地理学报, 2023, 78(12): 3000-3017 doi: 10.11821/dlxb202312006

产业与区域发展

珠三角城市群电子计算机产业链与创新链融合空间格局与演化路径

龚忠杰,1,2, 马丽,1,2

1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 中国科学院区域可持续发展分析与模拟重点实验室,北京 100101

2.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100049

Spatial integration and path evolution of electronic computer industry production chain and innovation chain in the Pearl River Delta

GONG Zhongjie,1,2, MA Li,1,2

1. Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

2. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

通讯作者: 马丽(1975-), 女, 山西祁县人, 博士, 副研究员, 硕士生导师, 主要从事经济地理与区域发展研究。E-mail: mali@igsnrr.ac.cn

收稿日期: 2022-10-14   修回日期: 2023-07-7  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金项目(42071158)

Received: 2022-10-14   Revised: 2023-07-7  

Fund supported: National Natural Science Foundation of China(42071158)

作者简介 About authors

龚忠杰(1999-), 男, 四川宜宾人, 硕士生, 主要从事创新与工业转型研究。E-mail: gongzhongjie1911@igsnrr.ac.cn

摘要

产业链与创新链融合发展是提升产业竞争力和高质量发展的关键,但其具有部门和空间属性,且随着产业分工的深化,不同生产单元两链融合的方式与格局不同。本文以珠三角城市群电子计算机产业链为研究对象,基于细分行业的专利申请数据与企业数据,运用区位商、加权平均等方法分析了2010—2020年不同环节的生产中心和创新中心空间格局演化特征。结果表明:珠三角城市群电子计算机产业在生产与创新方面已经形成了非常明确的分工格局,肇庆、江门等后发边缘城市在上游行业的创新优势强但生产优势弱;东莞、广州等先发核心城市则在产业中下游有较强的生产优势与创新优势。在产业分工与升级背景下,肇庆、江门等后发边缘城市通过技术追赶在电子元器件等上游环节形成创新中心,但在区位粘性、路径依赖作用下,上游环节的生产中心依然集中在东莞、佛山等先发城市;物联网技术、软件开发等下游高附加值环节受市场影响,其创新中心与生产中心则在广州、深圳等先发核心城市集中。本文从实证角度探讨了产业分工与升级背景下珠三角城市群电子计算机产业链产创融合空间动态变化机理,对地方和国家电子计算机产业的高质量发展与竞争力提升具有重要意义。

关键词: 电子计算机产业链; 生产链; 创新链; 融合; 珠三角城市群

Abstract

The integration of production chain and innovation chain is the key to enhancing industrial competitiveness and promoting high-quality development. However, the integration has sectoral and spatial configuration, which shows different coupling patterns in different production sectors and locations. With the deepening of industrial divisions, the sectoral and spatial differences increase. The electronic computer industry, a typical knowledge and technology intensive industry with the long production chain and huge innovation outputs, is the best object for studying the integration of production and innovation chains. In order to understand the evolution path and spatial integration pattern of industrial production and innovation, this paper takes the Pearl River Delta (PRD) as the research study, analyzes the spatial pattern and evolution characteristics of production centers and innovation centers in different sectors from 2010 to 2020 by the means of location quotient and weighted average based on the patent application data and enterprise data. The results show that the electronic computer industry in the PRD has formed a clear industrial division in production and innovation. Late-developing edge cities such as Zhaoqing and Jiangmen have strong innovation advantages in the upstream sectors of industry, but their production advantages are weak. Dongguan, Guangzhou and other core cities have strong production advantages and innovation advantages in the middle and lower reaches of industry. Economic globalization promoted the horizontal and vertical division of electronic computer industry, which makes late-developing edge cities such as Zhaoqing and Jiangmen gain international and domestic technical diffusion and become innovation centers in upstream sectors with low technical threshold such as electronic components through technical catch-up. However, due to location stickiness and path dependence, the production centers of upstream sectors are still concentrated in early-developed cities such as Dongguan and Foshan. As for the downstream sectors such as Internet of Things technology and software, their innovation and production centers are normally concentrated in the core cities such as Guangzhou and Shenzhen with larger market size and higher activation. As an empirical study, this paper discusses the mechanism of spatial dynamic change of electronic computer industry chain in the PRD under the background of industrial division and upgrading, which is of great significance to the high-quality development and competitiveness improvement of local and national computer industry.

Keywords: electronic computer industry; production chain; innovation chain; integration; Pearl River Delta

PDF (4589KB) 元数据 多维度评价 相关文章 导出 EndNote| Ris| Bibtex  收藏本文

本文引用格式

龚忠杰, 马丽. 珠三角城市群电子计算机产业链与创新链融合空间格局与演化路径. 地理学报, 2023, 78(12): 3000-3017 doi:10.11821/dlxb202312006

GONG Zhongjie, MA Li. Spatial integration and path evolution of electronic computer industry production chain and innovation chain in the Pearl River Delta. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2023, 78(12): 3000-3017 doi:10.11821/dlxb202312006

1 引言

2008年金融危机后,发达国家制造业回流、全球产业分工格局重塑等国际产业新形势对中国产业发展带来冲击,同时本国发展阶段的跨越也使产业发展面临更多挑战[1]。在“生态文明”“美丽中国”等战略驱动下,改变传统的“两高一低”发展模式,推动产业创新和绿色转型已成为中国产业发展的必然选择。在此背景下,习近平总书记强调要“围绕产业链部署创新链、围绕创新链布局产业链,推动经济高质量发展迈出更大步伐”[2],希望通过产业链创新链融合提升产业附加值,促进产业链供应链现代化发展,增强产业综合竞争力,进而推动中国经济发展从要素驱动向创新驱动的转变。因此,针对区域优势产业部门探析其产业链创新链融合的特征与空间格局,对于区域产创融合建设具有重大意义。

产业链理论最早源于亚当斯密对劳动力专业化与产业分工关系的论述[3]。第一次工业革命后大量工业部门出现地理集聚现象,产业分工也被赋予地理意义。国外诸多学者从生产关系、商品构成以及附加价值等角度对产业分工进行了探讨,产业链衍生出“生产链”“价值链”[4-5]等含义。其中经济学界学者主要从产业链的形成机制[6]、产业链的构成[7]、产业链管理[8]等方面开展研究,认为产业链是在社会分工、市场交易作用下形成的多维链条集合,是供需关系、企业关系、价值关系的共同体现,具有层级、网络等多种治理方式;而地理学界则更关注产业链的空间布局[9]、产业链的地域分工[10]以及区域产业的协同与升级[11],在产业集群[12]、企业布局[13]、产业链的区域影响[14]等方面研究较为深入。产业集群被认为是产业链的重要空间载体,链上各环节的空间布局差异是集聚经济、地租等多方因素作用的结果。20世纪80年代起,伴随全球化、信息化的不断深入,“分包”“离岸”等产业组织手段开始兴起,产业链可垂直分离与空间配置,全球价值链(GVC)、全球生产网络(GPN)等理论兴起[15-16],地方企业和产业链通过复杂广泛的经济联系融入新的网络结构,使产业链的空间维度从地方向全球扩展。一方面,地方产业集群可通过积极融入全球生产网络引导集群的竞争力和价值攀升[17];另一方面,不同空间尺度之间的企业、政府、金融制度机构等多方主体的战略耦合也会影响地方产业的发展[18]。在此背景下,地方产业链与创新链的布局也出现了国家、企业等多层次的解释。国家尺度方面,雁行理论总结出先发国家可以通过低端环节生产的向外转移以及技术输出为后发国家提供产业升级机会的国家间产业升级路径[19-20];国家内部和集群内部的部分研究也证实了该现象的存在,并指出该演进规律还受到标准化生产、区域政策等因素影响[21]。企业尺度方面,GPN理论则从网络关系、行动者策略以及地方制度环境等方面出发,指出地方企业升级一方面被动地受全球生产分工的影响,另一方面也可以通过主动调动区域资源与生产网络中的其他行动者产生联系,进而引导升级[22-23]。因此,后发城市的产业升级不仅与先发城市的产业转移有关,而且在区域外的技术转移、自身发展策略等多方因素作用下,后发城市也可能跨越低端锁定,在高端环节占据一定地位[24]

在此过程中,部分学者关注了产业链的创新格局以及产业升级过程中的创新因素。如Stephan从创新系统角度剖析了日本锂电池产业链各环节的创新发展态势[25];王玥等对全球地理信息产业创新链结构进行了剖析[26]。而依托熊彼特的创新理论,诸多学者也针对创新驱动产业升级的效应与机制进行了分析,发现创新驱动产业升级具有滞后效应[27]和部门差异[28];部分学者也对产业创新的影响因素[29]、产业创新的生态效应[30]、创新的作用路径[31]等进行研究,形成了演化经济地理学视角下的产业创新研究体系,并认为产业集群的产生受区位、制度等多方因素影响具有一定的偶然性,集群演化则会受到技术创新和政策的引导,具有路径依赖的特征[32]。而在全球分工背景下,创新依然是解释产业升级与格局演变的重要因素,如GVC理论认为“制度—技术”协同可推进产业集群的演进[33],GPN理论则从技术差距与战略耦合关系对区域产业升级进行解释[34]

总结来看,当前学界对产业分工与升级的研究相对较多,但结合产业链部门进行产创优势分析的研究依然较少,且多以理论分析为主阐述产业链与创新链融合过程中的矛盾与问题[35],并重点关注解决的政策与实现路径。少数文献虽然从实证角度分析了产业链创新格局,但也并未将生产与创新相结合,缺乏对产业链上生产与创新关系动态变化的解释,且多以定性为主,定量分析较少。此外,当前学界基于多种理论对产业集群的演进过程进行了详细分析,但其对城市群或集群内产业分工与升级过程的解释力度依然值得探讨。电子计算机产业作为典型的知识密集型与技术密集型产业,产业链长、创新产出多[36],是研究产业链和产业创新的良好对象。珠三角地区作为中国改革开放前沿,自20世纪80年代起就积极承接中国台湾、日本、美国等地电子计算机产业转移,目前已建设成为中国乃至全球电子计算机产业最为成熟、产业链组织最为完善的地区之一[37]。同时,在良好的投资环境和高密度人才集聚作用下,珠三角电子计算机产业也经历了从模仿学习到自主创新的转变[38],并在珠三角内部形成了良好的产业分工格局,成为全球电子计算机生产网络中的重要节点。在此过程中,电子计算机产业链的生产和创新如何演变?不同生产单元与创新单元在产业链分工重组过程中是保持匹配还是错位?其背后的理论机理是什么?解析这些问题对于中国科学部署产业链和创新链具有重要意义。

因此,本文以珠三角城市群电子计算机产业链为例,采用定性和定量分析相结合的方式对产业链的上中下游进行判别,刻画其创新与生产的动态变化格局,最后通过理论联系实际的方法,对产业链各环节生产中心与创新中心的演化路径和匹配关系进行解释,以期丰富产业链创新研究成果,并为珠三角地区电子计算机产业链的转型升级提供参考和建议。

2 理论基础与研究方法

2.1 理论基础

产业分工是区域提升生产效率,推进技术更迭,实现经济一体化发展的重要手段和途径[39]。这种分工是生产重组与技术重组共同的结果[40]。根据技术创新的“A-U”曲线,伴随行业从兴起走向成熟,某一产品的工艺创新能力将呈现从增长到衰退稳定的倒“U”型结构[41]。而在产业链升级背景下,城市在上游行业创新衰退的同时将开启附加值更高的下游行业创新,从而进入下游产品的技术演化曲线,反映了产业演进过程中技术创新能力的变化。实际上,行业的生产过程也呈现同样的倒“U”型结构,并伴随产业升级呈现出与技术演进相似的变化趋势[42]。但由于技术创新转化为生产能力具有时滞性,生产曲线相较于创新曲线将向右下方移动(图1)。当先发城市在已有标准化或低附加值生产环节边际收益递减到一定幅度时,为推动产业升级将会把低端技术和生产环节向外转移。后发城市在接收相应技术后,将在这些环节开展生产追赶和创新累积与追赶。但受创新转化周期以及城市接受能力差异等因素影响,在产业链分工过程中,技术中心和生产中心的转移将呈现不同步现象。

