The high-quality development of national integrated transportation corridors serves as a critical foundation for building comprehensive national transport network and supporting the strategy of becoming a country with strong transportation network. During the "15th Five-Year Plan" period (2026-2030), the construction of China's comprehensive national transport network will enter an optimization phase. However, assessment research on transportation corridors in existing studies remains relatively underdeveloped. Based on the scientific connotation and key attributes of transportation corridors, this paper constructs a six-dimensional evaluation index system, encompassing convenience, efficiency, greenness, intelligence, safety, and openness. By integrating GPS data, raster data, and socio-economic statistical data, and employing the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method, the development level and spatial patterns of 21 national integrated transportation corridors are quantitatively evaluated. The results indicate that: (1) Current development of national transport corridors exhibits a three-tier gradient characteristic aligned with the hierarchical differentiation of "main axis-corridor-channel", particularly in the dimensions of convenience, efficiency, and intelligence. (2) Significant regional variation exists, with corridors in the eastern region generally outperforming those in the central and western regions, especially in terms of intelligence and openness. (3) Internal differences among main axes are mainly reflected in efficiency, while for corridors and channels, they are evident in intelligence and openness. A 10% improvement in the efficiency of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao and Chengdu-Chongqing main axis could lead to a 7.14% optimization in its overall development level. (4) The 21 transportation corridors can be categorized into pioneering, consolidation, and foundation-strengthening types, with a quantitative ratio of 1.75:2.5:1. Corridors requiring foundational enhancement are concentrated in western, northern, and border regions.

Transport superiority and the spatial patterns of socio-economic development shaped by transport infrastructure are fundamental to national competitiveness, and they exhibit significant variations across countries at different developmental stages. Taking the transport infrastructure networks of China and the United States as typical cases, this paper develops a transport superiority evaluation method applicable to cross-country comparison. It systematically examines both the divergences and similarities in the spatial distribution of transport superiority between the two countries, and further investigates its influence on the spatial organization of socio-economic activities. Results indicate that both China and the United States exhibit evident spatial disparities in the distribution of transport superiority, generally presenting a macro pattern of gradual decline from coastal to inland areas and forming agglomeration zones with distinct superiority. Then, China exhibits a higher level of transport superiority and a more prominent agglomeration trend in its spatial distribution than the United States. Moreover, its transport infrastructure network demonstrates more remarkable service levels and spatial efficiency in supporting the nation's territory, population, and economy. Under the transport superiority shaped by transport infrastructure, the socio-economic spatial organization patterns of the two countries share common features such as spatial organization patterns of sea-land interaction, effectively hierarchical spatial levels, core-periphery efficiency spaces, and corridor diffusion-correlation structures. The spatial patterns of transport superiority and its socio-economic outcomes are shaped by a combination of factors, including the long-term accumulation of transport infrastructure, the stage of national development, the distribution of socio-economic elements, and the underlying conditions of natural location and topography. For China, the policy implication is that a maturing model of national territory development should focus on enhancing functionality and efficiency. Key priorities include optimizing the national development axis-belt structure, consolidating territorial agglomerations at a stable scale, and fostering both sustainable and effective spatial systems alongside spatial cascading mechanisms.

