。为了促进张谷英村人居环境系统的有序升华,从提升自适应能力、重视自组织反应、优化主导调控和引入社会治理等视角构建了系统调控机制。

This study constructs a conceptual research framework for the protection of traditional villages, and focuses on the macro perspective of regional protection level and its influencing factors with geographic analysis techniques. The conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The conceptual research framework includes models of evaluation system and influencing factors. The evaluation system model includes three levels from macro to micro, namely, the spatial and temporal distribution, the overall protection level, and the single attribute. The evaluation of overall protection level is divided into the macroscopic regional protection and the microscopic community protection. Retention rates and distribution densities are the two important dimensions to evaluate the level of regional protection. The influencing factors model includes two types of basic analysis based on time, space, and the classification. (2) The regional protection levels of traditional villages in Southwest China show significant spatial differences, and five hotspots are formed in the boundary area of administrative divisions. (3) The geographical factors that affect the regional protection level of traditional villages in Southwest China are terrain, river system, central city, and arterial roads. Among the economic and social factors, the scale of intangible cultural heritage is the most important one. There are significant spatial differences in the correlation coefficients of population density, economic development, traffic construction, traffic flow, and the scale of intangible cultural heritage. Urbanization rate and industrial structure have no significant influence on the regional protection level. This research enriches the theoretical system for the protection of traditional villages from individual cases to an integrated study, from micro to macro, from scattered to systematic, from single to multiple methods, which has important theoretical and practical value.

本文在理论层面构建传统村落保护研究模型,并以西南地区为例,分析宏观视角下传统村落区域保护水平及影响因素。结论显示：① 传统村落保护研究模型涵盖评价体系和影响因素两个子模型。评价体系模型包含从宏观到微观的传统村落时空分布、整体保护水平和单一属性3个层次,其中整体保护水平分为宏观区域和微观社区两个亚层,保存率和分布密度是评价区域保护水平的简易方法;影响因素模型包含基于时间、空间和类型划分的两类基本分析模型。② 西南地区传统村落区域保护水平呈现显著空间分异,在行政区划边界地区形成5个热点集聚区,丽江市传统村落保存率最高,黔东南州分布密度最高。③ 影响西南地区传统村落宏观保护水平的地理区位因素为海拔、水系、中心城市和交通干道。经济社会因素中,非遗规模是最重要的影响因素,人口密度、经济发展、交通建设、交通流动和非遗规模的相关系数存在显著空间分异,城镇化率、产业结构对于区域保护水平无显著影响。本文是对传统村落保护理论体系由个案向整体、由微观向宏观、由零散向系统、由单一向多元方法的推进,具有重要理论和实践价值。

This paper summarizes the research process of rural tourism in China through systematic literature review, which contains three stages: primary application research (1992-2005), diversified expansion research (2006-2015), and integration deepening research (2016-), as well as analyzes the background and research value orientation of each stage. Based on the analysis of knowledge map by CiteSpace, it reveals the changing process and characteristics of research topics. Combining the rural revitalization strategy and tourism development needs in the New Era, the research expounds the basic characteristics of rural tourism, constructs the research framework of rural tourism in the New Era, puts forward the main scientific issues, and proposes the research trends and academic innovations of rural tourism research. Moreover, the research emphasizes that rurality and recreation constitute the fundamental characteristics of rural tourism. Future research should focus on the national strategy and high-quality development requirements of the New Era, as well as keeping up with the international academic frontiers. Meanwhile, based on the local practice of rural tourism research in China, relevant research should concentrate on the "five-sphere integrated plan" basic framework for rural tourism, taking industry, ecology, culture, governance, and livelihood as the core elements. Under this research framework, it is essential to focus on the rural area system with its complexity and key tourism scientific issues, to strengthen research platforms and professional talents, to integrate multidisciplinary theories and technology methods, as well as to reinforce the ideas of data-driven and science-technology energization. It is also necessary to reveal the process, patten, mechanism, and rule of rural revitalization pushed by rural tourism in a deep-going way, to explore the development model and path of rural tourism revitalization with distinct Chinese characteristics, to continuously promote the deepening of theoretical research, practical application innovation and the development of rural tourism discipline, besides, to improve the academic research, innovation ability, service value, and internalization level of rural tourism.

通过系统的文献梳理,回顾总结了中国乡村旅游的研究历程,将其划分为初级化应用研究（1992—2005年）、多元化拓展研究（2006—2015年）和融合性深化研究（2016年至今）三个阶段,分析了各阶段的时代背景和研究价值取向,借助CiteSpace知识图谱分析,揭示了研究主题的变化过程与研究特征。结合新时代乡村振兴战略和旅游发展需求,阐述乡村旅游的基本特性,构建了新时代乡村旅游的研究框架,提出了主要科学问题,并对乡村旅游的研究趋向及其学术创新进行了展望。强调乡村性和游憩性构成了乡村旅游的基本特性。应围绕新时代的国家战略及高质量发展要求,紧跟国际学术前沿,立足于中国乡村旅游研究的本土实践,将产业、生态、文化、治理、生活作为核心要素,构建“五位一体”的乡村旅游研究基本框架;聚焦乡村地域系统及其复杂性、关键性旅游科学问题,加强研究平台与专业人才建设,综合集成多学科理论和技术方法,强化数据驱动与科技赋能,深入揭示乡村旅游推动乡村振兴的过程、格局、机制和规律,探索中国特色的乡村旅游振兴发展模式与路径;不断推动理论研究深化、实践应用创新和乡村旅游学发展,提高乡村旅游学术水平、创新能力、服务价值和国际化水平。