图1

图1   产业链升级过程创新能力与生产能力的动态演化

Fig. 1   Dynamic evolution of innovation capability and production capability in the process of industrial chain upgrading


现实中的产业分工和升级进程更为复杂,集聚效应、龙头企业等外在因素将对生产和创新转移进程产生重大影响。在行业生产角度,尽管集聚效应会促使生产要素、创新要素在少数地区集中,但当技术发展到一定水平,行业的经济增长始终会趋于收敛[43]。此时,城市将进入产业升级环节,并推动低端生产环节向外转移从而为产业高级化让出空间。在地理距离作用下,周边城市将作为低附加值环节的首要承接地,在集聚作用下成长为新的生产中心。同时,核心城市则将新的发展重心瞄准高附加值环节以维持其在产业链中的领先优势[44]。但已有研究表明,尽管落后地区拥有劳动力、资源等比较优势,产业转移也并不一定会形成新的生产中心。在路径依赖、区位粘性、后发城市的技术成熟度等外在因素作用下,大规模的生产可能依然在核心城市开展,短期内无法动摇[45]。有学者研究发现尽管零部件制造等低附加值环节出现了近域扩散现象,但大规模的生产活动依然集中在核心地区[13]。在技术演变角度,虽然上游核心部件的研发与标准制订以及下游的品牌营销与服务具有较高附加值,位于微笑曲线两端,但就产品制造而言,电子计算机产业上中下游依然遵循附加值从低到高的规律[18,46]。因此,核心城市技术扩散的过程也具有了部门和空间特征[47]。高附加值生产环节技术受技术门槛和环境限制,转移难度远高于标准化或低附加值环节的技术转移。随着核心城市的产业升级,上游低附加值零部件生产环节的创新投入将被高附加值产品的创新投入挤占,从而使核心城市在上游的创新力下滑;而边缘城市通过技术引进、模仿等获得了产业发展的技术基础,极大地缩短了技术累积周期,进而促进创新投入和自主创新能力增强而成为上游部门的创新中心。但需注意,经济全球化下边缘城市可以通过全球生产网络与区域外建立联系来发展下游高附加环节;各地区专业化的子模块企业为取得垄断优势,也会对高附加值环节进行技术探索,从而使下游环节的创新与生产方面的后发优势增强。因此,随着产业分工的深入,创新分布既有符合产业分工的空间层级性,也存在一定的滞后性和差异性,从而使产业链不同单元生产中心与创新中心的空间耦合关系呈现部门和空间差异。

总结来看,区域产业分工与升级一方面受到区域内不同城市政策、区位等因素影响;另一方面,在经济全球化作用下,还将受到区域外生产和技术转移的冲击,使不同城市在产业链的不同价值环节出现差异化分工与升级,从而使产业链各环节在空间上出现产创分离或产创匹配的特征(图2)。

图2

图2   理论分析框架

Fig. 2   Theoretical analysis framework


2.2 数据来源与处理

研究区域为珠三角城市群,包括广州、深圳等9个地级行政单元。基于相关研究,根据不同城市经济发展实力与地理区位[48-49],将广州、深圳定义为核心城市;东莞、珠海、佛山、中山定义为周边城市;肇庆、江门以及惠州为边缘城市。为识别珠三角计算机产业链,鉴于产业链部门构成的时间和区域差异较小,因此以国家统计局公布的2017年全国149部门的投入产出表作为产业链识别依据。同时,通过Incopat数据库(https://www.incopat.com/)获取珠三角9市2010—2020年所有专利申请数据,并根据产业链识别结果清洗出计算机产业链各部门的专利申请数量,以表征产业链创新情况。对于产业链不同环节的生产数据,鉴于细分部门连续产值数据较难获取,且部分部门数据缺乏单独统计,故以计算机产业链各环节部门企业数反映生产能力,数据主要来源于企查查官网(https://www.qcc.com/)。

2.3 研究方法

2.3.1 产业链界定方法

投入产出分析法由列昂惕夫提出,通过编制投入产出表及建立相关数学模型以反映城市或区域各经济部门(产业)之间的相互关系。通过多年来的应用和完善,该方法已成为研究区域产业结构、区域间相互作用以及产业间关系的重要手段[50]。本文利用2017年全国149个行业部门的投入产出表计算各部门的完全消耗系数和完全分配系数。完全消耗系数是某一部门每提供1个单位的最终产品需要完全消耗各部门的产品或服务的数量;完全分配系数则是某部门对其他部门生产的贡献量占比,可以反映某产业对其他产业的推动作用。根据完全消耗系数和完全分配系数可以初步确定计算机产业的前向联系与后向联系部门,具体计算过程如下:

直接消耗系数是某行业在生产过程中所直接消耗其他行业的中间投入量,计算公式为:

aij=xijXj      (i, j=1, 2, , n)

式中:aij为直接消耗系数;xijXj分别代表j产业单位产出对i产业的直接产品消耗以及j产业单位生产过程中的总价值投入;将直接消耗系数矩阵记为A

完全消耗系数是某部门j完成一个单位产出时,对第i个部门产品或服务的直接和间接消耗之和,可以通过直接消耗系数对完全消耗系数矩阵进行计算:

B=I-A-1-I

式中:A为直接消耗系数矩阵;I为单位矩阵;B为完全消耗系数矩阵。完全分配系数计算是完全消耗系数的行计算过程,具体计算参考王莉莉等[50]的做法。

2.3.2 创新中心与生产中心确定方法

参考已有研究[51],本文同时考虑行业的比较优势和增长优势对中心加以判别。首先采用区位商指数作为反映行业优势度的指标;其次将研究期划分为2010—2015年、2015—2020年两个时段,分别计算各时段各城市在各环节的区位商均值以及年均增长率均值;最后对区位商均值、年均增长率进行归一化处理,综合考虑区位商绝对值和增长率,分别赋予0.7、0.3的权重,加权求和后获得各城市各行业在各时段的综合得分,将得分最高的城市作为该行业的中心。具体计算公式如下:

LQij=qijqiQjQ

式中:LQij表示i城市j产业的区位商;qiji城市j产业的企业数量或专利数量;qi为企业或专利总数;Qj代表整个地区在j产业的企业数或专利数;Q为地区企业或专利的总数。LQij > 1,则表明某城市某行业相对于区域整体在该行业具有相对优势,LQij越大,优势也越明显,反之则反。

Sij=α×LQijt¯+β×VLQijt¯

式中:Sij表示i城市j产业在考虑优势规模与优势增速后的中心指数;LQijt¯i城市j产业在t时段的平均区位商的归一化结果;VLQijt¯i城市j产业在t时段区位商的平均增长速度的归一化结果;αβ为权重系数。

3 珠三角地区电子计算机产业链识别及产创分布格局

3.1 电子计算机产业链识别结果

根据电子计算机产业与其他部门的完全消耗系数与分配系数,确定完全消耗系数排名前4位的部门以及完全分配系数前4位的部门(表1)。从前向联系部门看,电子计算机制造对电子元器件的需求最高,完全消耗系数达到1.09;计算机制造产业本身及有色金属合金制造紧随其后,共同构成了电子计算机生产过程需求最高的3个行业部门。从完全分配系数看,当各部门每增加1单位产品时,对计算机产业需求排名前4的产业分别为计算机制造自身以及商业服务、专业技术服务和软件服务业。因此初步确定计算机产业的上游部门为电子元器件及相关材料生产,而下游部门主要包括商业服务、专业技术服务和软件服务3个部门。

表1   电子计算机产业前向完全消耗系数与后向完全分配系数排名前4的部门

Tab. 1  Top four sectors in the electronic computer industry in terms of forward complete consumption coefficient and backward complete distribution coefficient

联系方向联系完全消耗系数与完全分配系数排名前4的部门
前向联系电子器件制造(1.09)、计算机制造(0.13)、有色金属合金制造(0.10)、批发(0.09)
后向联系计算机制造(0.13)、商务服务(0.11)、专业技术服务(0.10)、软件服务(0.05)

新窗口打开| 下载CSV


虽然投入产出分析可以初步确定产业链上下游关系,但可能会忽略电子计算机在真实生产中的组织过程,进而对链上产业部门造成忽略或误判。为进一步确认电子计算机产业链的部门组成,本文在了解计算机构成的基础上,结合定量分析结果,并参考已有研究将电子计算机产业链划分为3个部分[13],即上游材料元件制造、中游部件组装以及下游软件开发与服务3个环节(图3)。电子计算机产业上游主要包括材料制造以及各类零部件制造,其中电子专用材料业所生产的半导体材料、电子化工材料等是各类元器件制造的基础材料,电子真空元件、显示器、半导体器件以及光电子器件是计算机终端显示的关键零件,集成电路、电阻电容等则是计算机主板、电源以及中央处理器(CPU)的重要组成部分,而电声器件则在外部音响装置中有着重要作用。基于此确定出包括2个中类13个小类在内的产业链上游部门;电子计算机产业中游是将零件组成部件并进行整机组装的过程,主要涉及行业为计算机制造的6个部门;而电子计算机产业下游主要聚焦软件开发和信息服务。定量分析结果显示,下游涉及到的产业主要包括软件服务和专业技术服务,但由于专业技术服务和商务服务主要面向于服务过程,专利创新表现并不明显,因此本文将电子计算机产业下游确定为包括软件开发、数字服务在内的4个中类10个小类行业部门。

图3

图3   电子计算机产业链构成

Fig. 3   Composition of electronic computer industry chain


3.2 电子计算机产业创新链时空分布格局

凭借早年的生产和技术积累,珠三角地区的电子计算机产业已经形成了相对完备的资金、人才、研发、测试等创新平台,创新产出相对集中且随产业规模扩张而高速增长。2010—2020年珠三角城市群电子计算机产业专利申请数量从70198件增加到296727件,各市专利申请数量也以倍数增长。但这种增长格局在不同城市和产业链不同环节的分布格局不同(图4)。

图4

图4   2010—2020年珠三角城市群电子计算机产业专利分布情况

Fig. 4   Distribution of electronic computer industry patents in the Pearl River Delta from 2010 to 2020


(1)深圳作为中国南方信息技术(IT)行业最为发达的城市之一,电子计算机产业创新源地的地位极为突出。2010年深圳电子计算机产业的专利申请数量就已突破50000件,占到整个珠三角城市群的83%。但随着区域内产业分工格局的推进,广州、东莞等城市电子计算机产业的发展以及部分生产环节向珠海、惠州等周边城市外溢,带动其他城市电子计算机创新能力增强。2010—2020年深圳电子计算机产业专利申请在珠三角城市群中的占比不断下降,到2020年该占比已不到60%;广州在2013年专利申请占比首次突破10%后,2020年已达到22.3%,成为仅次于深圳的电子计算机产业创新集聚地。东莞在2015年专利申请占比也达到了13%,珠海的专利申请数占比也在5%以上,而更外围的江门、肇庆的专利申请占比不足1%。

(2)电子计算机产业链上不同环节的创新分布也不均衡。根据图3的产业链识别结果,从7个三位数行业代码统计上中下游不同环节的专利申请数。整体看,珠三角电子计算机产业创新主要集中在产业链下游环节。2010—2020年下游软件应用类部门的专利申请数占比一直维持在45%以上,整机制造、外围设备制造等中游制造环节的创新产出位居其后,上游的创新产出占比则常年维持在18%左右。从动态变化看,上游的创新产出占比在2013年前存在短暂上升,2014—2016年则在急剧下降后维持在15%的水平,近年来上游占比再次回升;中游的专利占比在研究期内则表现出持续下降趋势,占比从2010年的32.7%下降至2020年的28.9%;下游专利产出占比在波动中攀升,2014年后下游专利占比已上升至50%以上。

