The history of human activities on the Tibetan Plateau is crucial for understanding human adaptation to the extreme environment of cold and hypoxia. This paper systematically reviews the archaeological discoveries and studies in recent years, and provides an overview of five development stages of prehistoric human colonization of the Tibetan Plateau from the known of the earliest occupation until permanent settlement. 1) The Denisovan mandible and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) found in Baishiya Karst Cave (BKC), 3 280 m above sea level ( a.s.l.), on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, indicate that the ArchaicHomo sapiens, such as Xiahe Denisovan, may have adapted to the plateau at least 190 thousand years ago (ka) during the late Middle Pleistocene and long-term existed in and around the BKC until the last Glacial period; 2) The Initial Upper Paleolithic assemblages, from excavations at Nwya Devu site (4 600 m a.s.l.), reveal that modern humans began to explore the interior region of the Tibetan Plateau as early as 40-30 ka; 3) The relatively rich microlithic sites on the plateau from last deglaciation to early-mid Holocene, show the frequent activities of microlithic hunt-gatherers during this period, especially during 0.9-0.6 ka, perhaps the results of climate warming; 4) According to the evidence of plant remains from the Neolithic sites, millet farmers have entered low-elevation regions (< 2 500 m a.s.l.) on eastern Tibetan Plateau at least 5.2 ka, and permanently settled in regions at elevation above 3 000 m a.s.l. on eastern Tibetan Plateau since 4.8 ka; 5) After 3.5 ka, the introduction and development of wheat and pastoral economy facilitated permanent human occupation in the high-altitude regions (> 3000 m a.s.l.) of the Tibetan Plateau, which is a consequence of cultural exchange in prehistoric Eurasia. These reflect the long-term physiological and cultural adaptation of prehistoric humans in the process of spreading and settling on the plateau. However, our understanding of prehistoric human activities on the plateau is still limited by the number of archaeological sites and excavated materials. Therefore, we suggest that future work should be focused on seeking more prehistoric sites, conducting the systematic study, and solving the following issues: the spatial and temporal distribution of prehistoric hunter-gatherers, farmers and herders on the plateau, their biological and behavioural adaptation to high-altitude environment and connection with prehistoric low-altitude population and modern Tibetans, and the formation and universality of alpine civilization. We expect that new discoveries and multidisciplinary endeavours will promote the understanding of these issues in the future.

系统梳理了近年来的考古发现与研究成果,总结出人类向青藏高原扩散直至定居的5个阶段性发展过程：古老型智人自中更新世晚期就开始了对高原的适应；现代智人于40~30 ka前已经开启了对高原腹地的探索；末次冰消期以来的气候转暖时段,细石器人群向高原大范围扩散,并在全新世早中期的活动更为频繁；粟作农业人群至少在5.2 ka前进入高原东部低海拔的河谷地带,在4.8 ka以后开始定居在高原东部3 000 m以上海拔的区域；3.5 ka以来麦作的传入和牧业经济的发展助力人群大规模定居高海拔区域。人类在向高原扩散和定居的过程中经历了漫长的生理与文化适应,但受限于当前考古发现与研究材料,史前狩猎采集、农业和牧业等人群在高原的时空分布、对高海拔环境的生理与行为适应﹑与低海拔人群和以藏族为主的现代高原人群之间的联系,以及高寒地区河谷农业和山地高原面游牧双重经济活动对高寒文明形成的支撑作用和高寒文明的普适性等问题仍需要深入研究,期待未来多学科交叉融合共同推动对这些问题的理解。