Rural revitalization is a new strategy to adapt to the new era. Rural tourism is a new type of industry combining traditional agriculture and tourism, based on the features of rural resources. In order to provide a new perspective for understanding the role of tourism in rural revitalization, the study generalizes what Wulingyuan District has done to get rid of poverty and adapt to the needs of the times, analyzes the practice mode of rural revitalization driven by tourism in Wulingyuan District from the three turns (industrial turn, management turn, and space turn). At last, the article summarizes the general mechanism and path of rural revitalization driven by tourism development. The results show that: 1) The development of tourism is the main channel and backbone of poverty alleviation in the poor regions with abundant resources to realize rural rejuvenation. The development and concentration of tourism in a region is based on local tourism resources. Meanwhile resource-rich areas rely on their own development advantages and have established corresponding popularity in the local area. 2) Wulingyuan has shifted from forestry development to tourism development, which provides a dynamic basis for achieving rural revitalization. The separation of management rights and administration authority in the scenic spots has promoted the development of rural economy. Meanwhile, the pattern of ‘scenic spot tourism, urban residential’ has accelerated the pace of rural revitalization in Wulingyuan District. 3) Wulingyuan District has formed a practical pattern of tourism industry, tourism city, integration of urban and rural, and rural revitalization. The Three Turns is not only a material change, but also an ideological improvement to optimize the regional industrial structure. With the continuous extension of the tourism industry chain, the flow of factors between urban and rural areas has been accelerated, and the gap between urban and rural areas has been continuously reduced. 4) Accelerating the innovation of tourism ecology, continuously increasing the income of farmers, and strengthening the construction of rural social infrastructure by taking the government as the leader can achieve the revitalization of rural in the resource-rich impoverished area. In accordance with the general requirements of industrial prosperity, ecological livability, rural civilization, effective governance, and affluent living, the government will take the lead in establishing a benefit distribution mechanism for cooperative construction.

归纳案例地为摆脱贫困适应时代需要的具体实践过程，从“三个转向”（产业转向、管理转向、空间转向）解析旅游驱动的乡村振兴实践，总结旅游业驱动乡村振兴的一般机制及路径，为理解旅游业在乡村振兴中发挥的作用提供新视角。研究发现：① 发展旅游业是旅游资源富足的贫困地区脱贫致富，实现乡村振兴的主渠道和中坚力量；② 武陵源区主导产业由林业转向旅游业这一过程，为实现乡村振兴实践提供动力基础；景区经营权与管理权的分离，促进乡村经济的发展；“景区游，城区住”的格局加速了武陵源区乡村振兴的步伐；③ 武陵源区在长期发展实践中形成了“旅游产业发展→旅游小镇发育壮大→乡村振兴→城乡融合”之实践模式；④ 加快推进旅游业态创新，不断增加农民收入，加强乡风建设，以政府为主导，加速基础设施建设是资源富足贫困地区实现乡村振兴的必由之路。

How to integrate poverty alleviation with Rural Revitalization Strategy with the help of tourism development is an important issue in the development of rural areas in the new era. In order to achieve this goal, we need to fully understand the unbalanced and inadequate development problems left over in the past tourism poverty alleviation, adhere to the rural orientation, establish the equal "mutual feeding" relationship between urban and rural areas, clarify the dialectical relationship between traditional village protection and rural revitalization, clarify the multiple logical relationship between rural nature, rural tourism and rural revitalization, and distinguish the regional differences and development stages. It is necessary to coordinate multiple subjects, respect villagers' rationality, enhance the citizenship of rural residents, and explore innovative development paths such as slow tourism, digital economy and rural tourism integration.

如何借助旅游发展将脱贫攻坚同乡村振兴战略有机结合起来,是新时代背景下乡村地区发展的重要议题。针对旅游扶贫与乡村振兴所面临的挑战与机遇,来自旅游学、人类学、社会学和地理学的10位专家依据“理论辨析—作用途径—作用模式”逻辑进行了跨学科研讨与对话。为实现这一目标,需要充分认识以往旅游扶贫中遗留的不均衡、不充分等发展问题,坚持乡村正位,确立城乡平等“互哺”的关系;厘清传统村落保护与乡村振兴的辩证关系,厘清乡村性、乡村旅游与乡村振兴之间的多重逻辑关系;区分明确区域差异和发展阶段差异,并因时因地制宜;需要协同多元主体,尊重村民理性,提升乡村居民公民性;探索慢旅游、数字经济与乡村旅游融合等创新发展路径。