(3)各城市电子计算机产业的创新行业结构也不同。目前大多数地市的专利产出都集中在以软件开发为代表的下游部门,广州、深圳、珠海3市下游部门的创新产出占比很高,均在50%以上,其次是中游和下游部门,形成一种金字塔型的行业结构。而从动态变化来看,肇庆、中山、佛山、江门以及东莞5市2010年以上游创新为主,但到2020年中山、东莞、佛山3市已呈现以下游部门创新产出为主导的格局;肇庆下游专利产出占比虽然逐年提升,但目前依然呈现上游创新主导的结构;惠州则与之相反,11年间下游专利占比波动下降,目前上下游专利占比差距已降至10%以下;江门则呈现出上游、下游创新相对均衡,中游创新较弱的“工”字型创新结构。

3.3 电子计算机产业链生产企业分布的时空演化格局

企业数量是区域产业发展最为直接的反映之一。2010—2020年间珠三角城市群计算机产业发展迅速,企业数量在11年间翻了近5倍,截至2020年底已突破20万家,但各城市在链上各环节的企业总量和变化趋势不同(图5)。

图5

图5   2010—2020年珠三角城市群电子计算机产业企业分布情况

Fig. 5   Distribution of electronic computer industry enterprises in the Pearl River Delta from 2010 to 2020


(1)从企业数量看,珠三角城市群电子计算机产业表现出较为明显的东岸强、西岸弱的地理分布格局。研究初期,东岸的广州、东莞以及深圳的企业数量最多,3座城市企业数量占比总和超过90%,其中深圳市电子计算机产业的企业数量占比超过65%,是城市群电子计算机产业最为集中的地方。伴随电子计算机产业在区域内的扩散,东岸的惠州、东莞等城市的企业占比都有所增长,电子计算机产业集聚优势越发明显。西岸的佛山、中山、珠海3市的电子计算机企业数量占比虽然也有所上升,但涨幅不超过5个百分点。

(2)从电子计算机产业上下游企业数量占比上看,整体上表现出下游企业数量多于上游和中游企业的链位特征。2010年珠三角城市群上中下游的企业数量维持在34∶10∶56的比例水平,而到2020年该比例已变成15∶3∶82,下游环节企业数量的增速显著。2020年,下游的软件开发业和信息系统集成与物联网服务的企业数量已从2010年的22183家和4190家分别增长到129768家和40336家,其在电子计算机产业企业总量的占比也分别达到58%和18%;而上游和中游的企业数量占比不断下降。上游电子器件和元件制造的企业数量虽然从2010年的15690家提升到32555家,但企业数量占比却从33.3%下降至14.6%;中游的计算机制造业企业数量占比也从10%下降到3%。

(3)虽然城市群计算机产业整体表现出向下游发展的趋势,但各城市的部门结构依然存在差异化变动特征。2010年东莞、惠州、江门、中山、肇庆5市的上游企业数量占比均超过50%,但2020年惠州、江门、中山以及肇庆的上游企业占比已呈现明显下滑,相对幅度在10%以上;而东莞上游企业占比则相对稳定,始终维持在70%左右。几乎所有城市的中游企业占比均呈现出不同程度的下滑,其中珠海降幅最大,从2010年的20%降至2020年的13%。广州、深圳、佛山3市则一直呈现下游企业数量占比较大的格局,且占比不断提高。总的来看,2010—2020年间珠三角城市群电子计算机产业的下游环节发展迅猛,各城市均在寻求软件开发、服务等产业高附加值部分的发展机会。目前,除东莞、中山、珠海3市在上中游有着相对较高的企业占比外,其余城市均已形成了下游主导的企业分布格局。

4 珠三角地区电子计算机产业链产创空间匹配关系

专利申请数和企业数虽在一定程度上可以反映城市在电子计算机产业的创新能力和生产能力,但由于总量并不能反映出各城市在某一行业的相对优势。本文通过计算各城市电子计算机产业上下游的区位商来反映各城市在产业链各环节的比较优势(图6),并通过比较优势的规模与增长速率来判别各时段的创新中心与生产中心(表2)。

图6

图6   2010—2020年珠三角城市群电子计算机产业链生产与创新区位商变化

Fig. 6   Changes in electronic computer industry chain production and innovation location quotients in the Pearl River Delta from 2010 to 2020


表2   2010—2020年珠三角城市群电子计算机产业链生产与创新中心演变

Tab. 2  Evolution of production and innovation centers in electronic computer industry chain of the Pearl River Delta from 2010 to 2020

行业生产中心创新中心
2010—2015年2015—2020年2010—2015年2015—2020年
电子器件制造东莞东莞江门惠州
电子元件及电子专用材料中山中山肇庆肇庆
计算机制造珠海东莞东莞深圳
软件开发深圳佛山珠海东莞
数字内容服务广州广州珠海广州
信息处理和存储支撑服务广州广州广州广州
信息系统集成与物联网技术服务广州广州广州广州

新窗口打开| 下载CSV


4.1 珠三角城市群计算机产业链上游创新和生产优势中心分布

上游环节的创新优势中心主要分布在相对外围的肇庆、江门、中山、佛山等市,其中肇庆在上游的创新优势极为突出,2010—2020年均值达到4.07;紧随其后的分别是江门与中山,专利区位商分别为3.13和2.69。从动态变化来看,肇庆、江门、中山以及佛山4市虽在十年间的专利区位商均呈波动下降,但其区位商优势始终处于高位,说明这些城市在上游环节的创新能力一直较为突出。与之相对,惠州在2010—2018年的区位商上升了1.35,上游的创新能力不断加强。东莞在研究初期有着较高的创新优势,但十年间其区位商不断下降,创新优势逐渐丧失,而深圳与珠海2市的上游创新优势则是长期处于低位。但总体而言,珠三角城市群各城市在电子计算机产业上游的创新优势差距正在逐步减小。

而上游环节的生产优势中心主要集中在东莞、惠州、中山等城市,且2010—2020年该优势还呈现不断提高趋势,表明这些城市在上游零部件制造的能力逐渐加强;肇庆的生产优势虽然也在不断扩张,但其增长速度慢于东莞、中山等城市,而江门、惠州的生产优势则在缓慢下降。广州、深圳、珠海3市的10年区位商均值低于1,且在研究期内的区位商还在持续下降,这说明这些城市在计算机产业链上游环节也不具备生产优势,产业分工中可能更加注重中下游的发展。

珠三角城市群电子计算机产业上游各部门的创新中心与生产中心存在明显的不匹配现象。创新中心向城市群外围拓展的趋势更为明显,如肇庆是电子元件及材料的创新中心,江门和惠州是电子器件的创新中心,而生产中心则继续集中在中山、东莞等周边城市。

4.2 珠三角城市群电子计算机产业链中游创新和生产优势中心分布

在创新方面,深圳与珠海两市是珠三角城市群电子计算机产业链中游环节的创新优势中心,区位商指数均值均在1以上。东莞在2010—2015年间创新区位商提升到1以上,但之后却缓慢下降,到2020年仅为0.94,不再具有比较优势。在生产方面,珠海、东莞、江门、深圳4市是主要的生产优势中心。其中珠海的生产区位商达1.98,是城市群中游生产的绝对核心。从动态变化来看,城市群整体的标准差变化幅度不大,说明珠三角各城市在中游的生产能力差距并未发生明显改变,但各城市尚有不同的变化趋势。其中东莞在2010—2017年间区位商有小幅度下滑,最近2年才再次回升到其平均水平之上;珠海则与之相反,区位商呈现先上升后下降的变化态势,这也导致在2015—2020年间珠三角计算机制造业的生产中心从珠海转移至了东莞。江门在研究期内的区位商波动上升,到2020年已达到1.35;深圳在2015年前保持稳定,但后5年也出现了一定程度下滑。

不难看出,相较于产业上游,中游的创新中心与生产中心的转移都更为频繁。2010—2015年珠海是所有城市中计算机制造企业占比最大的城市,东莞次之。但近年来,东莞凭借更快的增长速度,计算机制造企业的占比已反超珠海,成为珠三角地区的计算机制造中心。而从创新中心看,虽然近年来东莞与珠海的创新优势均较为显著,但其创新优势有所下滑,而深圳、广州则在其“十三五”规划引导下,不断在数字化装备领域进行技术创新,使其计算机制造行业的创新环境不断得到改善。就深圳电子计算机产业的龙头企业来看,2010—2015年腾讯、华为、中兴3家龙头企业在中游的创新产出占所有企业在该行业创新产出的64%,2015—2020年该比例下降至37.7%。城市中参与计算机制造创新的企业显著增多,尤其是参与计算机制造创新的中小企业的增加,将推动技术创新范式从线性走向网络,从而推动深圳计算机制造创新中心的形成。

4.3 珠三角城市群电子计算机产业链下游创新和生产优势中心分布

珠三角地区以信息处理、数字内容以及物联网技术服务为主的电子计算机产业链下游单元,其创新优势主要集中在广州、深圳、珠海3市,11年区位商均值超过1,是城市群中仅有的3座具有稳定创新优势的城市。肇庆、江门2市的创新能力最低,专利区位商均值仅为0.26和0.49。从动态变化来看,广州与深圳2市的专利区位商在研究期内较为稳定;而珠海市在研究初期并不具有下游的创新优势,在2012年后才初显优势,并在此后8年持续稳定在1以上。具体就各部门创新中心而言,2010—2015年间,珠海借助前期设立的国家软件产业基地和国家火炬计划软件产业基地,不断扩张其在电子计算机产业下游的优势,成为了珠三角软件开发和数字内容的创新中心。东莞则将软件开发等新一代信息技术产业列入“十三五”规划,并大力建设相关产业集群,成为了新一轮的软件开发中心。广州则在信息处理和存储支撑、物联网服务以及数字内容三大部门表现良好,是3个部门的创新中心。深圳虽然在产业链下游有着庞大的创新规模,但其创新优势始终稳定,因而未形成明显的创新增长级。

从生产优势上看,创新优势明显或有着显著提升的城市其生产优势往往也较为突出。如深圳、广州的创新优势常年维持在1以上;佛山在下游的创新优势则提升最为显著。因此这些城市在发展软件服务业方面均有着良好的技术支撑,这也使得数字内容、物联网技术以及信息处理与存储等下游部门的生产中心在上述城市集中,因而呈现出珠三角城市群电子计算机产业链下游生产与创新的良好匹配关系。

4.4 珠三角电子计算机产业链产创空间的分布模式与理论解释

珠三角电子计算机产业链各环节的生产与创新呈现出差异化的匹配关系,这既与产业环节的技术水平有关,同时也受到珠三角电子计算机产业的演化历史的影响(图7)。

图7

图7   珠三角城市群电子计算机产业链产创空间分布模式及成因

Fig. 7   Spatial distribution patterns and causes of electronic computer production and innovation chains in the Pearl River Delta


从产业环节的技术特征来看,不同生产环节的技术特征和市场要求对其布局具有重要影响。硬件作为电子计算机产业的基础,其技术发展也更为成熟。自20世纪40年代起,电子计算机硬件依次经历了从电子管、晶体管、集成电路再到超大规模集成电路的技术升级过程,并在Intel、IBM等全球硬盘、集成电路生产等龙头企业的带领下形成了较为统一的生产标准[52]。依托硬件设施升级,电子计算机也从大型计算机过度到微机,并由此衍生出软件开发等大量与计算机应用相关行业[53]。然而,在电子计算机发展早期,软件开发等活动是依托硬件公司进行的,功能也较为局限。直至20世纪60年代末,随着顾客对软件要求的不断提升,硬件公司提供的软件产品已无法满足需求,以ADR为代表的独立软件公司得以发展,软件开发、技术服务也逐渐开始从传统计算机制造中剥离,并伴随个人计算机的出现形成了较为独立的产业部门[54]。可见,以硬件制造为主的电子计算机产业上游和中游经过长期的发展已形成了较为统一的技术范式。在产业转移与分工背景下,标准技术的传播将更为容易,也更易于模仿[55],这也使得肇庆、江门等边缘城市能够通过模仿创新的方式快速提升其创新能力,成为电子计算机上游环节的创新中心。另一方面,以软件开发、信息服务为主的下游环节主要面向客户需求,其生产更加多样化,受市场、人才等因素的影响更大[56-57],因此在市场更为广阔且技术基础积累较好的广州、深圳、珠海等城市更加容易形成下游环节的生产中心与创新中心。

