In this paper, the urbanization of China's population was subdivided into "townization" and "cityization", and the indicators of "townization level" and "townization contribution rate" were adopted. From the perspective of different spatial scales and major function oriented zones, this paper conducted the system analysis on space-time disparity and influencing factors of the development of urban population in China from 1982 to 2015. The main conclusions included: (1) China's urban population's "townization level" and "townization contribution rate" continued to increase. In 2015, townization level was 41.8%, and the townization contribution rate was 55.1% during the period from 2010 to 2015. (2) The urbanization of China's urban population presented significant spatial and temporal differences. The townization-dominated counties and cities were mainly distributed in the central and western regions of China, accounting for more than 70% of the country's total land area. The cityization-dominated counties and cities were mainly concentrated in coastal urban agglomerations, and had a relatively small proportion in the national land area. (3) Looking into the future, China's urban population's "townization level" and "townization contribution rate" would increase steadily but slower and slower. It was necessary to strengthen the exploration of a differentiated development model of small towns based on the differentiation of major function oriented zones.

将中国人口城镇化细分为城镇人口“镇化”与“城化”,采用“镇化水平”和“镇化贡献率”两个指标,从不同空间尺度及主体功能区视角,系统分析1982-2015年中国城镇人口镇化发展的时空分异及影响因素。主要结论包括：① 中国的城镇人口“镇化水平”和“镇化贡献率”在不断提升。2015年镇化水平为41.8%,2010-2015年期间镇化贡献率为55.1%。② 中国城镇人口镇化呈现显著的时空分异特征。镇化主导型县市主要分布在中西部地区,占全国国土面积的70%以上;城化主导型县市主要集中分布在沿海城市群地区,在全国国土面积中所占比例较小。③ 展望未来,中国城镇人口的镇化贡献率和镇化水平将稳中趋缓,应加强探索出基于主体功能区域分异的差异化小城镇发展模式。

China is experiencing rapid progress in industrialization and urbanization. Characteristic towns (Tese Xiaozhen) are one of the important drivers for China's urbanization, industrialization and agricultural modernization in the 21st century. This paper first explores the designation of a brand-new type of new towns in China, i.e. "characteristic towns", to meet the need of the current urbanization in China. Eco-environment carrying capacity of a characteristic town was studied, the results showed that the recent ecological footprint of the characteristic town was 674.72 hm(2), effective ecological carrying capacity was 841.15 hm(2), and ecological surplus was 166.43 hm(2). In terms of current and short-term planning of the characteristic town, tourism activities will not bring serious damages to the ecological environment, and ecological footprint of the study area can be further developed. But from the perspective of ecological carrying capacity, the characteristic town needs a proper long-term planning. Targeted suggestions and construction emphasis on characteristic town in the future have been put forward according to the influence.

As a cultural heritage of activation, traditional villages contain a large amount of historical memory, which is a focus for the study of genetic recognition and model construction of regional cultural landscapes. Taking 71 national traditional villages in Shaanxi province as an example, this paper establishes a traditional village landscape genetic recognition system based on landscape gene theory, and identifies the genetic characteristics of traditional village landscapes in Shaanxi province. Using the typology principle and the N-level coding theory to encode the landscape genes, we construct the genetic information chain of the traditional village landscape in the province and generate the gene lineage. Drawing on the "cell-chain-form" DNA base sequence model, this study extracts four common genes of environmental genes, build genes, farm culture genes and clan culture genes as landscape gene elements (cells). The village road system is used as a gene chain to construct a traditional village landscape genetic DNA model and an automatic recognition model to automatically identify the location, landscape type, characteristics and cultural genes of traditional villages, which provides a theoretical reference for the effective transmission and storage of traditional village landscape genetic information and the dynamic development of rural construction.

传统村落作为活的文化遗产,承载了大量历史记忆,是地域文化景观基因识别与模型构建研究的重要切入点。以陕西省71个国家级传统村落为例,基于景观基因理论建立陕西省传统村落景观基因识别体系,识别出陕西省传统村落景观基因特征;运用类型学原理和N级编码理论对景观基因进行编码,构建陕西省传统村落景观基因信息链并生成基因谱系;借鉴生物学中“胞-链-形”DNA碱基序列模型,提取出环境基因、建筑基因、农耕文化基因和宗族文化基因四个公共基因作为景观基因元（胞）,以村内道路系统作为基因链,构建传统村落景观基因DNA模型与自动识别模型,以此对传统村落的区位、类型、特征和文化基因进行自动识别。为传统村落景观基因信息有效传承与存储,以及乡村建设动态发展提供理论借鉴。