Rural tourism has become a dazzling focus and breakthrough point in the rural revitalization strategy. Constructing a sustainable development evaluation system for mesoscale rural tourism destinations is of great significance and value. The evaluation system needs to take into consideration both the standards and the flexibility, the theory and the practice. This study uses the "attributive analysis and system integration" logical framework to construct a sustainable development evaluation system for rural tourism destinations based on the rural revitalization strategy and long-term tracking of rural tourism destinations in multiple regions. First, the essence of rural tourism destinations is broken down into three basic attributes: community, heritage, and tourism industry, which are corresponding to the subsystems of community development, heritage protection, and tourism development, respectively. The focus of this study is to construct the tourism development subsystem, while the community development and heritage protection subsystems have been built in a previous study. Based on the tourism geographic system model, the tourism development subsystem is involving four primary indicators, namely the destination system, the source market system, the tourism channel system, and the tourism support system. The analytic hierarchy process, the Delphi method, and the expert judgment matrix are used to make a scientific indicator system, including 31 secondary indicators that focus on rural scale with strong operability. Furthermore, through the integration of basic attributes and the use of the coupling coordination model, the comprehensive evaluation index and coordinated development degree are used to evaluate the sustainable development level of rural tourism destinations. Finally, through the evaluation of 10 rural tourism destinations in Guangzhou, Foshan, and Zhongshan in Guangdong Province, we confirmed that the evaluation system had good reliability, validity, and explanatory power. The sustainable development evaluation system of rural tourism destinations constructed by this research integrates rural revitalization strategy, tourism system theory, and heritage protection policy. It can not only effectively evaluate the sustainable development level of one rural tourism destination both from the whole system or different subsystems, but also assess the level of several villages of different types in different periods, which can enable time-space tracking and comparative research from the micro to the macro, and from static to dynamic perspective.

乡村旅游已成为乡村振兴战略中耀眼的着力点和突破点,因此构建兼顾标准性和灵活性、理论性和实践性的中观尺度乡村旅游地可持续发展评价体系具有重要意义。本研究使用“属性解析-系统整合”逻辑框架构建基于乡村振兴战略的乡村旅游地可持续发展评价体系。首先,将乡村旅游地解析出社区、遗产和旅游3个基本属性,分别对应社区发展、遗产保护和旅游发展子系统。依据旅游系统模型,采用层次分析法、德尔菲法和专家判断矩阵,重点构建旅游发展子系统指标体系,涵盖目的地、客源市场、旅游通道和旅游支持系统4个一级指标和具有较强操作性、聚焦乡村尺度的31个二级指标。进而,将子系统整合并引入耦合协调发展模型,使用综合评价指数和协调发展度进行乡村旅游地可持续发展水平评价。最后,通过测评广东10个乡村旅游地,验证该体系具有较好效度和区分度。

乡村文化与旅游产业融合在国内外日益兴盛,是实现乡村振兴的重要途径之一。本文基于产业融合背景,厘清了乡村文化与旅游产业融合的相关概念,从文化与旅游产业融合的理论与实践研究入手,对国内外乡村文化与旅游产业的融合机制、融合效应、融合模式、融合路径等方面研究进行系统梳理。研究发现：（1）乡村文旅融合研究具有突出的时代特征,在中西方语境中存在较大差异;（2）乡村文旅融合研究呈现出理论与实证并行的特点;（3）研究方向呈现多元化趋势。本文还提出了乡村文旅融合的研究展望,以期为乡村文旅产业融合的未来研究与发展提供启示。

Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered the new era. Problems such as unbalanced development between urban and rural and inadequate development in rural areas have become increasingly prominent. The implementation of the rural revitalization strategy is an inevitable requirement for resolving the contradictions between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life. With the rapid advancement of new industrialization and new urbanization, China's rural tourism has entered the era of big tourism instead of small and medium tourism. The development of rural tourism can effectively pursue the development strategy of the country in the new era, promote agricultural quality and efficiency, increase farmers' income, make the countryside prosperous and stable, and speed up the development of urban-rural integration. Therefore, it is an important way to realizing rural revitalization. This paper has reviewed the related research on rural revitalization led by rural tourism at home and abroad. In addition, it has grasped the new characteristics, new missions and new requirements of rural tourism development in the new era. Considering the basic situation of China as a developing economic power, and a large agricultural country with a large population, this paper has constructed a research framework of rural revitalization led by rural tourism in China in the new era, which integrates theories of geography, tourism, economics, sociology, management and other related disciplines. It has summarized the five key research contents of rural revitalization led by rural tourism, which contains study on theory and logic mechanism of rural revitalization led by rural tourism, study on the path of rural economy revitalization led by rural tourism, study on the path of rural ecological livability led by rural tourism, study on the path of reconstruction of rural governance system led by rural tourism and study on the policy system of rural revitalization led by rural tourism. The five key research contents cover the theoretical, practical and safeguard aspects, promote the development of urban-rural integration through interconnection, mutual influence and interaction, and ultimately realize the scientific, sustained, and healthy development of the rural revitalization strategy. In the new era, the key of rural revitalization led by rural tourism is to master and apply scientific methodology, to learn the wisdom and nutrition of scientific methodology, to construct a method system for multi-method comprehensive integration, and to ensure the authenticity of data collection and the scientificalness of data processing.