从珠三角电子计算机产业的发展历程来看,城市的发展历史、区位条件对于不同产业环节的布局也具有显著影响。20世纪80年代,伴随全球化进程的不断深入,珠三角地区在地缘优势作用下开始接受来自日本、中国台湾等地区的计算机产业转移。1979年广东电子工业局对省内电子工业工厂进行重组并在深圳成立了华强电子工业公司,迅速吸引了中国香港、中国台湾、日本等地区厂商来深办厂;1992年台达电子也在东莞石碣设厂,作为彼时全球电源供应商,台达电子的入驻也为东莞电子元器件的发展提供了契机;肇庆也在1984年成立了风华高科,并依托从美国引进的先进生产线,开始了电子元器件制造产业的发展。在电子制造蓬勃发展的基础上,珠三角城市群各城市也开始了向整机封装、软件开发、信息服务等领域的探索,并形成了以长城电脑、腾讯、华为等为代表的多家在计算机制造、软件开发和信息服务业具有强劲生产力与创新力的企业,这也使得珠三角成为中国电子计算机产业最为发达的地区之一。然而,在全球化背景下,珠三角各城市虽然获得了同等的产业发展机会,但由于政策、区位的条件不同,城市群内各城市在电子计算机产业的发展情况依然出现了显著差异。深圳、广州、东莞等毗邻香港、澳门,在“三来一补”发展模式下,进一步凭借良好的政策和区位条件得到了更多电子计算机产业发展的机会,并通过同类企业的不断集聚激发规模经济,积累了大量的生产和技术经验,使得产业规模不断壮大、产业链不断延伸;而肇庆、江门等周边城市虽然获得了电子元器件产业的发展机会,但由于城市自身市场规模小、区位条件差,使其电子计算机产业链的进一步延伸受到阻碍。如深圳在邓小平南巡讲话后就已诞生了华为、创维等多家在软件、信息服务具有强大自主创新力的企业,而江门软件制造业在21世纪初才得以发展。因此,自21世纪起,深圳、东莞就是电子元器件产业的制造中心,而华为、腾讯等软件开发、信息服务产业的龙头企业也多分布于深圳、广州等核心城市。当前在区域政策、用工薪资等多方因素作用下,珠三角电子器件、元件等上游生产部门正逐步向周边城市扩散,但由于东莞、中山等核心城市在电子计算机产业上游的悠久发展历史以及对核心部件技术的把控,使得新建企业、外来投资依然倾向于在这些城市布局,由此引发了路径依赖和区位粘性作用下的滚雪球效应。即使肇庆、江门等边缘城市虽然可以通过技术模仿来快速提升生产技术,但在区位粘性、路径依赖的作用下,核心城市的生产优势依然难以撼动;在产业中游,东莞、珠海、深圳在计算机制造同时拥有生产优势与创新优势,这也使得计算机制造的生产中心与创新中心在以上城市轮换;而在产业下游,由于软件开发、信息服务等生产受人才、经济发展水平、市场等的影响较大导致其产创中心都在广州、深圳集中。在全球生产网络和更加紧密的国内技术交流的作用下,肇庆、江门等边缘城市虽然可以通过引进外部技术和模仿创新来提升各生产环节的技术水平,以此缩小与核心城市的技术差距,甚至实现创新超越,然而由于无法突破市场规模、人才储备等因素的限制,因此其生产规模依然难以提升,而这也是边缘城市难以形成生产中心的原因。

总的来说,珠三角城市群电子计算机产业链的升级与分工既受到产业层面技术成熟度的影响,同时也与各城市的区位条件、产业基础等空间因素有关。而从城市电子计算机产业发展历史来看,全球化虽然为各城市带来了同等的产业发展机会,但由于各城市区位条件不同、政策条件不一,使得各城市在吸引外资、市场规模等多方面也存在较大差异,由此带来了产业链延伸、产业规模扩张的差异化发展,从而造成了珠三角电子计算机产业链生产与创新空间不匹配的现象。

5 结论与讨论

珠三角城市群作为中国经济和创新的前沿,其产业高质量发展对于中国参与全球市场竞争有着重要意义,而产创融合与合理的分工是实现产业高质量发展的关键。本文通过定性和定量相结合的方法,分析了珠三角城市群各城市在电子计算机产业上中下游部门的发展优势以及中心形成情况。

2010—2020年珠三角城市群各城市在电子计算机产业各部门的企业数量和专利数量不同,整体表现出“下游强,上游弱”的行业格局。不同城市不同环节的生产优势与创新优势变化趋势不同,但同一环节相同发展程度城市的变化具有一定相似性。高附加值的下游部门,其创新中心和生产中心均在广州、深圳、东莞等核心或周边城市;低附加值的上游部门,其创新中心在江门、肇庆等边缘城市形成,但大规模的生产活动依然在东莞、佛山等周边城市集中。区位粘性、部门技术成熟度、边缘城市的技术模仿是造成产业分工与升级过程珠三角电子计算机产业创新中心和生产中心出现不匹配的主要原因。

目前,珠三角城市群电子计算机产业的创新格局与生产格局基本形成,但并未形成较好的匹配关系。珠三角城市群电子计算机产业的一体化发展,还需要加强产业转移过程中市场的建设以及创新的转化,实现真正的产创融合。因此,提出如下建议:① 在产业链上游,肇庆、江门等边缘城市需要进一步与区域外的城市或企业建立技术联系,通过打破核心城市对关键技术的封锁来培育其生产能力。同时,广州、东莞等先发城市也需以区域一体化为目标,积极引导上游零部件制造生产向周边城市转移。② 在产业中游,东莞、珠海应围绕已有产业集群基础,继续扩大其在计算机制造的生产与创新优势,实现计算机制造业产创的深度融合。③ 在产业链下游,要继续突出广州、深圳的核心地位,进一步强化城市在下游部门的创新投入和企业建设,并依托广阔的海外市场吸引外资与技术,与国内外领先地区建立技术交流,形成更为深度的战略耦合关系,以期扩大城市在下游的生产优势和创新优势。

珠三角电子计算机产业链各环节的产创空间匹配关系表明,在产业升级与分工背景下,电子计算机产业的生产链与创新链将出现不同程度的空间匹配与错位,由此反映了技术成熟度、城市基础设施条件、全球化等多要素作用正在重塑产创空间融合关系。但受数据可得性影响,本文仅能通过企业与专利数量进行产创空间匹配的研究,未来还需在以下方面进行深入探讨:鉴于产创空间受本地因素与全球因素的双重影响,有待进一步揭示不同因素在核心城市、周边城市、边缘城市的作用路径,为不同区位、发展阶段城市的产业规划提供依据;面向城市群产业一体化发展愿景,探索城市群跨城市的产业组织模式与产业发展定位,寻求产业效益最大化的电子计算机产业空间结构组织模式和协调布局调整策略;在第五次经济普查数据、带地理坐标的企业和专利数据的支撑下,进一步对产业链的上下游关系、不同环节企业与专利的空间格局进行梳理,深入探讨珠三角电子计算机产业链产创空间的匹配与错位关系及其形成机理,为产业链与创新链的融合发展提供理论依据。

参考文献

Massot P.

Global order, US-China relations, and Chinese behaviour: The ground is shifting, Canada must adjust

International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 2019, 74(4): 600-611.

DOI:10.1177/0020702019894991      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Three profound shifts are coming to a head in the twenty-first century: shifts in the global order, shifts in the US–China relationship, and shifts in Chinese behaviour. These shifts are compelling Canada to reframe its relations with China. First, at the global level, the changing balance of power is leading us toward an era of polycentric global governance. Second, there is deepening antagonism in US–China relations. Third, China’s international posture has become more assertive. Canada has yet to adjust, but it is well placed to develop a global worldview in sync with twenty-first century realities. The Canada–China relationship needs to be transformed into an adaptive, modular, and strategic relationship, in our dealings with China at the global level, in triangulating our relationships with the US and China, and within the confines of our bilateral relationship. This paper tackles each area in turn.

Xi Jinping.

Speech at the celebration conference of the 40th anniversary of the establishment of Shenzhen special economic zone

Economy, 2020(11): 53-58.

[本文引用: 1]

[习近平.

在深圳经济特区建立40周年庆祝大会上的讲话

经济, 2020(11): 53-58.]

[本文引用: 1]

Qiao Jiming, Ning Yuemin.

On the progresses of the theory of spatial division of labour in the western countries

World Regional Studies, 1992, 1(1): 38-44.

[本文引用: 1]

[乔继明, 宁越敏.

试论西方国家劳动空间分工理论的发展

世界地理研究, 1992, 1(1): 38-44.]

[本文引用: 1]

Dicken P.

Global shift: Industrial change in a turbulent world

Progress in Human Geography, 2004, 28(4): 507-515.

DOI:10.1191/0309132504ph499xx      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Gereffi G.

International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain

Journal of International Economics, 1999, 48(1): 37-70.

DOI:10.1016/S0022-1996(98)00075-0      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Wu Jinming, Shao Chang.

Research on formation mechanism of industry chain: "4+4+4" model

China Industrial Economy, 2006(4): 36-43.

[本文引用: 1]

[吴金明, 邵昶.

产业链形成机制研究: “4+4+4”模型

中国工业经济, 2006(4): 36-43.]

[本文引用: 1]

Liu Guifu.

Research on the basic connotation of industrial chain

Journal of Industrial Technological Economics, 2007(8): 92-96.

[本文引用: 1]

[刘贵富.

产业链的基本内涵研究

工业技术经济, 2007(8): 92-96.]

[本文引用: 1]

Zhang G Q, Yang Y Q, Yang G Q.

Smart supply chain management in Industry 4.0: The review, research agenda and strategies in North America

Annals of Operations Research, 2023, 322(2): 1075-1117.

DOI:10.1007/s10479-022-04689-1      [本文引用: 1]

Meng Hao, Wang Zhongzhi, Li Jianbao, et al.

Evolvement of spatial pattern of textile in Pan-Yangtze River Delta at processing industry chain

Economic Geography, 2017, 37(6): 107-113.

[本文引用: 1]

[孟浩, 王仲智, 李建豹, .

基于加工产业链的泛长三角纺织业空间格局演化

经济地理, 2017, 37(6): 107-113.]

[本文引用: 1]

Wang Mingfeng, Xi Houxue.

The evolutionary paths of new emerging industry in cities: A case study of the Internet of things industry in the Yangtze River Delta region

Geographical Research, 2015, 34(9): 1697-1707.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201509008      [本文引用: 1]

The geography of innovation and the regional development have attracted considerable scholarly attention, especially the spatial evolution processes of new technologies, enterprises, and industries. The development of a particular industry varies across locations, and more work is needed to study an emerging industry from a geographical perspective. The evolutionary economic geography provides effective theoretical tools for the analysis of the spatial evolution of industries and contributes to a better cognition of the mechanism for the evolution of economic landscapes. A significant agglomeration has been found in the Internet of things (IoT) industry in the following locations: Yangtze River Delta region, Pearl River Delta region, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Bohai Rim) region, and some developed cities in the central and western regions of China. As the origin of the IoT industry, the Yangtze River Delta region has a full-fledged industry chain. Based on the path dependence theory, this paper explores the local differences of the emergence and evolution of the IoT industry in four cities of the Yangtze River Delta region: Wuxi, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hangzhou. In Wuxi, occasional opportunity and local government are the significant determinants, while the development of IoT industry in Shanghai is driven by the industrial base and innovative institutional environment. For Nanjing and Hangzhou, the interactions between the fundamental conditions of industry and the state policies are the major impetuses. In conclusion, technological base, government policy, and occasional opportunity are the main drivers in the initial stage of emerging industry in China.