The Tibetan Plateau is regarded as a typically sparsely populated area both from Chinese and global perspectives. There exists a large difference in population distribution of the Tibetan Plateau. Based on the town-level census data in 2010, we compiled a spatial population database to calculate the population density of the Tibetan Plateau. We found that the population distribution on this plateau was characterized in four dimensions, namely longitude, latitude, polarization and altitude. In addition, similar to the "Hu Line" for Chinese population distribution, we introduce the "Qilian-Gyirong Line" (short for Qi-Ji Line), a spatial division line of population geography in the Tibetan Plateau. Our main results are summarized as follows. (1) There are significant regional differences in the spatial population distribution in the Tibetan Plateau. The population density in the southeast was higher than that in the northwest. Compared to longitude-oriented, latitude-oriented and altitude-oriented regional differences, the polarization-oriented regional difference of population distribution was more prominent. This finding indicates that fewer people live in areas close to the cold-arid core of the Tibetan Plateau. (2) The spatial population distribution is closely related to the natural and environmental factors, including altitude, soil, water resources, climate and vegetation. The interaction between the natural factors has an impact on enhancing the regional difference of population. (3) The "Qiji Line" reveals the spatial differences of population in the Tibetan Plateau. The areas on either side of the line are approximately similar, whereas the population shares in the southeast and northwest halves are 93% and 7%, respectively. (4) In general, the population differences on both sides of the "Qiji Line" were stable over time. During 1982-2010 the population share in the southeast half decreased counterbalanced by an increased share in the northeast half. In the future, the majority of the people are expected to live on the southeast side. This is likely to imply two major policy initiatives. More attention is required on the urbanization development and transportation network construction in the southeast half and the increasing eco-environmental pressures from the growing population in the northwest half.

青藏高原是中国乃至全球典型的人口稀疏区之一,但内部人口地域分异明显。通过构建青藏高原乡镇街道尺度的人口空间数据集,系统核算青藏高原人口数量及其空间密度,从经度、纬度、极向和垂直4个维度解析青藏高原人口地域分异规律,并基于&#x0201C;胡焕庸线&#x0201D;思想,提出青藏高原的&#x0201C;祁吉线&#x0201D;人口地理划分方案。结论包括：① 青藏高原人口空间分布不均衡,具有&#x0201C;东南密、西北疏&#x0201D;的总体空间分布特征,距离&#x0201C;寒旱核心区&#x0201D;近疏远密的极向地域分异明显;② 青藏高原人口地域分异与海拔、土壤、水资源、气候、植被等自然环境本底具有高度耦合关系,自然因素间交互作用加强了人口地域分异;③ 青藏高原人口地域分异可以通过连接祁连县与吉隆县的&#x0201C;祁吉线&#x0201D;体现,两侧地域面积大致相同,但是东南半壁与西北半壁人口比例达到93∶7的悬殊;④ &#x0201C;祁吉线&#x0201D;长期稳定,但是东南半壁人口持续微降,西北半壁人口持续微增,未来时期,东南半壁依然是青藏高原城镇化及人类活动的主要区域,而西北半壁应当重视人口增长与生态环境压力的矛盾。

城镇体系的形成和发育对区域城镇化进程及社会经济发展起着至关重要的作用,并对生态环境产生重要影响。青藏高原特殊的地理环境与相对落后的社会经济基础,导致城镇体系不甚健全。目前国内外相关研究薄弱,不利于国家生态安全屏障建设及青藏高原可持续发展。为此,本文以建制镇以上的镇区和城市市区为研究对象,结合统计数据与遥感数据,借助GIS空间分析方法对青藏高原1990-2015年城镇体系的空间结构和规模结构进行时空演变格局分析,并采用重心移动模型揭示了青藏高原城镇人口规模和用地规模重心的迁移规律。结果表明：青藏高原城镇空间分布总体呈现出“东南密集、西北稀疏”、“大分散、小集聚”的格局;城镇分布在时间上具有阶段性增长特征且总体趋于集聚,在空间上不均衡程度呈上升趋势但2005年后明显减缓;虽然建制镇数量大幅增长,但96.88%的城镇规模在5万人以下,大中小城市发育不足;城镇人口规模重心呈现“先向西南,再向东北,又向西南”的移动轨迹;城镇用地规模重心呈现“先向东南,再向西北,再向东北”的迁移趋势。本文研究了青藏高原城镇体系的规模结构及其时空演变特征,为青藏高原新型城镇化及城镇空间格局优化提供基础依据;提出了资料缺乏和统计口径不一致的条件下城镇规模的合理估算方法,对我国城镇化相关研究具有一定的参考价值。