中国特色社会主义进入新时代,城乡发展不平衡、乡村发展不充分等问题日益突出,实施乡村振兴战略是解决人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间矛盾的必然要求。发展乡村旅游能够有力地契合和服务新时代国家发展战略,促进农业提质增效、农民增收致富、农村繁荣稳定,加快统筹城乡融合发展步伐,是实现乡村振兴的重要途径。系统梳理国内外乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的相关研究成果,针对内容深度相对薄弱、功能拓展比较泛化、时代特征不够显著等问题,把握新时代乡村旅游发展的新特点、新使命、新要求,充分考虑中国是一个发展中的经济大国、人口大国、农业大国的基本国情,构建了融合地理学、旅游学、经济学、社会学、管理学等相关学科理论的新时代中国乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的研究框架,归纳了乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的五个重点研究内容,即乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的学理和逻辑机理研究、乡村旅游引导乡村经济振兴的路径研究、乡村旅游引导乡村生态宜居的路径研究、乡村旅游引导乡村治理体系重构的路径研究、乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的政策体系研究。五个重点研究内容包括理论层面、实践层面和保障层面,在相互联系、相互影响、相互作用中共同促进城乡融合发展,实现乡村振兴的科学、持续、健康发展。掌握和运用科学的方法论,汲取科学方法论的智慧和营养,构建多方法综合集成的方法体系,确保数据采集的真实性和数据处理的科学性,是新时代乡村旅游引导乡村振兴研究的关键。

Rural regional system is a spatial system with certain structure, function and inter-regional relationship, which is composed of humanity, economy, resources and environment that are connected and interacted with each other. It is a regional multi-body system, including urban-rural integrity, rural synthesis, village-town organism, and housing-industry synergy. Targeting the rural regional system and supporting the rural revitalization strategy provides new opportunities and challenges for innovation of Chinese geography in the new era. Guided by the theory of regional system of human-land system and the science of human-land system, the research on rural revitalization geography should serve national strategy by finding solutions to problems hindering rural sustainable development, and make contribution to the comprehensive study of rural regional system structure, transformation process, evolution mechanism, differentiation pattern, regional function, and rural revitalization path and model under the interaction of surface's human-land system. There is an urgent requirement to better understand and reveal differences in the types of rural regional system and their differentiation law. Taking 39164 townships in China as research object, this paper used quantitative and qualitative methods to detect and identify the dominant factors that restrict the sustainable development of rural regional systems in China. Then we divided the types of Chinese rural regional systems, revealed the pattern of rural regional differentiation and further proposed scientific approaches to rural revitalization in different areas. Results demonstrate that topographic conditions, climate conditions, ruralization level, land resources endowment, population mobility and aging level are the dominant factors restricting the sustainable development of rural regional system, of which reflects the level of resource endowment, endogenous power and external aid of rural development. Through cluster analysis and spatial overlay of dominant factors, China's rural regional system can be divided into 12 first-class zones and 43 second-class zones. The first-class zones are named by means of 'geographical location + driving force of dominant factors', and the second-class zones are named by means of 'regional scope + driving force of dominant factors + economic development level'. The driving force of rural sustainable development in different regional types are varied. The regional pattern and path of rural revitalization in different types of areas are varied, and promoting the rural revitalization strategy should be based on local conditions to realize the coordination and sustainable development of rural economy, society, culture and ecosystem.

乡村地域系统是由人文、经济、资源与环境相互联系、相互作用下构成的、具有一定结构、功能和区际联系的乡村空间体系,是一个由城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体等组成的地域多体系统。以乡村地域系统为对象,服务支撑国家乡村振兴战略,为新时期地理学创新研究提供了新机遇和新挑战。乡村振兴地理学研究,亟需以问题为导向、战略为指向,以人地关系地域系统理论和人地系统科学为指导,致力于地表人地系统交互作用下乡村地域系统结构、转型过程、演变机理、分异格局、地域功能,以及乡村振兴途径与模式综合研究,科学把握乡村地域系统类型及其分异规律。本文以全国39164个乡镇为基本单元,采用定量和定性相结合的研究方法,诊断识别了制约中国乡村地域系统可持续发展的主导因子,划分了中国乡村地域系统类型,揭示了乡村地域系统分异格局,探明了不同类型区乡村振兴科学途径。结果表明：① 地理环境、村镇化水平、资源禀赋、人口流动程度和老龄化水平等是乡村地域系统分异的主导因子,反映了乡村发展自然本底特征以及外援动力、内生动力的大小。② 通过主导要素聚类和空间叠加分析,将中国乡村地域系统划分为12个一级区、43个二级区。一级区采用“地理区位+主导要素驱动力/约束力”的方法命名,二级区采用“地域范围+主导要素驱动力/约束力+乡村经济发展水平”命名。③ 不同类型区乡村振兴地域模式和路径不同,乡村振兴战略与规划的落地要因地制宜、分类施策。

The strategy of rural revitalization proposed at the 19th CPC National Congress is an inevitable choice to adapt to the changes of major social contradictions in China. The development of rural tourism is an important path to realize this great strategy. Through the dimensional deconstruction and dynamic mechanism analysis of the rural revitalization and rural tourism system, this paper analyzes the relationship between the two and the mechanism of action, and defines the coupling system of rural revitalization and rural tourism. Taking Fenghuang County, western Hunan Province as a case study, we constructed the evaluation index systems of rural revitalization and rural tourism. According to the panel data from 2001 to 2017, the comprehensive evaluation index, coordination degree and coordination development degree were calculated respectively. On this basis, the coupling process of rural revitalization and rural tourism system in Fenghuang County is divided into three stages, and the characteristics of the three stages are analyzed. The evolution process of the coupling system between rural revitalization and rural tourism is analyzed according to the evolution speed function and the "scissors difference", which reflects the changing trend of the two. The research shows that the interaction and interaction in the evolution process of rural revitalization and rural tourism system can be summarized as the coupling development process of pressure-embedding, adjustment and coordination, and the coupling evolution process reflects the cause-and-effect driving mechanism of cause-result-countermeasures. On this basis, the paper summarizes the realization path of rural revitalization and rural tourism, and puts forward that the design of policy system should be based on the evolution law and mechanism of rural revitalization and rural tourism system, and guide the coordinated development of the system by means of combining macro regulation and market regulation.