In China, tens of hundreds of traditional settlements carry huge scientific and social value. It is very significanct that we perform a lot researches on these traditional settlements by employing the Theory of Landscapes’ Genes of Traditional Settlements (TLGTS). However, TLGTS still lacks efficiency identifying methods for separating the landscape genes from the traditional settlements according to the current reports. This maybe impedes TLGTS’ application in the future. In order to solve this issue, this article constructs a novel identifying method for separating the landscape genes from traditional settlements by the former pertinent work. Firstly, the author defines a new classifying framework for landscape gene by comparing the existing classifying methods. Then,we further define a novel classifying mode by linkage the object-oriented analysis methods and landscape gene elements. Actually, this framework sets up a concrete theoretical foundation for identifying/separating landscape genes. This classifying method for landscape gene is named as Object-Oriented Classifying Pattern for Landscape Gene (OOCPLG). Secondly, with the aforementioned theoretical research results, we put forward a useful extracting method for landscape gene by comparing the typical existing methods, such as elements identifying, pattern separating, structure analysis, definition interpreting, et al. According to these, we name the method as Features Decomposing Extraction for Landscape Gene Separating (FDELGS). In order to clarify the method well, we further develop some identifying operation rules and basic modes for landscape gene by introducing the Wholeness Conception. These rules and modes can make people sure catching a real traditional settlement landscape. According to the former research experiences and classification skills, an available technical identifying workflow is also draw for running FDELGS is also draw if someone want to launch some identifying tasks. Lastly, according to the aforementioned theoretical results, this article introduces an integrity instance case by using FDELGS.

近年来,由中国学者提出的传统聚落景观基因理论在传统聚落区划、特征识别和旅游规划等领域得到了广泛的应用。然而,该理论还缺乏有效的景观基因识别方法。针对前述问题,结合实践探讨了传统聚落景观基因的特征解构提取方法和识别模式。首先,分析了传统聚落景观基因的分类方法并结合面向对象的思想提出了面向对象的景观基因分类模式（OOCPLG）,这为构建特征解构提取方法奠定了理论基础。其次,通过分析景观识别的要求,结合现有的元素提取、图案提取、结构提取和含义提取的不足与优点,建立了特征解构的基因提取方法。最后,总结了景观基因的识别模式和基本操作流程。

Genes of cultural heritage landscape, the basic units of cultural heritage, can pass on regional culture and have become the new research direction of cultural geography. By extracting and recognizing memes of cultural heritage landscape, it is possible to reflect regional cultural characteristics. Traditional villages are the most representative kind of regional cultural heritage landscape, which embody and preserve our traditional culture. Gene recognition research of regional cultural heritage landscape could not only expand the scope of studies of traditional settlements but also reveal the human geographical features of regional culture and the sociocultural distinctions of traditional villages. Existing literature in China on identifying landscape genes from traditional settlements has not examined inherited genes and genetic structures of traditional culture and has rarely been used in the study of traditional villages. This article is an attempt to exercise the conception of regional cultural heritage landscape gene into cultural space research of traditional villages. It focuses on selected typical traditional villages in Shaanxi Province at the macroscale, mesoscale, and microscale. First, considering the regional culture discrepancies between the Guanzhong, the Shanbei, and the Shannan areas in Shaanxi Province, representativeness of the cases, balance in geographic distribution, and comprehensiveness of available data, the study selected 35 traditional villages; Second, on the macroscale and mesoscale, this article analyzes cultural environment characteristics of the cultural heritage landscape inheritance in these villages, which are found to be in conformity with the geomantic principles, the bionic design, and the traditional Li thought. Without strictly obeying the architectural shapes in urban landscapes, the location and the overall layout of traditional villages are more flexible, but still have many similar environmental characteristics as cities; Third, for establishing a landscape genes identification index system, the study divided the attributes of cultural heritage landscape into six sub-indices and 17 indicators, and applied various methods to extract and identify feature genes of the material and immaterial cultural heritage landscape at the microscale, including traditional dwellings, public building architecture, conventional custom, folk beliefs, ancestral culture, and regional dialects; Fourth, regional cultural traits are explored, which can be classified into two categories: the cultural feature of general characters, and the cultural feature of local characters. The agrarian and patriarchal clan culture is considered the general cultural character. Local cultural characters are examined in the following aspects: the military culture, the immigration culture, the communication and business culture, the industry culture, and the political culture. This research may provide a foundation for the study of constructing cultural heritage landscape genetic map in China for rejuvenating traditional village cultures.