[汪明峰, 郗厚雪.

城市新兴技术产业的演化路径比较分析: 以长三角物联网产业为例

地理研究, 2015, 34(9): 1697-1707.]

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201509008      [本文引用: 1]

1990年代后期以来,经济地理学出现了演化思潮,一些新的概念为分析产业的空间演化提供了有效的理论工具。基于演化经济地理学中的路径依赖理论,以长三角地区的物联网产业为例,探讨了新兴产业兴起和演化过程的地方差异。重点选取无锡、上海、南京和杭州四个城市,采用多案例比较的方法,从产业发展的历史基础、集群状况、政府政策,以及主要动力机制等方面,分析了4个案例的异同点,并突出这些城市在区域经济和制度环境方面的差异。对产业演化机制的讨论还发现,技术基础、政策推动和偶然性事件是新兴技术产业初始发展阶段的主要动因。

Shen Jing, Wang Yibin, Cao Yuanyuan.

From global to local: Environmental upgrading of the furniture industry in Dongguan

Geographical Research, 2021, 40(12): 3455-3469.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020210228      [本文引用: 1]

Research on environmental upgrading through embedding of local industrial chains in global value chains (GVC) is an evolving subject within the field of economic geography. The environmental upgrading driven by lead firms in GVC is discussed in existing literature, though few case studies on the environmental upgrade paths of industries in developing countries. Using the furniture industry in Dongguan as a case study, this research details the process of embedding a specific industrial chain in GVC. This particular case is typical due to the timing of global market access, resulting in a fledgling industry, comprised of small furniture manufacturing companies, being embedded in GVC. This transforms a nascent industry into the largest furniture distribution, exhibition, and trading center in Asia. Consequently, significant function improvement and environmental upgrading occurs in parallel with manufacturing process and product improvement where market demands require higher standards. Through semi-structured interviews with key players within the industry, such as manufacturers, resellers, part enterprises and local governments, this study charts exact paths of environmental upgrading during the embedding process. The result of the study is an understanding of how environmental upgrading of industries in developing countries has responded to changing demands from the international and domestic markets. The distinction paths of between the international and domestic market, have been observed in environmental upgrading of Dongguan's furniture industry. Lead firms have engaged in environmental upgrading through requiring local enterprises meet standards and certifications, which are treated as another way to squeeze suppliers. The environmental upgrading led by international markets is also locked in a limited range. A niche for environmentally green furniture had been created in domestic markets to use environmental upgrading to capture value for environment, which helps the formation of sustainable production system in local furniture industry. In this case, the core mechanisms driving the transition in Dongguan are isolated such that they can be quantified and replicated for other industries in developing countries. The results make practical contributions in an improved understanding of the environmental upgrading through China's industry transition from global export-oriented economy to domestic circulation economy.

[沈静, 王毅斌, 曹媛媛.

从全球到地方: 东莞家具产业的绿色化升级路径

地理研究, 2021, 40(12): 3455-3469.]

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020210228      [本文引用: 1]

地方产业链嵌入全球价值链带动绿色化升级的研究已开始成为经济地理学关注的研究话题。在梳理国内外产业绿色化升级研究基础上,构建发展中国家产业绿色化升级理论分析框架,以东莞市家具产业为案例,通过实地调研和半结构访谈法,分析东莞家具企业嵌入全球生产网络的发展历程,理清在全球化动力、国家和地方动力等两大驱动力的作用下,东莞家具产业绿色化升级的路径和动力机制。结果显示:全球动力、国家和地方动力影响下的家具产业绿色化升级路径有差异,全球动力推动的绿色化升级被锁定在有限范围内,并对本地出口企业造成“可持续采购挤压”,而国内绿色家具利基市场的形成和产业绿色化发展的制度环境对本地绿色化升级起关键作用。结论对理解中国制造业由外向型向内循环发展过程中产业绿色化升级有一定的实践意义。

Wang Jici.

Some related concepts in China's research of industrial cluster

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004, 59 (Suppl.1): 47-52.

[本文引用: 1]

[王缉慈.

关于中国产业集群研究的若干概念辨析

地理学报, 2004, 59 (Suppl.1): 47-52.]

[本文引用: 1]

Huang Pingting, Zhang Xiaoping.

Spatial evolution of automobile industry in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region

Geographical Research, 2014, 33(1): 83-95.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201401008      [本文引用: 3]

A changing industrial structure, which is caused by industrial agglomeration and dispersion, can lead to spatial reconstruction of a city. With the development of the industry, production is becoming fragmented, thus it is helpful to seek ways of optimizing regional spatial structure through researching regional industrial chain. Based on firm-level data, this paper attempts to portray the spatial distribution pattern of automobile manufacture enterprises in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region, to find out the agglomeration and dispersion characteristics of these enterprises in this region, to explore geographical differences among different sessions of the automotive industry and to analyze the driving forces of the micro-enterprise spatial pattern. The research results show that the agglomeration degree of auto industry was low in 1996; In 2001, two agglomeration centers emerged and such tendency has been reinforced in 2010, with the emergence of a few new cores. Auto parts and accessories manufacturing were mostly distributed at urban function extended districts and urban development zones (Chaoyang, Tongzhou, Daxing, etc.) of Beijing, suburban areas (Xiqing, Dongli, etc.) of Tianjin and Cangzhou, Lanfang of Hebei province as well. While for automobile maintenance firms, urban functional development areas (Fengtai, Chaoyang) in Beijing, the six urban districts and Binhai New Area of Tianjin, and Tangshan and Shijiazhuang in Hebei province are their main areas of agglomeration. Through quantitative research based on conditional logit model, market conditions, agglomeration economies and policy guidance are proven to be possible factors affecting the distribution of auto firms.

[黄娉婷, 张晓平.

京津冀都市圈汽车产业空间布局演化研究

地理研究, 2014, 33(1): 83-95.]

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201401008      [本文引用: 3]

产业的集聚与扩散所形成的产业结构变迁,带动城市空间发生重构。随着产业不断发展成熟,生产片段化的趋势日益显著,对地区产业链的研究有助于寻求区域空间结构优化的途径。本文基于企业层面的数据,刻画京津冀都市圈汽车制造业企业的空间分布格局,考察汽车企业在都市圈范围内集聚与扩散特点,探讨汽车产业链不同环节的地域特征差异,并分析影响微观企业空间布局的驱动力量。研究结果表明,1996年京津冀都市圈汽车产业集聚程度较低,2001年出现少数集聚中心主导的向心集聚,2010年核心城市与多个新兴集聚点共存;北京的城市功能拓展区和城市发展新区(朝阳、通州、大兴等)、天津市环城4 区(西青、东丽等)以及河北的沧州、廊坊是汽车零部件和配件企业的主要集聚区,而汽车修理企业则倾向于在北京的城市功能拓展区(丰台、朝阳)、天津市内六区和滨海新区以及河北的唐山和石家庄布局。基于条件logit模型的定量研究,验证了市场条件、集聚经济和政策引导等因素是影响京津冀都市圈汽车企业布局的主要因素。

Wang Zeyu, Tang Yunqing, Han Zenglin, et al.

Resilience measurement and influencing factors of the marine ship industry chain in China's coastal areas

Economic Geography, 2022, 42(7): 117-125.

[本文引用: 1]

[王泽宇, 唐云清, 韩增林, .

中国沿海省份海洋船舶产业链韧性测度及其影响因素

经济地理, 2022, 42(7): 117-125.]

[本文引用: 1]

Henderson J, Dicken P, Hess M, et al.

Global production networks and the analysis of economic development

Review of International Political Economy, 2002, 9(3): 436-464.

DOI:10.1080/09692290210150842      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Humphrey J, Schmitz H.

How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters?

Regional Studies, 2002, 36(9): 1017-1027.

DOI:10.1080/0034340022000022198      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Wen Hu, Zeng Gang.

Development of the cluster embedding in the global value chain: The study of the global ceramic tile cluster

China Industrial Economy, 2004(6): 36-42.

[本文引用: 1]

[文嫮, 曾刚.

嵌入全球价值链的地方产业集群发展: 地方建筑陶瓷产业集群研究

中国工业经济, 2004(6): 36-42.]

[本文引用: 1]

Li Jian, Ning Yuemin, Wang Mingfeng.

Global production networks of computer industry and its development in China's mainland

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(4): 437-448.

[本文引用: 2]

[李健, 宁越敏, 汪明峰.

计算机产业全球生产网络分析: 兼论其在中国大陆的发展

地理学报, 2008, 63(4): 437-448.]

[本文引用: 2]

Kaname A.

A theory of unbalanced growth in the world economy

Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 1961, 86(2): 196-217.

[本文引用: 1]

Hirsch S.

The Product Cycle Model of Internationaal Trade: A Multi-Country Cross-Section Analysis

Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 1975, 37(4): 305-317.

[本文引用: 1]

Zhang Qizi.

May China successfully implement flying geese industrial upgrading

China Industrial Economics, 2014(6): 18-30.

[本文引用: 1]

[张其仔.

中国能否成功地实现雁阵式产业升级

中国工业经济, 2014(6): 18-30.]

[本文引用: 1]

Liu Yi, Zhang Yifan, Huang Kaixuan, et al.

Patterns and evolution path of regional industrial upgrading under globalization

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2023, 78(2): 351-370.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202302006      [本文引用: 1]

Industrial upgrading is one of the most concerned topics for latecomer economies, but existing research in this field has unpacked regional industrial upgrading from geographical aspects. This paper conducts a critical review on the research progress of industrial upgrading and points out that current studies tend to describe spatial changes rather than disclose geographical motivations of industrial upgrading. Thus, the geographical attributes, patterns and evolution paths of industrial upgrading are yet to be revealed. Based on the perspective of relational economic geography and to explore industrial upgrading patterns, this paper constructs an analytical framework from both the enterprise and the region levels, and find four upgrading patterns: enterprise upgrading, structural upgrading, regional upgrading, and involutional development. Following that, this paper reveals that there is a general evolution path of regional industrial upgrading under globalization. Regions have the tendency to evolve from enterprise upgrading or structural upgrading to regional upgrading and then to involutional development. This evolutionary path is well matched with the industrial upgrading trajectory of the Pearl River Delta. Also, industrial upgrading in the delta has shown a circuitous evolutionary path, which can be termed an "S-type paradigm". Overall, this research suggests that regional industrial upgrading is affected by external forces outside regions under globalization. The performances and achievement of regions can be analyzed from both the corporate and the regional levels. From the aspect of technology, capital and market, latecomer regions can use their geographic advantages to bargain with transnational corporations, in the process of which local institutions and territorial environment have a significant role to play. The major contribution of this paper comes from its new analytical perspective to understand the process of regional industrial upgrading and its finding about different performances of industrial upgrading in different scales, including the enterprises and the region scales. Also, an industrial upgrading pattern that is different from the well-known "the flying geese paradigm" has been proposed, which tentatively provides an innovative framework to understand development of latecomer economies under globalization and refine theories about globalization in economic geography.

[刘逸, 张一帆, 黄凯旋, .

全球化下产业升级的区域模式与演化路径

地理学报, 2023, 78(2): 351-370.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202302006      [本文引用: 1]

产业升级是后发经济体最为关注的议题之一,当前产业升级研究对产业升级的地理性关注不足,倾向总结产业升级的地理分布变化,而不是揭示其地理动因。因此,本文基于关系经济地理视角从企业和区域尺度构建了产业升级模式的分析框架,推演出企业升级、结构升级、区域升级和内卷化4类升级模式,并揭示全球化下区域产业升级演进的一般路径(从企业升级或结构升级到区域升级和内卷化)及其主要影响因素。随后本文借助珠三角的案例证实该发展历程的存在,并进一步发现珠三角产业升级呈现“S”型迂回的产业升级路径。本文认为,产业升级受到全球化下的区域外部力量影响,具有企业和区域两个层面的表现,从技术、资本与市场来看,后发区域能够利用地理优势与跨国企业展开周旋,其中制度和本土环境在本土产业升级中发挥显著作用。本文为理解产业升级过程提供新的分析视角,揭示产业升级在地理尺度上的差异,初步发现有别于“雁行模式”的“S”型产业升级模式,为完善经济地理的全球化理论提供新的支撑。

Gao B Y, Dunford M, Norcliffe G, et al.