发展乡村旅游是实现乡村振兴这一伟大战略的重要路径选择。通过乡村振兴与乡村旅游体系维度解构及动力机制分析,解析了二者的相互关系及作用机制。以湘西凤凰县作为研究案例地,分别构建了乡村振兴评价指标体系和乡村旅游评价指标体系。根据2001—2017年面板数据,分别计算了其综合评价指数、协调度、协调发展度,依此将凤凰县乡村振兴-乡村旅游系统耦合过程划分为三个阶段,并分析了三个阶段的特征。根据演化速度函数及反映了二者变化趋势的差异的剪刀差,解析了乡村振兴-乡村旅游耦合系统的演化过程。通过案例研究,解释了乡村振兴-乡村旅游系统作用机制与演化规律,旨在为乡村振兴之乡村旅游路径选择提供政策参考。

As important carriers of Chinese civilization, traditional villages are endowed with rich and diversified values. Although the government and academia have implemented lots of programmes on protections and researches, the sustainable development still has a long way to go. Therefore, it is of profound significance to establish an evaluation system for the sustainable development of Chinese traditional villages and to evaluate the sustainable development level of Chinese traditional villages. Through long-term field survey of traditional villages, this study proposes that understanding the two basic attributes of community and heritage is the key to cognizing the sustainable development of traditional villages. Then it uses the analytic hierarchy process and Delphi method to construct the index system of community development subsystem and heritage protection subsystem, and applies an expert judgment matrix and the Delphi method to determine the index weights of the subsystems at all levels, and constructs the systems of data collection, assignment, and standardization for each secondary index. The comprehensive evaluation index is used to evaluate the development level of traditional villages, and determine the criteria for ranking. In order to better evaluate the sustainable development level of traditional Chinese villages, a coupling coordination model is further introduced to construct an evaluation system. Finally, through the evaluation of 10 traditional Lingnan villages in Guangzhou, Foshan and Zhongshan cities of Guangdong province, the validity of the index system is verified and further revised. This index system can not only promote the research paradigm of traditional villages, coupling degree and sustainable development assessment, but also widely guide and apply to the protection practices of traditional villages in China.

作为中华文明重要载体的传统村落具有丰富多元的价值,虽然政府与学界进行了大量保护与研究工作,但其可持续发展之路仍任重道远。因此建立中国传统村落可持续发展评价体系,准确评估其可持续发展水平具有重要理论与现实意义。通过对传统村落的长期实地调研,本文提出社区和遗产两个基本属性间协调关系是传统村落可持续发展的关键。本文使用层次分析法和德尔菲法构建社区发展和遗产保护子系统指标体系,采用专家判断矩阵和德尔菲法确定子系统指标权重,并构建详细的数据收集、赋分与标准化方法。为了更好的评价中国传统村落可持续发展水平,在采用综合评价指数评估传统村落综合发展水平的基础上,进一步引入耦合协调度模型构建可持续发展类型评价体系。最后,通过测评广东省广州市、佛山市和中山市10个岭南传统村落,检验该套指标体系具有较好效度,并进一步对指标体系进行修正。该评价体系不仅可以推进传统村落、耦合度、可持续发展评估研究范式,也可以广泛指导与应用于中国传统村落保护实践。

With the rapid urbanization process in China, the development of Chinese traditional villages presents a marginal characteristic compared with those urbanized areas. The paper studies 723 Chinese traditional villages, particularly in Hunan province. Along with the tool of ArcGIS 10.0, four key factors, namely, agricultural resources, economy, space composition and traffic system, have been carefully selected and used to investigate the impact of urbanization on the spatial distribution of villages. The study takes the scale of county as the basic unit. The core and edge regions of urbanization in Hunan province have been evaluated. The paper has superimposed two datasets, and the results show the marginalization tendency of traditional villages in Hunan province. Then the paper analyzes the formation mechanism of the marginalization feature of traditional villages, and puts forward some suggestions to help the conservation as well as sustaibable development of these Chinese heritages.

传统村落伴随快速城市化、城进乡退的进程,呈现出“边缘化”分布趋势。以湖南省723个传统村落为实证对象,借助ArcGIS 10.0技术平台,选取影响传统村落的农业资源、经济、空间及交通等四类因素,以县域为统计单元,对湖南省域进行核心—边缘区评价。将评价结果与传统村落分布进行叠加,结果显示湖南省传统村落分布呈现农业资源边缘化、经济边缘化、空间边缘化和交通边缘化特征,并分析传统村落分布“边缘化”特征形成机理,提出保护开发建议。

The collective memory of traditional villages carries the villages' traditional culture and people's nostalgia. Against the backdrop of rapid urbanization and mass migration, the rural culture and collective memory are facing the crisis of fading away. Studying the collective memory of traditional villages is of great significance in the aspects of rural planning, tourism development, rural memory project and so on. Taking the documentary Homesickness in Mind as study material, this paper selects the most representative 60 traditional villages, and adopts the literature analysis, content analysis and other research methods to build the three elements of collective memory in traditional villages, namely "subject, object and time" and makes a further discussion on these three elements. The main results are demonstrated as follows: (1) The subject elements are given priority to the middle aged and elderly ones, who has special appeal and emotional characteristics; (2) The object elements to be remembered include the substantial spatial information and figure-event clues, which conforms to the values highly praised by traditional villages; (3) The time element includes the peopl's perception indicator to time, which takes the events of natural cycle and natural environment as references, and also covers the time axis of collective memory, through the characteristic of which we could find that the collective memory of traditional villages mostly prevails in the initial-development, heyday and contemporary phases; (4) With the transition of productivity and people's lifestyle, the three elements of the traditional village collective memory are also in constant evolution. Finally, the application recommendations are proposed with the combination of rural planning practices and rural tourism.