Urban agglomerations, as critical engines of China's urbanization process, are instrumental in creating new opportunities for modern industrial development, specifically by expanding the space for growth and fostering the transformation and upgrading of the regional tourism industry towards high-quality development. While the construction and socioeconomic effects of national-level urban agglomerations have been extensively studied, research on their impact on the tourism economy remains limited. To address this gap, this study investigates the specific mechanisms through which national-level urban agglomeration construction influences tourism economic growth. We employ a quasi-natural experiment design and panel data from 282 prefecture-level cities in China (2010-2019). By applying a Difference-in-Differences (DID) model, the study robustly tests and confirms that the development of these urban agglomerations significantly enhances the growth of city tourism economies. The results show that: (1) Even after various robustness tests aimed at confirming these findings, the positive impacts of urban agglomeration policies remain statistically significant, affirming their critical role in boosting tourism economic growth. The research identifies pronounced heterogeneity in the effects of urban agglomerations on tourism economic growth. The driving effect of the construction of national-level urban agglomerations on the urban tourism economy mainly comes from domestic tourists, thereby promoting the growth of the overall tourism economic indicators. (2) The main channels through which national-level urban agglomerations impact tourism economic growth include the enhancement of infrastructure, an increase in urban consumption levels, and improvements in internet infrastructure. The development of infrastructure facilitates better connectivity, thus attracting more tourists by enhancing accessibility and mobility within the urban agglomeration. Higher urban consumption levels reflect increased economic activity and greater disposable income, which in turn boosts tourist spending. Furthermore, the advancement of internet infrastructure significantly improves information availability and the marketing of tourism-related services, thereby enhancing the overall tourism experience and attracting a larger number of tourists. (3) These effects are more significant in cities within the eastern region of China, in cities classified at lower urban tiers, and in cities with rich tourism resources. This variability suggests that the locational and inherent characteristics of cities can influence how much they benefit from the development of urban agglomerations. The findings of this study not only underscore the significance of national-level urban agglomerations in promoting tourism economic growth but also offer valuable insights for policymakers aiming to leverage urbanization for economic development.

Based on the development concept of Digital China, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for high-quality development of rural tourism empowered by digital technology in Hunan province, and measures the level of such development across 14 cities and prefectures in Hunan from 2011 to 2020. Using the Gini coefficient and convergence model, this study analyzes the regional heterogeneity and convergence of high-quality rural tourism development empowered by digital technology across regions of this province. The results show that: (1) During the study period, the high-quality development level of rural tourism in Hunan exhibited a fluctuating growth trend, with a gradient feature of "Eastern Hunan leading, Central Hunan following, and Western Hunan lagging". (2) In terms of regional heterogeneity, the development level gap between Eastern and Western Hunan was the largest, followed by Eastern and Central Hunan, with relatively small differences between Central and Western Hunan. (3) Regarding convergence, the convergence trend of high-quality rural tourism development levels across the province and within each region gradually weakened, with Eastern Hunan showing the strongest convergence, Central Hunan moderate, and Western Hunan the weakest. Based on these findings, this paper proposes recommendations for strengthening infrastructure in lagging areas such as Western Hunan, promoting regional collaboration, and optimizing policy support to foster balanced high-quality development of rural tourism in Hunan province.

As railway hub stations become increasingly integrated with the urban fabric of metropolitan areas, the accessibility of the public transport network has become a key factor shaping their spatial configurations. From the perspective of the combination of hierarchical space and the space of flows, this paper reveals the role of the multi-node railway network in metropolitan areas in the balanced layout of living facilities and the construction of residents' cross-city living network, providing a new cognitive perspective and scientific basis for the optimization of transportation and service facilities layout in metropolitan areas. Using railway passenger classes flow data and POI data, this study constructed and calculated the three-tier railway network accessibility of Wuhan metropolitan area in 2012 and 2023, divided the functional hierarchy of living facilities by combining diversity and convenience indicators, and explored the impact of railway network accessibility on the functional hierarchy of living facilities and its location heterogeneity with the help of hierarchical linear model (HLM) and multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model. The findings are as follows: (1) The Wuhan metropolitan area has formed a multi-center, small group, and networked hierarchical railway network of ordinary-speed, high-speed, and intercity railways. Various living facilities intensive areas spread in a multi-center pattern along the railway point-axis direction and the functional hierarchy of stations in the southern region has been significantly improved. (2) The accessibility of the railway network at both the city and station levels has a significant positive impact on the functional hierarchy of living facilities, and the interaction between these two levels of accessibility is also a significant positive predictor. During the research period, the mixed effect changed from the joint action of the city and station levels to the leading role of the station layer. The interaction between the two levels only exists between commercial service facilities, transportation facilities, and green space and open space facilities. (3) The influence mechanism of functional hierarchy of living facilities has obvious regional heterogeneity. Accessibility plays the dominant role in the core area, whereas economic factors are primary in the periphery. Improving railway network accessibility can serve as an effective strategy to extend the reach of high-grade living facilities, guide the siting of new ones, and ultimately enhance service equity and foster an integrated metropolitan living space.