Capturing gains by relocating global production networks: The rise of Chongqing's notebook computer industry, 2008-2014

Eurasian Geography and Economics, 2017, 58(2): 231-257.

DOI:10.1080/15387216.2017.1326312      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Zhang Weihua, Liu Songzhu, Liang Yunwen.

A study on the 'internet+' connection mechanism of global value chain: The evolution of the situation and the leap of position

Macroeconomics, 2021(1): 66-78.

[本文引用: 1]

[张卫华, 刘松竹, 梁运文.

全球价值链“互联网+”连接机理研究: 态势演进与位势跃升

宏观经济研究, 2021(1): 66-78.]

[本文引用: 1]

Stephan A, Schmidt T S, Bening C R, et al.

The sectoral configuration of technological innovation systems: Patterns of knowledge development and diffusion in the lithium-ion battery technology in Japan

Research Policy, 2017, 46(4): 709-723.

DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2017.01.009      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Wang Yue, Wang Tao.

Research on structure of global geographic information industry innovation chain

World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(2): 225-235.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.02.2020609      [本文引用: 1]

This paper toke the geographic information industry as the research object, used the authorized invention patent data, and put forward the research method of industrial innovation chain structure on the basis of the geographic information industry chain. Furthermore, from the perspective of overall structure and specific regional structure, it quantitatively evaluated the development status of innovation chains, then compared and analyzed the structural integrity and leading links of the innovation chain in China, the United States and Japan. In terms of the overall structure, the global innovation chain has an "inverted triangle" structure due to the weak innovation capability of downstream links. From a specific geographical point of view, most countries and regions of the geographic information industry innovation chain is not complete, there are broken or isolated ring. The global innovation chain except China had a "hourglass-shaped" structure with wide upper part, narrow lower part and narrower middle part due to the relatively weak middle part. Relatively speaking, China's industrial innovation chain is more complete, and the mid-stream link has a significant comparative advantage in the global market. However, the industry-university-research cooperation in the innovation chain is weak, with a low degree of marketization, and the technological competitiveness lags behind that of the United States.

[王玥, 汪涛.

全球地理信息产业创新链结构分析

世界地理研究, 2022, 31(2): 225-235.]

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.02.2020609      [本文引用: 1]

以地理信息产业为研究对象,使用授权发明专利数据,在地理信息产业链的基础上,提出产业创新链结构研究方法。进而,从总体结构角度和特定地域结构角度对创新链发展现状进行量化评估,对世界各国,特别是中国、美国和日本的创新链结构完整性和领先环节展开比较分析。结果表明:①从总体结构看,全球创新链因下游环节创新能力的弱势而呈“倒三角形”结构。从特定地域结构看,大多国家和地区的地理信息产业创新链并不完整,存在断环或孤环,除中国外的全球创新链因中游环节的相对弱势而使上下游间存在裂隙,呈上部宽、下部较窄,中部细窄的“沙漏形”结构;②相对而言,中国产业创新链较为完整,中游环节在全球市场中具有显著比较优势,但创新链的产学研合作薄弱,市场化程度低,技术竞争力与美国相比存在落差。

Zhou Zhongmin.

The impact of sci-tech innovation on industrial upgrading in Hunan province

Economic Geography, 2016, 36(5): 115-120.

[本文引用: 1]

[周忠民.

湖南省科技创新对产业转型升级的影响

经济地理, 2016, 36(5): 115-120.]

[本文引用: 1]

Xu Shuhui, Gu Renxu.

Study on industrial upgrading effect based on technological innovation of developing areas: A case of the manufacturing industry

Shaoguan. World Regional Studies, 2013, 22(2): 61-68.

[本文引用: 1]

[许树辉, 谷人旭.

欠发达地区技术创新的产业升级效应研究: 以韶关制造业为例

世界地理研究, 2013, 22(2): 61-68.]

[本文引用: 1]

Huang Gengzhi, Zhou Jin.

Measurement, spatiotemporal pattern and driving mechanism of social upgrading in China

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(12): 3043-3060.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202112012      [本文引用: 1]

Social upgrading refers to the process of improvement in the quality of employment and securing basic rights of workers as social actors. It is an emerging hot research field of labour geographies in recent years. However, domestic human geography research has been mainly focused on economic upgrading with little attention paid to social upgrading. This paper fills the research gap by establishing a comprehensive index to quantitatively measure social upgrading and revealing the spatiotemporal pattern and driving factors of social upgrading in China since the mid-1990s, using spatial analysis methods and quantitative models. Main findings of the paper include: (1) Social upgrading in China was improved, with its social upgrading index increasing from 0.358 to 0.445 during 1996-2017. (2) The eastern coastal area is the main upgrading area, especially the three urban agglomerations of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze River Delta and Peral River Delta. (3) Regional differences of social upgrading among the eastern, central and western regions were narrowed and the differentiation of development rates was alleviated. The central and western regions have been catching up with their eastern partner, despite that the coastal provinces will continue to be the leading areas for social upgrading in China. (4) Factors, including economic development, industrial innovation, economic globalization, labor skill level and state governance, have significant effects in driving regional social upgrading. The effects of these factors are not simply positive or negative in terms of their relationship with social upgrading, suggesting the complexity of social upgrading processes and global-local impacts on it. It is argued that economic growth does not necessarily bring about social upgrading. Rather, promoting social upgrading depends on the improvement in the quality of economic development. The paper contributes to the literature by providing a quantitative framework for analyzing social upgrading at the macro-level and advancing the understanding of geographical differences and driving mechanisms of social upgrading. The paper concludes by proposing some policies for promoting social upgrading and high-quality development in China and discussing its implications for future research.

[黄耿志, 周进.

中国社会升级的测度与时空格局及驱动机制

地理学报, 2021, 76(12): 3043-3060.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202112012      [本文引用: 1]

社会升级是指提高劳动者就业质量并保障和改善其作为社会参与者的基本权利的过程,是近年来国际经济地理研究出现的一个新兴方向。针对国内地理学聚焦于经济升级、缺乏关注社会升级的研究现状,构建了测度社会升级的综合指标体系,采用空间分析方法和数量模型揭示了20世纪90年代中期以来中国社会升级的时空格局、区域差异及驱动因素。研究发现:① 1996—2017年中国社会升级指数从0.358增长至0.445;② 东部地区是社会升级的主要区域,其中又以京津冀、长三角、珠三角等三大城市群为核心升级区;③ 社会升级在全国整体和地区尺度的区域差异有所缩小,省际发展分化速率得到一定缓解,中西部省份逐步追赶东部省份,重庆的发展引人注目,但东部沿海仍是带动中国社会升级的主导区;④ 经济发展、产业创新、经济全球化、劳动力技能和政府治理等因素共同影响了区域社会升级,反映了社会升级受全球和地方因素综合影响的过程。研究认为,经济增长快速并非一定带来社会升级,促进社会升级需要提升经济发展的质量。本文为在宏观层面分析社会升级提供了量化方法,对促进认识社会升级的发生机制及其与经济升级、经济全球化的关系起到补充作用。最后提出了促进中国经济和社会“双升级”的建议以及未来研究启示。

Sun Jiuwen, Jiang Zhi.

Paths of high-quality development in China's coastal areas

Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(2): 277-294.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202102003      [本文引用: 1]

High-quality development is the key measure to overcome the middle-income trap and join the advanced economy. With the deepening of reform and opening up, coastal areas have increasingly become the ballast of the economic growth, the center of national manufacturing, the frontier zone for building an innovative country, the pacesetter for constructing an open economy, and the demonstration window for green development. With typical characteristics of high-quality development, coastal areas will effectively drive the hinterland areas to the right track of high-quality development in order to form a strong support for the country's high-quality development, shaping a new pattern of coordinated regional development. According to the status quo and characteristics of high-quality development in coastal areas, this paper focuses on exploring outstanding problems of coastal areas as a whole and the northern, central and southern coastal areas in the process of high-quality development from five aspects of economic growth, industrial strength, innovation ability, opening up and green development. By analyzing realistic reasons for these problems, valuable references for the design of targeted high-quality development paths are designed. In the new era, coastal areas should grasp the historical opportunity of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development, Yangtze river delta integration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area construction, follow to improve industry core competitiveness, mobilize the vitality of innovation, build high-standard open economy, deepen ecological conservation by combining strategies of industrial upgrading, independent innovation, opening up and ecological civilization. By the method of working in concert to promote high-quality development in the northern, central and southern coastal areas, the leading role of coastal areas can be consolidated.

[孙久文, 蒋治.

中国沿海地区高质量发展的路径

地理学报, 2021, 76(2): 277-294.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb202102003      [本文引用: 1]

高质量发展是跨越中等收入陷阱、跻身发达经济体的关键举措。随着改革开放的深入,沿海地区正日益成为经济增长的压舱石、国家制造业中心、打造创新型国家的前沿地带、开放型经济建设的排头兵、绿色发展的示范窗口,具备高质量发展的典型特征,将有效带动内陆地区步入高质量发展的正轨,形成对整个国家高质量发展的有力支撑,塑造区域协调发展新格局。结合沿海地区高质量发展的现状与特征,本文从经济增长、产业实力、创新能力、对外开放、绿色发展五方面入手,重点探究沿海地区整体以及沿海北部、中部、南部地区在高质量发展进程中的突出问题,分析其背后的现实原因,为设计具有针对性的高质量发展路径提供价值参考。新时代背景下,沿海地区高质量发展需把握京津冀协同发展、长三角一体化、粤港澳大湾区建设的历史性机遇,产业升级战略、自主创新战略、对外开放战略、生态文明战略并济,遵循提升产业核心竞争力、激发创新活力、发展高水平开放型经济、深化生态文明建设等路径,协同推进沿海北部、中部、南部地区高质量发展,巩固沿海地区的引领地位。

Chen Xiaoying, Yang Fan, Wang Yuhua.

The formation and effect of disembedding innovation in traditional industrial clusters: A case study of Chenghai's toy industrial cluster

Tropical Geography, 2020, 40(5): 942-953.

DOI:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003276      [本文引用: 1]

Since the reform and opening of the economy, China's coastal areas have taken the lead in establishing labor-intensive industrial clusters. These traditional industrial clusters have furthered the rapid development of the regional economy. However, due to massive global changes in the industrial structure, insufficient innovation and "low-end locking" of the value chain in these industrial clusters have become increasingly evident. Most earlier studies explored the local versus global factors in innovation and the upgrading of traditional industrial clusters from a regional perspective, suggesting that innovation in the traditional industrial clusters has a derivative and incremental character, and is embedded in local networks which produce a substantial knowledge spillover. The value added to products improves, yielding a significant competitive advantage and increasing the economic resilience of traditional industrial clusters. With new-generation information and communication technology, geographical and industrial boundaries have become blurred. Traditional industrial clusters have repeatedly presented innovation and transformation modes. More recent studies indicate that experience and knowledge from outside the industrial cluster and cross-industry innovation lead to the elevation of traditional industrial clusters to the high end of the value chain. However, in-depth analyses on the mechanisms and effects of these disembeddeding forces are relatively few. Using Chenghai's toy industrial cluster in Eastern Guangdong as an example, this paper reflects on the formation and effects of the mode of disembedding innovation in traditional industrial clusters. It is found that under the joint actions of market demand, localized innovation networks, external innovation resources, enterprise strategy, and entrepreneurship, the transformation of Chenghai's toy industrial cluster presents two modes. The first is the "non-localized innovation" mode, manifested in the separation between R&D and manufacturing functions. The second is the "cross-industry expansion and innovation" mode manifested in the development of emerging industries or their integration with traditional industries. These innovative practices have had a constructive effect on cluster enterprises and regional economies. They integrate external innovation resources, merging them with their own innovative advantages. They have also established a productive local innovation ecology and promoted independent innovation capacities, raised awareness of the need to protect the intellectual property of enterprises. These practices also strengthen the traditional toy industry and promote the transformation and upgrade of the cluster. Finally, they drive the overall improvement of the regional economies. Therefore, the innovation of traditional industrial clusters can transcend their regional and original industrial boundaries, expanding into a larger spatial scale and industrial scope.