人类活动是引起青藏高原生态环境发生改变的重要因素。很多学者对青藏高原史前人类活动和近几十年的人口分布格局与人口流动开展了大量研究,但有关人群时空分布的精细尺度研究相对缺乏。海量的位置大数据为认识高原人群短期的动态变化提供了新途径。本文利用手机定位数据、人口迁徙数据等高时空分辨率的位置大数据,通过时间序列分解方法和基于统计检验的异常判别方法,分析了2017年国庆期间青海与西藏的人群分布时空变化特征,并探讨了假期旅游行为及人口迁徙与变化特征之间的关系。研究结果显示：① 在省级和城市整体尺度上,定位请求量的假期变化在时间上呈现先降后升的“潮汐”变化模式;② 在精细网格尺度上,西宁和拉萨城市及周边地区的人群分布变化在空间上呈现中心跌、周边涨的“离心化”变化模式。国庆假期人们向城市周边热门景点移动聚集的旅游行为和城市之间的人口迁徙都是导致西宁和拉萨周边地区定位请求量上涨的重要潜在原因,而两座高原城市中心定位请求的下跌不仅与人口迁徙有关,还与假期人类日常行为及定位请求频次的变化等因素有关。通过位置大数据挖掘节庆假期人群分布的时空变化,不仅加深了对高原人口分布格局与流动变化的认识,也为高原城镇化与生态保护的精细化管理与决策提供支撑。

The activities of local people and tourists have great effects on the ecological environment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Different kinds of activities may cause different impacts on ecology and environment. To effectively protect the ecological environment, it is necessary to study the spatiotemporal patterns of different kinds of human activities. In this paper, two Tencent positioning datasets which record one-week location requests in January and July of 2018, respectively, are used to explore the human activities in off-season and peak season of tourism on the plateau. A Tucker tensor decomposition method is employed to reduce the dimension of massive data and obtain the principle modes of human activities. The data in off-season are decomposed into 3 daily patterns, 3 hourly patterns and 8 spatial patterns, and the data in peak season are decomposed into 2 daily patterns, 4 hourly patterns and 8 spatial patterns. By analyzing the core tensor, different kinds of activities are inferred through the relations among different dimensions of data, and the human activities in off-season and peak season of tourism are analyzed. The human activities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are found to be different from those in other places. Different from ordinary weekday and weekend patterns, there is a mid-week pattern (Tuesday through Friday) and an inter-week pattern (Saturday, Sunday and Monday) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and there is a special holiday pattern in off-season of tourism. It is also found that the human activities in off-season and peak season of tourism are different, which indicates different activities of the local residents and the tourists. In off-season of tourism, the positioning activities are very active in the morning, however, the activities are less active during the daytime of mid-week days than during the daytime of inter-week days, and the activities are mostly found in the cities in the mid-week days but mostly in the outskirts of the cities or on the way to scenic spots in the inter-week days. In off-season, there exist the activities of local residents. In peak season, there are less activities in the morning, but the activities during the day are more broadly distributed both in the mid-week days and in the inter-week days. It is indicated that the activities of tourists are significant in the peak season. After clustering spatial grids with similar patterns, we find that there are mixed spatial patterns in most parts of the study area, which discloses that there are usually multiple kinds of human activities in a region.

随着青藏高原城镇化和旅游的发展,人类活动强度不断加剧,有必要对青藏高原不同类型的人类活动时空模式进行研究,以便了解不同区域人类活动对自然环境的影响以及更好地采取生态环境保护措施。利用腾讯位置大数据,分析青藏高原在旅游淡季和旅游旺季的人类活动时空模式,研究旅游人口对青藏高原人类活动的影响。本文分别选取2018年1月和7月的腾讯定位请求数据,构建多时空维度的高阶张量,采用张量分解的方法对数据进行降维,获取旅游淡季和旺季不同时空维度的主要特征,分析活动模式,发现青藏高原在旅游淡季和旺季的活动模式在时间上和空间上都有很大不同,体现了旅游人口造成的影响。在旅游淡季,青藏高原居民的活动在凌晨有个高峰,在午间有个低谷,并且表现有特殊的节日模式,工作日的人类活动主要分布在城镇等人口聚集区,休息日向城镇周边发散;旺季凌晨活动分为两个高峰,一个在时间上较淡季提前,与午夜活动相连,另一个较淡季的时间推迟,旺季活动没有午间的低谷和特殊的节日模式,且工作日和休息日的日间活动都分布较广。