传统村落的集体记忆承载着村庄的文化传统与人们的乡愁情感。但随着城镇化及其带来的大规模人口迁徙,使得这些记忆正面临巨大冲击。就此展开研究,对于乡村规划和发展、乡村记忆保存和传承等意义重大。归纳出集体记忆的社会选择性、动态重构性、媒介依赖性等属性后,构建传统村落集体记忆三要素的研究框架,即主体（记忆者）、客体（记忆对象）、时间,借助大型纪录片《记住乡愁》,选取60个典型的中国传统村落,采用内容分析等方法,探讨主体诉求及其相应的情感特征、客体如何承载传统价值以及时间演变中村落发展阶段划分等问题。并初步分析了随着生产生活方式的变迁,这三者是如何发生变化的,最后结合乡村规划和乡村旅游提出建议。

As an essential attribute, rurality is the key to the survival of the villages. However, in the face of intense internal and external restructuring and differentiation, their rurality has been damaged, neglected or even buried in different degrees. This paper takes 12 traditional villages in Suzhou as the research objects, divides them into four categories according to the development paths, and constructs an index system of traditional villages to evaluate their own rurality. The result shows that the traditional villages in Suzhou have basically maintained a high level in rurality. But the compositions of rurality in different development paths have different characteristics. Rurality of skill-based villages is enhanced and balanced, which is driven by industry. Rurality of tourism development villages is polarized in one-sided activation. Self-exploration of comprehensive development villages maintains balanced rurality. And life service-oriented villages face the danger of rurality decay in urban-rural interaction. It is believed that the protection and development of traditional villages should be guided by the overall balanced improvement of rurality and choose an appropriate development path.

乡村性作为乡村的本质属性,是村落得以存续的关键。在面临剧烈的内外部重组与分化中,传统村落乡村性受到了不同程度的损坏、忽视甚至埋没。以苏州12个国家传统村落为研究对象,根据发展路径将其划分四类,并通过构建传统村落乡村性评价指标体系对其进行乡村性评价。研究表明：苏州传统村落乡村性基本保持较高水平,但不同发展路径村落乡村性构成特征各异。传统技艺型村落在产业驱动下乡村性得到均衡增强,旅游发展型村落在片面激活中产生乡村性极化,综合开发型村落的自我探索维系着均衡的乡村性,生活服务型村落在城乡互动中面临乡村性衰败危险。传统村落的保护与发展要以乡村性的整体均衡提升为导向,选择适宜的发展路径。

The development of large-scale rural tourism has affected many areas of post-modern society, which has become a hot topic in the international research of tourism in the past 30 years. In this study, the literature on rural tourism was collected from the Elsevier ScienceDirect database since 2010 and analyzed. The conclusions are that: (1) The development of rural tourism under the economic value orientation is a hot topic for scholars in various countries. Based on the modern economic and industrial attributes of rural tourism, scholars have explored its development modes and paths, and studied the development conditions, resource utilization, product creation, market expansion, and influencing factors of rural tourism. In addition, scholars have examined the definition, measurement, and implementation of sustainable rural tourism development. (2) The motivation of rural tourists is diverse, the way and content of their experiences are different, and consumer satisfaction with services and products is an important factor affecting their loyalty. (3) Scholars have paid more attention to the development of rural enterprises and studied the application of information technology in rural tourism enterprises. Small business development faces various limitations, and innovation and cooperation are very important. (4) Residents have different attitudes towards the development of tourism. Community participation is the key factor to ensure the social equity of rural tourism development. The research in this field is often about facilitating participation. (5) Government intervention shows different effects from national macro-level control and local practices, and its research is often integrated with other fields. (6) Study on the impact of rural tourism presents critical thinking. In the empirical study of communities, the positive economic impact of tourism is questioned. Cultural change of destinations cannot be simply characterized as “negative” or “passive.” The social influence includes change in the thoughts of the residents, identity construction, and evolution of community relations, race, nationality, and national identity, among others. Overall, most international scholars regard rural tourism as an economic behavior. Tourism, as the carrier of modernization, has exerted a comprehensive and far-reaching influence on traditional villages. As a practice field of capital, rural tourism destination has produced a series of negative effects. It is necessary to reflect on relevant ethical issues in tourism development and theoretical construction. In view of these, Chinese scholars should reflect on the localization and reconstruction of the theories according to social needs, so as to provide a scientific basis for the development of rural tourism in China.