Accelerating rural industrial upgrading through collaboration between internal and external actors has become a crucial strategy in advancing comprehensive rural revitalization in China. However, the inherent tension between the rapid infusion of external resources and the sluggish growth of endogenous capabilities has introduced new risks to industrial upgrading, particularly in the form of escalating debt. To address this challenge, this study adopts the strategic coupling theory from relational economic geography and proposes a novel analytical framework of "competitive dynamics-strategic coupling-sustainable industrial upgrading". This study conducts a comparative case analysis of Village A and Village B in County F, Yunnan province, to explore how distinct modes of strategic coupling generate differentiated opportunities and constraints in the process of rural industrial upgrading. The study yields three key findings: (1) In the current context of rural tourism-driven development, strategic coupling plays a pivotal role in shaping the content, extent, and risk profile of industrial upgrading, thereby fundamentally influencing its sustainability; (2) Managerial capacity, market imperative, and financial discipline emerge as critical variables shaping the strategic coupling between internal and external actors, which differs significantly from the patterns observed in the manufacturing sector; (3) In the case of County F, despite similar managerial capacity and market conditions, villages A and B exhibit divergent upgrading outcomes due to differences in financial discipline within their coupling relationships. Village A, coupled with a local state-owned enterprise and subject to loose financial discipline, experienced rapid industrial upgrading accompanied by unsustainable debt accumulation. In contrast, Village B, coupled with a university under strict financial discipline, achieved slower but more sustainable progress. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying disparities in rural tourism support outcomes and offer new theoretical insights and practical guidance for fostering sustainable upgrading of rural tourism industries.

Based on the interaction of landscape, niche and regime from a multi-level perspective, integrating spatial perspective and scale views, this paper constructs an analytical framework to explain the evolution process and mechanism of traditional village tourism destinations, and takes Xidi and Hongcun as cases for verification. This can not only deepen the theoretical foundation of tourism destination evolution research, but also stimulate the application potential of multi-level perspectives. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) The process characteristics, succession nature and driving mechanism of traditional village tourism destination evolution have theoretical compatibility with the multi-level perspective. The multi-level perspective can provide guidance for practice path, development momentum and evolution goal of traditional village tourism destination evolution. From multi-level perspective, traditional village tourism destination evolution is an interactive process of landscape, regime and niche. (2) Under the interaction of landscape, niche and regime, the evolution of Xidi and Hongcun tourism destinations has undergone the pre-development stage, take-off stage, breakthrough stage and stability stage, and completed the transition from traditional rural community to tourism-based tourism villages. At present, it has entered re-takeoff stage and is moving towards an international rural tourism resort, but this stage is not mature. (3) The evolution of Xidi and Hongcun tourism destinations is beyond a single scale, a single subject, a single element and a monodirectional process. Its essence is the combination of time series, opportunity and event chain formed by the complex interaction of landscape releasing external pressure, niche creating sufficient impetus and system providing development basis, which promotes the process of tourism destination unlocking, adaptation and reshaping. The various stages of the evolution of traditional village tourism destinations are interwoven rather than zero-sum substitution. To promote its evolution, it is necessary to establish a dynamic development concept, get rid of the value concept of "accomplishing in one stroke", adhere to long-term thinking, and seize short-term opportunities.

The deepening of global sustainable tourism development has made the tourismification of folk culture a key pathway for promoting rural economic development and cultural inheritance. However, the "failed majority" indicates that multiple hidden traps in the development process of folk cultural tourism pose serious challenges to its sustainability. This study investigates the Bailuyuan Folk Cultural Village in the Guanzhong region as a case study. It employs Q-methodology to identify the divergent perceptions of stakeholder groups regarding core traps in the tourismification process, and constructs a three-level dynamic temporal "power-interest" matrix to reveal the deep generative logic of these "tourismification traps". The findings demonstrate that: (1) Three key traps exist in the process of folk culture tourismification: "means-end chain disruption", "cultural alienation", and "responsibility decoupling". (2) The structural misalignment of power and interests among stakeholders is the root cause of the development predicament. Based on these findings, this study proposes an operable local collaborative governance mechanism, the "round table conference", structured on spatial power relations. This paper offers a dynamic analytical perspective for the sustainable development of folk cultural tourism, providing significant reference value for related research and local practice.