The floating population has become an important driving force of population growth in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in recent years, and thus the settlement intention of the floating population is of vital importance to the sustainable urbanization of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Based on the data of China's floating population dynamic monitoring survey in 2017, this paper measured the settlement intention of the floating population in the study area, and according to their migration source of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area, and distinguished the short- and long-distance floating population, and then compared their settlement intentions. Following this, we built a multi-level logistic regression model to analyze the underlying driving forces of the settlement intentions of the floating population as well as the possible differences between the short- and long-distance floating population. The main findings are as follows: (1) The overall settlement intention of the floating population in the plateau area was not high, and only about 32% of the floating population intend to stay in the urban areas for a long time; except for Lhasa, Xining and Haixi, that proportion is only about 10% of the prefecture units. (2) The settlement intention of the short-distance floating population was significantly higher than that of the long-distance floating population, but the percentages of the short-distance floating population with long-term settlement intention in most prefecture units were still less than 20%. (3) Education level, income level, urban medical insurance, social integration, economic development level and natural conditions of the inflow destinations have significant influence on the settlement intention of the floating population. (4) The difference of settlement intention between short- and long-distance floating population was closely related to the migration motivation and the social integration. Based on the above findings, this paper suggests that it is necessary to take targeted measures to improve the settlement intention of the short- and long-distance floating population in terms of the influencing factors, and also explore the suitable urbanization pattern for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area, such as promoting the local urbanization.

流动人口是青藏高原人口增长的重要动力,其城镇居留意愿关乎青藏高原城镇化的可持续发展。利用2017年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,测算青藏高原流动人口城镇居留意愿,根据来源地是否在青藏高原地域范围内,划分近程和远程流动人口,解析近程和远程流动人口城镇居留意愿的分异特征,建立多层Logistic回归模型,探讨流动人口城镇居留意愿及其近远程分异的影响因素。主要发现如下：① 青藏高原流动人口总体城镇居留意愿不高,仅有约32%的流动人口打算在城镇地区长期居留;除拉萨、西宁和海西等少数地区外,多数地区该比例仅约为10%。② 近程流动人口城镇居留意愿明显高于远程流动人口,但近程流动人口在多数地区的居留意愿仍低于20%。③ 受教育程度、收入水平、城镇医疗保险、社会融合程度以及流入地的经济发展水平、自然条件等因素对流动人口城镇居留意愿具有显著正向影响。④ 近程和远程流动人口城镇居留意愿分异与流动原因、社会融合程度等方面的差异密切相关。最后,针对青藏高原的特殊性,提出差异化的流动人口高质量城镇化政策建议。

Through specific analysis of the three dimensions of night light development index (NLDI), cultural diversity and the rank-size rule, the human development level of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in different periods is evaluated. The results show that: 1) Since the 21st century, human development in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau has been improved year by year, but the overall level of human development is still below average level. There are some spatial differences in the level of human development within the region. The night light intensity in the southeast is relatively high, showing the concentrated population distribution. 2) The areas with high ethnic diversity in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau mainly extend and expand along the Tibetan-Yi Corridor and Hexi Corridor. The night light intensity in the multicultural blending area is high, and the overall level of human development is on the rise. 3) The rank-size rule is used to analyze the urban scale constructed by night light intensity. A prominent problem in the urban system of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau lies is that the maximum urban scale is still too small.

通过夜光发展指数（NLDI）、文化多样性和城市位序规模法则3个维度进行分析,评估不同时期青藏高原地区的人类发展水平。研究表明：① 21世纪以来,青藏高原地区人类发展水平在逐年提升,但是人类发展水平整体上还处于中等偏下水平,区域内部人类发展水平存在一定的空间差异,东南部夜间灯光强度比较高,人口分布集中；② 青藏高原民族多样性较高区域主要沿着藏彝走廊和河西走廊延伸和扩展,多元文化交融地区的夜间灯光强度高,人类发展水平总体呈上升趋势；③ 采用位序规模法则分析由夜光强度构建的城市规模,最大城市规模太小仍然是青藏高原地区城镇体系的突出问题。