文化遗产景观是地域文化的符号表征,文化遗产景观基因则是地域文化代际传承的基本“遗传”单位和文化遗产景观形成的决定性因子。目前文化遗产景观基因研究已成为文化地理学的重要方向之一。通过识别与提取隐藏在文化遗产景观内的文化基因,可反映出地域文化的基本特质。传统村落是最具代表性的地域文化遗产景观,整体上延续和传承了中国优秀的传统文化,并集中体现在传统村落内的文化遗产景观之中,对传统村落进行遗产性景观基因识别研究可揭示地域文化的人文地理性和传统村落的社会文化性。基于地域文化遗产景观基因理念,以陕西省35个代表性传统村落为例,首先从宏观和中观尺度,分析了传统村落遗产性景观的文化环境特征;其次从微观视角,建立了传统村落文化遗产景观基因识别指标体系,综合运用景观基因识别与提取方法,对传统村落文化遗产景观的基因特征进行分析,识别出传统村落的地域文化特质。本文旨在从文化地理学的视角认识和保护传统村落文化遗产景观,为实现传统村落的文化复兴提供科学依据。

The landscape division of traditional settlement is the job with a strong concept with theory and practicality. It is one of the most important topics in studies on cultural landscape division. In views of the characteristics of regional, systematic, stable, development, identical, typical and harmonious traditional settlement landscape in China, setting the inner similarity of traditional settlement landscape "Image" as precondition, and taking opposite consistency principle as main principle while considering other principles, this paper divides the nation's settlement landscape into three large-sized landscape regions, 14 landscape regions and 76 landscape subregions. The division, from the practice, are based on the relevant landscape principle, such as the principle of environmental constraints, the principle of cultural guidance, the principle of integrated regions, the principle of relevant identity, the principle of covering and non-continuity, the principle of structures, the principle of comprehensive and landscape identity, etc.</br>Naming principle of landscape area at all levels is area-name plus charecteristic and general name. These large-sized landscape regions, landscape regions and landscape subregions are all different in environmental quality and cultural background, so their integrated settlement and architectural landscapes show strong "identifiability" and "impressionality".</br>The division of China's traditional settlement in this article is from the landscape gene perspective rather than based on cultural characteristics used before. Finally, the paper, in the view of "landscape gene", analyzes the main elements that influence the judges of China's traditional settlement landscape genes, from the elements of psychology, ecology, aesthetics, environment, culture, time and order and so on.

传统聚落景观区划是一项理论性和实践性都很强的工作,是文化景观区划研究的重要课题之一。基于中国传统聚落景观本身存在的地域性、系统性、稳定性、发展性、一致性、典型性和协调性等特点,本方案以传统聚落景观&ldquo;意象&rdquo;(Image) 的内部相似性为前提,以相对一致性原则作为景观区域划分的主导性原则,综合考虑其他原则,如环境制约性原则、文化主导性原则、地域完整性原则、相对一致性原则、面的覆盖性原则、层次性原则和综合性原则等,将全国聚落景观初步划分为3 个大尺度的景观大区、14 个景观区和76 个景观亚区。以往关于文化区的识别,主要从文化特征的角度进行的；关于传统聚落景观区的识别,主要是从景观基因的角度进行的。区域景观基因成为判断传统聚落景观区的核心要素。通常情况下,传统聚落景观基因的判别,可以重点从心理要素、生态要素、美学要素、环境要素、文化要素、时序要素等6 个方面入手。

The concept of cultural landscape genes of traditional settlements (CLGTS) was proposed by Chinese scholars in 2003. Since then, CLGTS has been playing a key role in capturing the deep-level geographic features of traditional settlements. However, there is a lack of work on covering CLGTS from the perspective of semiotics. Now, people are often involved in difficulties when they are trying to explore the nature of cultural landscapes of traditional settlements through using CLGTS. Obviously, it is of great significance to explore the concepts and methods of semiotic mechanism of CLGTS under the support of semiology. To lock this issue, we outline the dialectical features of CLGTS through the following five aspects. (1) For a given traditional settlement, its whole image at the macro-scale is in accordance with its cultural landscape genes at the micro-scale. (2) For the cultural landscape gene of a given traditional settlement, its core characterizations are in accordance with its appearance features. (3) For a given traditional settlement, its self-updating mechanism at local scale is in accordance with its global characterizations. (4) CLGTS can be treated as the scientific analysis method merged with the quantitative and qualitative approaches for dissecting the cultural features of traditional settlements. (5) For a given traditional settlement, its outstanding features of cultural landscape are in accordance with its rich cultural connotation. Then, this work proves the diversity of forms and complexity of spatial structures of CLGTS through ample examples. To some extent, this reveals the nonlinearity, self-organization, as well as self-iteration features of CLGTS. Based on the above, this research presents a conceptual framework of semiotic mechanism of CLGTS. Within the framework, we further summarize the symbols' main features, classifications, and expression ways of CLGTS. Through this work, we make clear the requisite theoretical conditions of making symbols of CLGTS by employing GIS. Ultimately, based on the aforementioned conceptual framework, this paper develops a prototype program for making symbols of CLGTS. The test results of the prototype program with a case of ancient village of Hunan Province show that it can run well in serving to establish a symbol database of CLGTS for a given region. Hence, this research proves that semiotic mechanism of CLGTS will make sense of perfecting the theory of CLGTS and forwarding its digital protection.