大规模乡村旅游的发展波及到后现代社会的诸多领域,已成为过去30年国际旅游学界研究的热点。本文搜集了Elsevier ScienceDirect数据库中2010年以来国外乡村旅游研究的相关期刊文献,通过分析得出：①经济价值取向下的乡村旅游发展是各国学者研究的热点。②乡村旅游者出游动机多样,体验方式及内容不同,对服务、产品的满意度是影响其忠诚度的重要因素。③乡村小企业发展具有局限性,创新和合作非常重要。④乡村居民对旅游业发展的态度不一,社区参与是保障乡村旅游发展、社会公平的关键因素,且该领域研究更多在于“如何参与”的问题。⑤政府干预存在国家宏观调控和地方实践效应的差异,其研究往往与其他领域研究相融合。⑥乡村旅游的影响研究呈现批判性特征,旅游的“正向”经济影响在社区层面的实证研究中受到质疑,目的地的文化变迁并不能简单地归结为“负面”“被动”的问题等。总之,国外学者多把乡村旅游视为“现代”经济行为,乡村旅游地作为资本、权力的实践场域也出现了一系列问题。鉴于此,中国学者应根据社会需求拓展乡村旅游研究领域、反思价值伦理问题,重构本土理论等,为中国乡村旅游发展提供依据。

The accelerating global warming enhanced the Arctic sea ice melting, which made it possible to explore energy resources in the Arctic region. This study firstly analyzed the energy trade structure in the pan-Arctic countries, covering Arctic countries and the observer countries. Secondly, it uses correlation analysis to extract the direct geopolitical factors including energy dependence, energy importance, energy security, and indirect geopolitical factors including national power (military power and foreign investment influence), climate and environmental protection and social inclusive development, which might influence the willingness of the pan-Arctic countries to exploit the Arctic energy. Finally, we apply fuzzy-set qualitative analysis (fs/QCA) to examine the driving mechanisms of these geopolitical factors on the willingness to exploit the Arctic energy. The results showed that: (1) Arctic countries mainly serve as energy exporter while observer countries mainly serve as energy importer. The amount of China's energy imported from Arctic counties is small at current stage, but with a huge potential. (2) Energy dependence, energy importance, national power and social inclusive development are significantly correlated with the willingness on Arctic energy exploitation, acting as key geopolitical factors. (3) Key geopolitical factors drive or impede the willingness on Arctic energy exploitation through three major pathways, among which, national power together with energy dependence or energy importance behave as the major driving forces for most of the pan-Arctic countries, large countries in particular, such as Russia, USA, China and India. The second pathway is driven by national power but restricted by social inclusive development, including most European countries and Canada. The third pathway is mainly driven by energy importance while restricted by social inclusive development, mainly including Norway. Finally, this study provided coping strategies and suggestions on China's participating Arctic energy exploitation based on the energy trade structure and the driving mechanisms.

全球气候变暖加速了北极海冰的融化,使得北极能源开发变成可能,大大激发了泛北极国家参与北极能源开发的积极性。本文在分析了泛北极国家（北极8国和13个观察员国）能源贸易格局的基础上;利用相关性分析方法,明确了影响北极能源的关键地缘要素;并通过模糊定性分析（fs/QCA）,揭示了关键地缘要素及其组合对不同国家开发或参与开发北极能源的驱动机制。结果表明：① 北极国家多为能源输出国,而北极观察员国多为能源进口国;中国从北极国家能源进口量较少,潜力较大;② 能源依赖性、能源重要性、军事力量、对外投资影响力和国家包容性是影响泛北极国家开发北极能源的关键地缘要素,而气候表现和环保指数与北极能源开发的关系并不显著;③ 关键地缘要素的作用路径主要包括：一是以能源依赖性、能源重要性和军事力量为主要驱动,包括俄罗斯、中国、美国、印度、日本和韩国等国家;二是受到包容性发展限制的、以大国力量为驱动的西欧国家;三是以能源重要性为驱动的北欧国家。基于以上研究结果,本文提出了中国参与北极能源开发的对策建议。

The development of red tourism resources has both individual and group significance. It is an important way to realize national identity. This study adopts the method of multi-variable interaction fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis, takes the national identity of tourists as the result variable, constructs social memory (character memory, environmental memory, time memory, spatial memory), scenic image (attraction image, facility environment image, cultural and creative publicity image), tourism experience and perceived value as the antecedent variables, and explores the combination of antecedents conditions and multiple paths that affect national identity. The results show that: (1) For single factor, although the consistency of character memory is relatively high, all single factors can not constitute the necessary and sufficient conditions of national identity. (2) There are 512 condition combinations generated by 9 variables; there are 11 path combinations that meet the conditions, with an overall coverage rate of 0.8916; 4 pathways have formed, namely, space environmental model, image value model, history experience model and time synthesis model, which can well explain the combination of influencing factors of national identity in red tourism destination. (3) Character memory appears in all path combinations, and all the combinations contain at least one other secondary dimension of social memory, such as environment, time, or spatial memory. When all the four secondary dimensions of social memory appear, the path with the highest original coverage rate is produced. (4) In the six paths with the original coverage rate of more than 20%, the secondary elements of social memory and the image of scenic spots are included at the same time; in the five paths with the original coverage rate of lower than 20%, the image of facilities and environment is "definitely not included". The research offers reference for the high-quality development of red tourism destinations in the New Era.