Scientifically assessing the interaction between urbanization and eco-environment in the Tibetan Plateau is critical for optimization of urbanization speed and quality, and for the restoration and improvement of the eco-environment. Based on previous studies about the interaction between urbanization and eco-environment in the Tibetan Plateau, we established complete analysis models to examine the overall process, including comprehensive evaluation index analysis, coupling coordination degree measurement, coupling type identification, decoupling path exploration, and future trend prediction. We used a multi-scale comparison analysis method to clarify the differences between scales (across the Tibetan Plateau and its provinces and prefecture-level cities), identify the problem regions, and propose customized improvement measures. Here we show that the comprehensive evaluation index of urbanization has experienced a staged upward trend in different scales, and the overall urbanization index of Qinghai is higher than that of Tibet. However, the changing trends of the eco-environment index are different. The changes in eco-environment index of Qinghai show a decreasing trend, whereas Tibet's changes tend to be stable. The eco-environment index of prefecture-level cities is stratified. We also found that the changing trends of coupling coordination degree of urbanization and eco-environment in different scales were overall rising. The coupling type has changed from imbalanced recession type to nearly imbalanced recession type, and finally to grudgingly coordinated development type. However, most of these types are lagged urbanization types. The alternate change trend between strong decoupling and weak decoupling indicates a negative interaction between urbanization and the eco-environment at different scales. Thus, it can be inferred that the lagged urbanization is a prominent phenomenon. The result of predication shows that in the next 10 years the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and eco-environment will increase steadily in all geographic units, but there will be a gap in the growth rate.

科学评估青藏高原城镇化与生态环境交互影响的总体状况,对优化城镇化速度和质量,修复和提升生态环境状态具有重要意义。在梳理青藏高原城镇化与生态环境交互影响研究进展基础上,本文尝试构建一套完整的城镇化与生态环境交互影响分析模型体系,实现从综合评价指数分析、耦合协调度量化、耦合类型识别、解耦路径探索到未来趋势预测的全过程解析。以青藏高原及其省域、地级单元多尺度分析对比为手段,尝试厘清尺度之间的差异性,识别出问题区域,并提出针对性的改进措施。研究发现,青藏高原不同尺度间城镇化综合评价指数呈阶段性上升趋势,青海的整体城镇化指数高于西藏;生态环境指数变化趋势不同,青海呈下降态势,西藏则趋向平稳,各地级单元生态环境指数存在分层现象。青藏高原不同尺度城镇化与生态环境耦合协调度总体呈上升趋势,协调类型由失调衰退类向濒临失调衰退类转变,最后转为勉强协调发展类,基本属于城镇化滞后型。城镇化指数与生态环境指数呈现出强脱钩、弱脱钩交互出现的波动态势,说明不同尺度间存在城镇化与生态环境的负相互作用,消极城镇化现象突出。通过预测,青藏高原各地级单元在未来10年内,系统耦合协调度将稳步上升,但各地增长速度将存在显著差距。

伴随青藏高原研究的深入,高原内外多学科研究程度和认识的提高,及地理大数据、地球观测科学和技术的进步,对青藏高原范围提出了新的要求。本研究系统论述了确定青藏高原范围的原则、依据和方法,分析探讨了高原地貌宏观结构（高原面、高原内低盆地与高原边缘河谷低地等）和周围边界各自然地段构成的基本特征。采用ArcMap软件,通过遥感影像和DEM数据及新资料对高原地貌比较研究,实现了1：100万比例尺地图精度的青藏高原范围的界定。研究表明,青藏高原北起西昆仑山-祁连山山脉北麓,南抵喜马拉雅山等山脉南麓,南北最宽达1560 km;西自兴都库什山脉和帕米尔高原西缘,东抵横断山等山脉东缘,东西最长约3360 km;范围为25°59′26″N~40°1′6″N、67°40′37″E~104°40′43″E,总面积为308.34万km²,平均海拔约4320 m。在行政区域上,青藏高原分布于中国、印度、巴基斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、阿富汗、尼泊尔、不丹、缅甸、吉尔吉斯斯坦等9个国家。其中中国境内的青藏高原面积约258.09万km²（占高原总面积的83.7%）,平均海拔约4400 m,分布在西藏、青海、甘肃、四川、云南和新疆等6省区,西藏和青海两省区主体分布在高原范围内（约占高原总面积的60.6%）。