传统聚落文化景观基因是解读传统聚落景观蕴含的深层次地学特征的重要切入点。然而该理论目前尚未从符号学的视角探索文化景观基因的符号机制。对此,本文首先从符号哲学的视角系统地分析了文化景观基因的特征：① 文化景观基因是宏观的聚落意象与微观的细节特征、物质外观表征与内在文化寓意、整体性特征与局部自我更新、定性与定量分析方法、优势性与内涵丰富性的辩证统一;② 文化景观基因有着多样的形态特征和复杂的空间结构,具有非线性、自组织和自迭代的重要特征。其次,论文探索了文化景观基因符号机制的概念,论述了文化景观基因的符号特征、分类和相应的表达方法,明确了构建文化景观基因符号的理论依据。最后,运用VC#.net程序语言开发了文化景观基因符号库原型程序,并给出了相应的实例。本文研究工作表明,开展文化景观基因符号机制的探索,对于完善传统聚落文化景观基因理论,促进文化景观基因资源的数字化等深化应用,具有重要的意义。

Generally, the land-use efficiency is low in the urban agglomerations of China. The high-speed transport construction has been an important factor during the land use change. As a result, it is critical to explore the spatial relationship between high-speed transport superiority degree and land-use efficiency. Taking the 42 counties of Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration as an example, we build an evaluation model of high-speed transport superiority degree, which is constructed based on the relative density of the highway and the distance from the high-speed rail station and the airport. The land-use efficiency is then calculated by DEA model with capital, labor, economic benefits and environmental benefits as input and output factors. By exploring the spatial relationship between high-speed transport superiority degree and land-use efficiency, we obtain the following results: (1) There is a significant spatial difference in the relationship between the high-speed transport superiority degree and land-use efficiency. Taking the two major hub cities of Jinan and Qingdao as the center, the core circle counties (also including Qingzhou and Weihai sub-hubs) present a significant spatial coordination between their land-use efficiency and high-speed transport superiority degree. With the increase of distance from the hub cities, the spatial coordination is declining. Among them, the land-use efficiency is lower than the high-speed transport superiority degree in the areas along the traffic trunks, which are also away from the hub cities. Meanwhile, the coordination is at a low level in the areas away from hub cities and traffic trunks; (2) Due to mechanism of element agglomeration and endogenous growth, the diversity of high-speed transport has a positive relationship with land-use efficiency; (3) According to the hub effect, high-speed transport facilitates flows of elements and technologies between the core cities and peripheral cites in the form of space spillover. This reconstructs the spatial pattern of regional land-use efficiency; (4) With the help of the balanced layout of expressway, the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration can get rid of short board effect caused by less high-speed transport construction. Moreover, owing to the proper node layout of high-speed rail station and airport, land-use efficiency presents not only a well-balanced macro-spatial pattern but also a clustered and linear micro-spatial pattern.

中国城市群正面临着土地利用效率偏低的问题,而高速交通建设是驱动土地利用变化的一个重要因素,因而探究高速交通建设与土地利用效率的空间关系将是一个重要议题。以山东半岛城市群42个陆域县级单元为例,采用高速公路相对密度、与高铁站点及机场的空间距离等指标,构建高速交通优势度评价模型,并以土地、资本、劳动力及经济、环境效益作为土地投入产出要素,采用DEA模型测算土地利用效率。通过分析高速交通优势度和土地利用效率的空间关系,结果发现：① 两者之间的协调性存在空间差异性,以济南、青岛两大枢纽为中心,枢纽圈层（另含青州、威海次级枢纽）呈现显著的空间协调性,而随着与枢纽城市距离的增大,空间协调性呈现衰减态势,其中潍坊、海阳等远离枢纽城市的交通干线沿线地区土地利用效率滞后于高速交通优势度,而利津、垦利和五莲等远离枢纽城市和交通干线的欠发达地区呈现低水平的空间协调性;② 缘于要素集聚与内生增长机制,高速交通类型多样性与土地利用效率具有显著的正向关系;③ 高速交通可通过枢纽效应促进优势要素与技术以空间外溢的形式在核心城市与一般城市之间传递,进而重构区域土地利用效率空间格局;④ 高速公路的均衡建设促使山东半岛城市群破除了高速交通建设的短板效应制约,土地利用效率空间格局整体呈现均衡态势,加之高铁站点、机场节点式布局明显,导致土地利用效率呈现宏观上高效集约、微观上团&mdash;轴凸显的空间格局。