[陈笑颖, 杨帆, 王玉华.

传统产业集群“脱域”创新模式的形成及效应: 以澄海玩具产业集群为例

热带地理, 2020, 40(5): 942-953.]

DOI:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003276      [本文引用: 1]

以粤东澄海玩具产业集群为例,探讨传统产业集群“脱域”创新模式的形成及效应。研究发现,在市场需求、内部创新基础、外部创新环境、企业战略及企业家精神等因素的共同作用下,澄海玩具产业集群转型呈现设计研发与生产制造环节地域分离的“非本地化创新”,以及进军新兴产业并融合新兴产业与传统产业的“跨产业拓展创新”两种模式。这些创新实践对集群企业及地区经济带来了积极的效应,不仅整合外部创新资源并内化为自身创新优势,提升自主创新的能力,而且反哺传统玩具产业,促进地区经济的整体提升。传统产业集群的创新突破地域和原有产业边界,在更大的空间尺度和产业范围展开。

Liu Zhigao, Yin Yimei, Sun Jing.

A review of the research progress on industrial cluster formation from the perspective of evolutionary economic geography

Progress in Geography, 2011, 30(6): 652-657.

DOI:10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.06.002      [本文引用: 1]

Since the 1980s, industrial cluster as a new regional development model has gained increasing attentions from academic researchers and public policy-makers worldwide. In recent years, the investigation on the dynamics, the evolutionary path of industrial clusters from the evolutionary economic geography perspective has become one of the hot study issues. This paper describes the traditional explanations of industry cluster formation and the theoretical and methodological drawbacks, then reviews the research process of the formation of industrial clusters from the perspective of evolutionary economic geography, and finally points out some worth noting issues when the approach of evolutionary economic geography is applied to China's industrial clusters.

[刘志高, 尹贻梅, 孙静.

产业集群形成的演化经济地理学研究评述

地理科学进展, 2011, 30(6): 652-657.]

[本文引用: 1]

Lee C K, Saxenian A.

Coevolution and coordination: A systemic analysis of the Taiwanese information technology industry

Journal of Economic Geography, 2008, 8(2): 157-180.

DOI:10.1093/jeg/lbm049      URL     [本文引用: 1]

Ji Jiehan, Liu Yi, Mei Murong, et al.

Differences of strategic coupling modes and regional collaboration in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

Tropical Geography, 2022, 42(2): 171-182.

DOI:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003436      [本文引用: 1]

The current research on regional collaboration lacks the research perspective of global production network, which makes it difficult for the research on the collaboration of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area to recognize the differences in the development of strategic coupling modes of various cities in the Greater Bay Area, and to clarify the differences in the status and division of labor of these cities in the global production network. These differences are the key to the coordinated development of the Greater Bay Area. Therefore, based on the theoretical framework of the global production network, this study uses the variable of strategic coupling to analyze the development of the strategic coupling mode of the cities in the Greater Bay Area and the differences in their status and division of labor in the global production network, so as to further understand the coordinated development of the Greater Bay Area. There are three main findings in this study. First, the strategic coupling mode and evolution process of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao are essentially different, belonging to different global production networks. Hong Kong has experienced two processes of dependency coupling to decoupling in the development of local manufacturing and the later "having stores in front and factories behind" mode, forming a mutually beneficial coupling mode in the financial industry. Macao has experienced two processes from dependency coupling to decoupling in the manufacturing industry, forming an absorption coupling mode in the gambling industry. Second, there are also significant differences in the strategic coupling modes of cities in the Pearl River Delta. Each city is embedded into different global production networks through different leading industries. Third, under the influence of the strategic coupling differences of the above two scales, the regional economy of the Greater Bay Area does not gradually move toward coordinated development, but presents the characteristics of less connection-collaboration-collaborative difficulties. The core argument of this paper is that the differences of strategic coupling mode lead to the embedding of cities into global production networks with significant differences in economic cycles, production systems and technological structures, making it difficult to achieve the overall regional collaboration. And the contribution of this study is that with the help of the global production network theory, it provides a new interpretation perspective for regional collaboration research, reveals the difficulties of regional collaboration in the Greater Bay Area, enriches the study of the long-term dynamic evolution of relational economic geography, and provides some suggestions for the formulation of collaborative policy.

[纪捷韩, 刘逸, 梅慕容, .

粤港澳大湾区战略耦合模式差异与区域协同

热带地理, 2022, 42(2): 171-182.]

DOI:10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003436      [本文引用: 1]

基于全球生产网络的理论框架,利用战略耦合,分析大湾区各城市的战略耦合模式发展及其在全球生产网络中地位与分工的差异,以深入认识粤港澳大湾区的协同发展。研究发现:1)粤港澳三地的战略耦合模式和演变过程均存在本质差异,从属于不同的全球生产网络。香港在发展本土制造业及后来的“前店后厂”的过程中,经历了2次依附耦合到解耦的过程,在金融业上形成互惠耦合模式;而澳门在制造业上经历了2次从依附耦合到解耦的过程,在博彩业上形成了吸收耦合模式。2)珠三角各个城市战略耦合模式也存在显著差异,各城市通过不同的主导产业嵌入到不同的全球生产网络之中。3)在上述2个尺度的战略耦合差异的影响下,大湾区的区域经济没有逐步走向协同,而是出现了起伏的发展过程:各个城市早期由于耦合模式不同而协同较弱,中期由于战略耦合嵌入相同的GPN中而走向协同,后期由于解耦的出现而协同趋势衰减。文章的核心论点认为战略耦合的模式差异,导致各个城市嵌入到经济周期、生产系统、技术结构存在显著差异不同的全球生产网络之中,因此难以实现区域整体协同。

Fragkandreas T.

Innovation paradoxes: A review and typology of explanations

Prometheus, 2017, 35(4): 267-290.

[本文引用: 1]

Chen Jianjun, Chen Guoliang, Huang Jie.

A study on the agglomeration of productive services and its influencing factors from the perspective of new economic geography: Empirical evidence from 222 cities in China

Journal of Management World, 2009(4): 83-95.

[本文引用: 1]

[陈建军, 陈国亮, 黄洁.

新经济地理学视角下的生产性服务业集聚及其影响因素研究: 来自中国222个城市的经验证据

管理世界, 2009(4): 83-95.]

[本文引用: 1]

He Canfei, Zhu Xiangdong, Kong Yinghui, et al.

Agglomeration economy, incentive policy and the spatial pattern of Chinese computer manufacturing industry: A case study based on export data

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018, 38(10): 1579-1588.

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.10.001      [本文引用: 1]

The coast areas of China took the lead in developing and exporting computer products based on comparative advantages. However, with the rising of wage, land price and environmental standards, as well as strong incentives of local governments, a large number of enterprises started to relocate to the inland areas of China. Thus, the spatial pattern of Chinese computer manufacturing had changed dramatically. On the base of export data compiled by the Chinese Customs Trade Statistics, this article investigated the spatial patterns of upstream and downstream computer industry during 2004 to 2013. Based on panel data method this research revealed the role of agglomeration economy and incentive policy in affecting the pattern of computer exportation. The results indicate that: 1) The exportation of upstream computer industry is concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta while the downstream industry is concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta and Chengdu-Chongqing region. The distribution of the upstream industry is more dispersed. 2) From a dynamic perspective, the exportation of upstream computer industry shows agglomeration-scattered-agglomeration feature as it decreased in the Pearl River Delta while increased in inland areas. Exportation of downstream computer industry is initially concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta. After 2010, the downstream industry grew rapidly and Chengdu-Chongqing region became the second biggest (after the Yangtze River Delta) export areas in 2013. 3) The influence of agglomeration on both upstream and downstream computer manufacturing was reduced while the impact of policy increased significantly. 4) The developing routines of computer manufacturing in the coastal and inland regions are different. The rise of the former is mainly stimulated by agglomeration under the background of marketization, and the latter is influenced by both agglomeration and policy. 5) Due to the difference of industrial characteristics, the impact of agglomeration on the upstream industry is more than the downstream. This article suggests that with the increasing of cost, agglomeration is gradually becoming not economical. Policy development should be consistent with the evolution of agglomeration economy to realize expected economic performance.

[贺灿飞, 朱向东, 孔莹晖, .

集聚经济、政策激励与中国计算机制造业空间格局: 基于贸易数据的实证研究

地理科学, 2018, 38(10): 1579-1588.]

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.10.001      [本文引用: 1]

利用中国海关贸易库数据,对计算机上游和下游出口源地的空间格局演变进行对比分析,以面板数据方法揭示产业集聚和政策激励的作用。研究发现:① 计算机上游出口集中在长三角和珠三角,下游出口集中于长三角和成渝,上游出口格局更分散;② 从动态看,上游出口从珠三角逐步向内陆扩散呈现集聚-分散-集聚的过程,内陆地区承载大部分出口增长;下游出口增长态势更为明显,最初集中分布在长三角和珠三角,2010年以后内陆地区增长迅速,成渝成为继长三角后最为重要的集聚区;③ 研究时段集聚经济对计算机上下游制造业的推动作用降低,政策激励的影响显著增加;④ 沿海和内陆计算机制造业发展模式不同,前者的兴起主要是市场化条件下的集聚经济,后者则受到集聚经济和政策激励的共同影响;⑤ 由于产业特征的差异,集聚经济对计算机上游的影响高于下游。在计算机制造业的发展中,要素成本增加造成的集聚不经济和地方政府的政策激励使得集聚效应逐步让位于政策支持。不同区域不同阶段产业对政策的敏感程度并不相同,政策制定应顺应产业演变规律。

Mao Yunshi, Wu Yao.

Research on enterprise upgrading path and analysis mode

Journal of Sun Yat-sen University (Social Science Edition), 2009, 49(1): 178-186.

[本文引用: 1]

[毛蕴诗, 吴瑶.

企业升级路径与分析模式研究

中山大学学报(社会科学版), 2009, 49(1): 178-186.]

[本文引用: 1]

Xu Changle.

Industrial division and cooperation in the construction of the Yangtze River Economic Belt

Reform, 2014(6): 29-31.

[本文引用: 1]

[徐长乐.

建设长江经济带的产业分工与合作

改革, 2014(6): 29-31.]

[本文引用: 1]

Xiao Weidong.

Theory evolution of industrial geographical agglomeration: Based on the view of division-spatial externalities

Journal of Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, 2013, 29(6): 3-11.

[本文引用: 1]

[肖卫东.

产业地理集聚理论演进: 分工—空间外部性视角

云南财经大学学报, 2013, 29(6): 3-11.]

[本文引用: 1]

Zhang Xianshan.

Enterprise's technological innovation and industrial upgrading: Analysis of technological innovation model and its enlightenment to Baosteel's development strategy

Shanghai Enterprise, 2004(9): 19-22.

[本文引用: 1]

[张贤善.

企业技术创新与产业升级: 技术创新模型的分析及对宝钢发展战略的启示

上海企业, 2004(9): 19-22.]

[本文引用: 1]

Li Meihong. Research on the influence of labor price distortion to industrial structure upgrade[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, 2017.

[本文引用: 1]

[李美红. 劳动力价格扭曲对产业结构升级的影响研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江财经大学, 2017.]

[本文引用: 1]

Su Zhi, Xu Shudan.

An evaluation of Chinese technological progress and the convergence of economic growth: From the perspective of innovation and efficiency

Social Sciences in China, 2015(7): 4-25, 205.

[本文引用: 1]

[苏治, 徐淑丹.