Urban agglomeration refers to a highly integrated city and town group. It comes into being with the development of industrialization and urbanization to the advanced stage. The formation and development of urban agglomeration is a long natural process, which is transformed from competition to cooperation. China is in a new stage of urbanization transition, and has entered a new era of leading the global urban agglomeration development in the 21st century. The research and experience model of China's urban agglomeration has been accepted by global urban agglomeration construction as reference. In this paper, the natural law of urban agglomeration is proposed, including developmental gradual law, multi-scale transmission law of space intensive utilization, the combination law of spatial crystal structure, the natural growth of the breeding tree, and the gradient upgrade law of sustainable development. Following these laws, Chinese geographers have made great contributions to the research and development of China's urban agglomerations, which focuses on academic theory, technical method, decision support and planning practice. We developed and scientifically defined the concept of urban agglomeration, and first adopted the identification standard of urban agglomeration space. We established the spatial intensive development and layout simulation decision support technology chain in urban agglomeration, and developed related software chain. We laid out the new pattern of 5+9+6 in the spatial organization of China's urban agglomerations, and formulated the first China's urban agglomeration planning technical regulation. We completed the development plan of most urban agglomerations in China, which has become an important basis for decision-making at the national level. In the future, geographers will play a growing role and shoulder the responsibility in the development of Chinese urban agglomerations. We should combine qualitative and quantitative methods, and use big data and intelligent decision support technology to solve a series of problems in the development of this cause. Only in this way can Chinese geographers make greater contributions to the development of urban agglomerations.

城市群是国家工业化和城镇化发展到高级阶段的产物,是高度一体化和同城化的城市群体,城市群形成发育过程是一个各城市之间由竞争变为竞合的漫长自然过程,遵循自然发展规律。中国正处在新型城镇化转型发展的新阶段,已进入21世纪引领全球城市群发展的新时代,中国城市群研究与建设的经验模式正在被全球城市群建设所效仿和借鉴。本文从理论上梳理并提出了城市群形成发育遵循的自然规律,包括城市群形成发育的阶段性规律、城市群多尺度空间集约利用传导规律、城市群空间晶体结构组合规律、城市群自然生长的育树成林规律和城市群可持续发展的梯度爬升规律。地理学家遵循这些发展规律,从学术理论、技术方法、决策支持和规划实践等方面为中国城市群的研究和发展做出了不可替代的重大贡献,主要包括提出并科学界定了城市群概念,提出了城市群空间范围的识别标准,创建了城市群空间集约拓展与布局仿真决策支持技术链,研制了城市群空间集约拓展与布局仿真决策支持系统软件链,提出了中国城市群空间组织的“5+9+6”新格局,研制出国内第一部《城市群规划技术规程》,编制完成了全国多数城市群发展规划,转化为国家决策的重要依据。未来中国城市群的发展与研究中,地理学家发挥作用的空间越来越大,地理学家肩负着不可推卸的责任使命,应责无旁贷地采用定性与定量相结合的研究方法,引用大数据、智能决策支持技术等新手段解决城市群发展面临的一系列问题,一如既往地为城市群发展吸纳众智、献计献策,发挥更大作用,做出更大贡献。

青藏高原作为中国重要的生态环境保护地,城镇化和生态环境的变化受到广泛关注。本文基于1990-2015年土地利用数据,进行生态用地和城乡建设用地之间的转移分析,通过核密度以及标准差椭圆分析进行空间转移强度的定性研究。结果表明：① 1990-2015年青藏高原生态用地显著地向城乡建设用地转移,是城乡建设用地向生态用地转移量的54.6倍,其中2000-2005年和2010-2015年是用地转移的热点时期;② 城乡建设用地与生态用地之间的转换在空间上呈现逆向状态,生态用地向城乡建设用地的转移分布逐渐从青藏高原的周边区域向腹地蔓延;城乡建设用地向生态用地的转移最初出现在青藏高原的腹地,逐渐向外围扩张;③ 生态服务功能越大的生态用地,越容易被人类占用,随之发生用地类型的转移,侵占后的土地很难反向转移为具有高生态服务功能的生态用地。