红色旅游资源及其开发具有个体和群体意义,是国家认同实现的重要途径。采用多变量交互作用的模糊集定性比较分析方法,以游客国家认同为结果变量,构建社会记忆（人物记忆、环境记忆、时间记忆、空间记忆）、景区形象（吸引物形象、设施环境形象、文创宣传形象）、旅游体验、感知价值为前因变量,探索影响国家认同的前因条件组合与多元路径。研究结果表明：（1）对于单项因素来说,虽然人物记忆的一致性相对较高,但所有单因素都无法构成国家认同的充要条件。（2）9个变量共产生512种条件组合,满足条件的路径组合共11条,总体覆盖率为0.8916,构成了空间环境模式、形象价值模式、历史体验模式和时间综合模式四大类路径模式。（3）人物记忆出现在所有路径组合中,且所有组合同时包含至少一个社会记忆下的其他的二级维度,例如环境、时间或空间记忆。当社会记忆的四个二级维度全部出现时,产生了原始覆盖率最高的路径组合。（4）在原始覆盖率大于20%的6条路径中,都同时包含社会记忆和景区形象中的二级要素;在原始覆盖率小于20%的5条路径中,皆“一定不包含”设施环境形象。本文为红色旅游目的地在新格局下的高质量发展提供了理论参照。

Tourist environmentally responsible behavior is of great significance for the sustainable development of rural tourism and the sustainable poverty alleviation of rural residents. Based on the theory of emotional solidarity, this study explores the predictive effect of tourists’ emotional solidarity on their environmentally responsible behavior. Taking the traditional villages in southeastern Shanxi Province as a case study, this paper uses qualitative and quantitative research methods to test the dimensions of tourists' environmentally responsible behavior and the existence of the influencing path of "emotional solidarity- environmentally responsible behavior". The results show that: (1) In the context of traditional villages' homestay inn, tourist environmentally responsible behavior includes not only ecological environmentally responsible behavior, but also social and economic environmentally responsible behavior. (2) The emotional solidarity between tourists and homestay inn owners can significantly affect tourist environmentally responsible behavior, and the ranking of influence significance is ecological, social, and economic environmentally responsible behavior. (3) The influencing significance ranking of the three second-order constructs of emotional solidarity on tourist environmentally responsible behavior is sympathetic understanding, emotional closeness, and felling welcomed. The research expands the application scope of the theory of emotional solidarity, provides a new perspective for the research of tourists' environmentally responsible behavior, and also provides practical enlightenment for rural tourism destinations to stimulate tourist environmentally responsible behavior.

旅游者环境负责任行为对乡村旅游的高质量发展意义重大。本文基于情感凝聚理论,探讨旅游者与民宿主之间的情感凝聚对其环境负责任行为的预测效果。以晋东南地区传统村落为案例地收集数据,采用定性和定量相结合的研究方法,对乡村民宿情境下,旅游者环境负责任行为的维度及“情感凝聚—环境负责任行为”影响路径的存在与否,进行实证检验。结果显示：（1）乡村民宿情境下,旅游者环境负责任行为既包括生态环境负责任行为,亦包括社会环境负责任行为和经济环境负责任行为;（2）旅游者与民宿主之间的情感凝聚能够显著促进其环境负责任行为,影响程度从高到低依次是生态环境负责任行为、社会环境负责任行为和经济环境负责任行为;（3）情感凝聚的3个二阶构念对旅游者环境负责任行为的影响程度从高到低依次是同情理解、情感亲密度和受欢迎程度。本文拓展了情感凝聚理论的应用范畴,为旅游者环境负责任行为相关研究提供了新的视角,亦为乡村旅游目的地政府和企业激发旅游者环境负责任行为提供了实践启示。

Since they were inscribed on the World Cultural Heritage List, ancient villages in rural China, which used to be relatively stable and closed communities, have embraced economic change that happened to the ways of life for the local residents as a result of the newly introduced economy and the flood of visitors. This paper takes Diaolou complex, a UNESCO Would Heritage site in China as a case study. It is found, after a seven-year study, that there is a significant correlation between the level of tourism development and the civic participation of local village residents. In this paper, a comparison is made between the conditions in three different ancient villages before and after they were recognized as World Cultural Heritage Sites. With a further analysis of the data provided by the current local authorities and travel agencies concerning the main sources of income and the new economic structure, we found that there are some discrepancies in tourism development among the three ancient villages. Furthermore, to provide a plausible explanation of the interaction between tourism development and the construction of local civil society and citizenship, this paper first articulates the concept of "citizenship" in the literature, and then examines the results from in-depth interviews and field researches.It is found that tourism development does bring about citizenship, viewed as a universal value, in the three adjacent ancient villages with similar governance patterns and similar traditions. In explaining the cultivation process and transformation mechanism of citizenship in traditional Chinese societies, this paper contributes to the studies in moral geography in China.

中国古村落是一个相对稳定和封闭的微社会,但当古村落作为世界文化遗产地得到旅游开发后,新的经济方式的介入以及大量游客的进入,对古村落村民的思想、生活等产生了重大冲击。研究发现,世界文化遗产地开平碉楼群随着旅游开发程度的不同,所在地村民呈现出公民性的差异。研究借助所建构的“公民性”指标,在证明旅游作为3个已开发古村落的主要经济驱动力的情况下,指出旅游开发越充分的古村落,村民的公民性越强。从而揭示出旅游作为一种改变古村落经济模式的主要驱动力,在中国3个地理位置毗邻、治理模式一致、风土民情相似的古村落中,因其发展带来了“公民性”普世伦理的出现。该研究回答了“公民性”这一普世的人类文明标尺在中国传统社会中产生的过程和机制,研究价值层面或对中国尚显薄弱的道德地理学的发展具有一定裨益。