中国技术进步与经济增长收敛性测度: 基于创新与效率的视角

中国社会科学, 2015(7): 4-25, 205.]

[本文引用: 1]

Yu Junli, Fu Rui.

Research on the post-development advantage in regional economic development and its realization mechanism: Taking Guangdong province as an example

Chinese Public Administration, 2014(7): 78-84.

[本文引用: 1]

[郁俊莉, 傅睿.

区域经济发展中后发优势与其实现机制研究: 以广东省后发区域赶超效应及政府作用为例

中国行政管理, 2014(7): 78-84.]

[本文引用: 1]

Li Ruilin.

Regional economic integration, industrial agglomeration and industrial division: A new economic geography perspective

Inquiry into Economic Issues, 2009(5): 7-10.

[本文引用: 1]

[李瑞林.

区域经济一体化与产业集聚、产业分工: 新经济地理视角

经济问题探索, 2009(5): 7-10.]

[本文引用: 1]

Lu Minghua, Li Guoping.

The development of global electronic and information industrial value-chain and its revelation

Journal of Peking University (Humanities and Social Sciences), 2004, 41(4): 63-69.

[本文引用: 1]

[卢明华, 李国平.

全球电子信息产业价值链及对我国的启示

北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2004, 41(4): 63-69.]

[本文引用: 1]

Bi Kexin, Yang Chaojun, Sui Jun.

Impact of MNCs' technology transfer on green innovation performance: Perspective of manufacturing green innovation system

China Soft Science, 2015(11): 81-93.

[本文引用: 1]

[毕克新, 杨朝均, 隋俊.

跨国公司技术转移对绿色创新绩效影响效果评价: 基于制造业绿色创新系统的实证研究

中国软科学, 2015(11): 81-93.]

[本文引用: 1]

Chen Weijin, Ma Xueguang, Cai Lili, et al.

Characteristics of regional city connection's spatial pattern based on intercity passenger traffic flow in Pearl River Delta

Economic Geography, 2013, 33(4): 48-55.

[本文引用: 1]

[陈伟劲, 马学广, 蔡莉丽, .

珠三角城市联系的空间格局特征研究: 基于城际客运交通流的分析

经济地理, 2013, 33(4): 48-55.]

[本文引用: 1]

Wang Xiaomei, Yu Zhengying, Liu Xiaoyong.

An empirical test of spread-backwash and market area effects of economic growth in Guangdong province

Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2020, 40(10): 1636-1645.

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.10.007      [本文引用: 1]

This paper proposes an explanatory spatial analysis of the regional development pattern of Guangdong Province, based on the spatial panel data of 121 counties in Guangdong Province over 2001-2017 period. It proposes three regional division models of core-subordinate-peripheral regions, from the perspectives of economic development level, regional economic difference and network layout of administrative levels, to empirically test the spread-backwash and market area effect based on a spatial econometric model of spatial decomposition. The results show that: The regional development of Guangdong Province is evolving towards the pattern of Guangzhou and Shenzhen-the Pearl River Delta excluding Guangzhou and Shenzhen-non-the Pearl River Delta. The impact of the upper-level region on the lower-level region is still dominated by the backwash effect, and the spread effect is gradually emerging. The development of sub-regions and peripheral regions is still constrained by the level of administrative divisions. The urban hierarchy system under administrative divisions still significantly affects the spread-backwash and market area effects of regional economies. The market area effect of the lower regions on the upper regions depends on the economic development level of the lower regions. When the levels of economic development differ greatly, it is difficult for the lower regions to form a consumer market to support the economic development of the upper regions. The markets of Guangzhou and Shenzhen are mainly national and international markets. The markets of other non-the Pearl River Delta cities and non-the Pearl River Delta downtown areas remain local markets.

[王效梅, 余正颖, 刘小勇.

广东省经济增长的扩散回流与市场区效应实证检验

地理科学, 2020, 40(10): 1636-1645.]

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.10.007      [本文引用: 1]

利用广东省2001—2017年121个区县的空间面板数据,对广东省区域发展格局进行了空间探索性分析。并从经济发展水平、区域经济差异和行政等级网状布局3个视角,采用3种中心?次级?外围划分模式,构建基于空间分解的空间计量模型实证检验了扩散回流和市场区效应。研究发现:广东省区域经济发展正在向广深?珠三角非广深?非珠三角的格局演变;上级区域对下级区域的影响仍以回流效应为主,扩散效应逐渐显现;次级区域和外围区域的发展仍受制于行政区划层级的制约,行政区划下的城市等级体系依然显著影响区域经济的扩散回流和市场区效应;下级区域对上级区域的市场区效应依赖于下级区域的经济发展水平,当经济发展水平相差较大时,下级区域难以形成支撑上级区域经济发展的消费市场,广州和深圳2个城市的市场主要是全国和国际市场,珠三角其他城市和非珠三角地市中心城区的市场依然是本地市场。

Wang Lili, Xiao Wenwen.

Industry linkage of marine industry and marine-land industry linkage development: Based on input-output model

Economic Geography, 2016, 36(1): 113-119.

[本文引用: 2]

[王莉莉, 肖雯雯.

基于投入产出模型的中国海洋产业关联及海陆产业联动发展分析

经济地理, 2016, 36(1): 113-119.]

[本文引用: 2]

Ma Xiaolei, Jiao Shixing, Zhang Jianwei, et al.

Spatio-temporal evolution of agricultural comparative advantage and growing advantage in main grain producing areas in Northeast Provinces in China

World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(3): 602-612.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.03.2020541      [本文引用: 1]

Industrial development advantages have an important influence on industrial economy. Location Quotient (LQ) and Growth Quotient (GQ) indexes were used to study comparative advantages and growth advantages of planting, forestry, livestock and fishery in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces in China from 1990 to 2018.The results show that: (1) In terms of comparative advantage, at present, agriculture, planting, animal husbandry and forestry in Heilongjiang Province, animal husbandry in Jilin Province, and fishery and animal husbandry in Liaoning Province have outstanding comparative advantages in China. In addition, corn in three provinces, soybean in Heilongjiang, and beef in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces have significant comparative advantages. (2) In terms of growth advantages, economic growth rate of planting industry in three northeastern provinces is slow, while animal husbandry economy has obvious advantages in sectoral growth and regional growth, and compared with national animal husbandry economy, northeast China has outstanding growth advantages and great development potential.(3) From the perspective of spatial pattern, in three northeastern provinces, 75% prefecture-level cities have comparative advantage in agriculture; 72% prefecture-level cities have sectoral growth advantages in animal husbandry, and their output growth rate is higher than China average level, with outstanding development advantages. Although the planting industry of three northeastern provinces has a strong comparative advantage in China, its output value growth rate is relatively slow. In order to promote agricultural development of major grain producing areas, we should accelerate development level of modern agriculture, improve the economic growth rate of planting industry, and promote comprehensive development of agriculture.

[马晓蕾, 焦士兴, 张建伟, .

东北三省粮食主产区农业比较优势与增长优势时空演变研究

世界地理研究, 2022, 31(3): 602-612.]

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.03.2020541      [本文引用: 1]

采用区位商和增长商指数,对1990—2018年黑龙江、吉林和辽宁三省的农业,及种植业、林业、畜牧业和渔业的比较优势和增长优势进行研究。结果表明:①从比较优势看,黑龙江省的农业、种植业、畜牧业和林业,吉林省的畜牧业,以及辽宁省的渔业和畜牧业,在全国具有突出的比较优势;东北三省的玉米、黑龙江省的大豆,及黑龙江和吉林省的牛肉生产具有显著的比较优势。②从增长优势看,1990—2018年,东北三省的种植业经济增速迟缓,而畜牧业经济具有明显的部门增长优势和区域增长优势,且增长优势突出,发展潜力较大。③从空间格局看,东北三省有75%的地级市农业具有比较优势;72%的地级市畜牧业产值增速高于全国平均水平,具有部门增长优势,优势突出。尽管东北三省种植业在全国的比较优势较强,但其产值增长速度相对迟缓。为推进粮食主产区农业发展,应提高现代农业发展水平,促进农业综合发展。

Shi Jinchuan, Liu Xiaodong.

Scale economy, network externalities and PC market structure

Economic Research Journal, 2005, 40(3): 91-99, 107.

[本文引用: 1]

[史晋川, 刘晓东.

网络外部性、商业模式与PC市场结构

经济研究, 2005, 40(3): 91-99, 107.]

[本文引用: 1]

Zhang Keyun, Li Chen.

The progress of theoretical and empirical research on regional branching

Economic Perspectives, 2019(12): 122-137.

[本文引用: 1]

[张可云, 李晨.

区域派生理论与经验研究进展

经济学动态, 2019(12): 122-137.]

[本文引用: 1]

Wang Xinxin.

The development of software industry and the innovation of business models in software enterprises

Industrial & Science Tribune, 2012, 11(3): 24-25, 67.

[本文引用: 1]

[王鑫鑫.

软件产业发展与软件企业商业模式创新

产业与科技论坛, 2012, 11(3): 24-25, 67.]

[本文引用: 1]

Tang Zhuchang, Lu Jian.

Restraint mechanism of technology diffusion under the visual angle of growth of economy

Study & Exploration, 2008(2): 133-136.

[本文引用: 1]

[唐朱昌, 陆剑.

经济增长视角下技术扩散的约束机制

学习与探索, 2008(2): 133-136.]

[本文引用: 1]

Fu Cuixiao, Qian Shengsan, Chen Jinjie, et al.

The literature review on knowledge production

Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2009, 26(2): 155-160.

[本文引用: 1]

[傅翠晓, 钱省三, 陈劲杰, .

知识生产研究综述

科技进步与对策, 2009, 26(2): 155-160.]

[本文引用: 1]

Geng Xiyao, Hu Yang.

Comparative analysis of the international competitiveness of China and India's information industry from the perspective of global value chain

World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(2): 270-279.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.02.2020722      [本文引用: 1]

Information industry is an important engine for national economy development, and affects the future prospects of a country. At present, both developed countries and Newly Industrializing Economies (NIES) focus on improving the competitiveness of the information industry. China and India both attach great importance to the information industry, but they take very different strategies and approaches to promote industrial development. Based on the perspective of global value chain (GVC), this paper uses TiVA(Trade in Value Added)data to measure GVC participation degree and GVC position of China and India's information industry, and compares the mechanisms and effects of the integration of information industry into GVCs from the perspective of national industrial policies and location conditions. The study shows that "hardware" manufacturing can significantly improve the international competitiveness of China's information industry, but the "software- priority" policy can't enhance the comprehensive strength of India's information industry, China's policy which give priority to "hardware" and take "software" into consideration is more conducive to high-quality and sustainable development of the information industry. In terms of location conditions, India lacks the basic conditions for the comprehensive development of "hardware" manufacturing, while China creates a broad space for the development of "hardware" manufacturing and "software" services.

[耿溪谣, 胡洋.

全球价值链视角下中国与印度信息产业国际竞争力的比较分析

世界地理研究, 2022, 31(2): 270-279.]

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.02.2020722      [本文引用: 1]

信息产业是推动国民经济发展的重要引擎,也关乎国家未来的发展前景。目前,无论是发达国家还是新兴工业化经济体,都将提升信息产业竞争力作为关注焦点。中国和印度均高度重视信息产业,但在促进产业发展的策略和模式上截然不同。基于全球价值链的视角,运用附加值贸易数据测算中、印两国信息产业在全球价值链中的参与程度和分工地位,并从国家产业政策和区位条件的角度比较两国信息产业融入全球价值链的机制和效果。研究发现:加强“硬件”制造能显著提升中国信息产业的国际竞争力,而“软件”优先的政策导向并未改善印度信息产业的整体实力,中国优先发展“硬件”并兼顾“软件”的产业政策更有利于信息产业的高质量、可持续发展。从区位条件来看,印度缺乏全面发展“硬件”制造的基础条件,中国则为“硬件”制造和“软件”服务创造了良好的发展空间。

/