As an important channel for international trade, the ports and their shipping networks are directly related to national economic security and transportation safety, which is an important issue reflecting the sustainable development of the shipping industry. This study develops a theoretical framework and an identification model for assessing shipping network resilience, integrating static structural analysis with dynamic performance evaluation on interdisciplinary insights from geography and transportation engineering. By selecting liner transportation data from China's coastal ports in 2018, 2020, and 2022 to construct a shipping network, this study evaluates the dynamic resilience process of the shipping network under the impact of major emergencies and reveals its influencing factors. The results showed that: (1) The comprehensive resilience index of China's shipping network was 0.627, 0.582, and 0.593, respectively, with the Yangtze River Delta ranking first in terms of resilience value, followed by the Pearl River Delta, and the Bohai Rim having a lower resilience value. (2) The resilience of China's shipping network shows phased changes under different strategies. When the failure node reaches around 10%, the rate of decline in shipping network resilience under disturbance strategies is relatively large. Comparatively, in 2020, the resilience of the shipping network exhibited greater complexity and spatiotemporal volatility. The resilience showed a significant decline when nodes were disrupted, and the performance loss varied poorly. (3) Each indicator in different shipping networks exhibits dynamic changes and interactions, with significant differences in their correlation with shipping network resilience. The driving factors have notable temporal and sustained differences in their impact on network resilience. The findings provide theoretical and practical insights for understanding the resilience and influencing factors of domestic shipping networks, as well as for improving the safety of the shipping network.

As an important mode of deceleration consumption, slow tourism is an effective means for individuals to counter the effects of societal acceleration. The construction of slow tourism industrial ecosystem serves a powerful traction to enhance destination well-being and promote high-quality regional development. Moreover, post-structuralism, with its emphasis on the deconstruction philosophy and the return of the subject, provides a unique theoretical perspective for understanding the value core and evolutionary characteristics of the slow tourism industrial ecosystem. Based on this, this study conducts a cross-case analysis of three different types of slow tourism destinations - Ancient Town of Anren in Chengdu, Gaochun International Cittaslow in Nanjing, and Ancient Town of Lijiang Shuhe - and employs grounded theory to construct an exploratory theoretical model of their industrial ecosystems. The study reveals that: (1) Slow tourism industrial ecosystem is a "human-society-nature" composite organism formed through the co-creation of "slow" values, resulting from the interaction between stakeholders and environmental factors. It exhibits post-structuralist characteristics, including an emphasis on subjectivity, multiple network, dynamic openness and systemic holism. (2) Destination government, enterprises, residents and tourists are the key participants in slow tourism industrial ecosystem. They play multiple ecological roles, and their synchronous participation contributes to the diachronic process of system construction. In this process, the slow tourism industrial ecosystem exhibits dynamic evolution and continuous optimization through an iterative process, and gradually forms four core drives of system, production, innovation and application subsystems. (3) There are three models of slow tourism industrial ecosystem: dissipative-creative, coupled-evolutionary and synergistic-symbiotic. Among them, the value recognition, resilience governance and cultural grafting are the key elements to distinguish the ecological development levels. The research findings offer theoretical implications for building slow tourism destination with Chinese characteristics.

The construction of multiple heterogeneous relationships among tourism destinations is considered from a relational space perspective, which emphasizes the dynamic generation of spaces. This spatial generation is considered to be the product of mutual relations reflecting the fluidity of emerging markets, which provides new philosophical theories and methods for human geography studies. An analytical framework for the evolution logic of "glocalization" in tourism destinations is constructed from a relational space perspective in this paper, which systematically explores the evolution logic of glocalization on Gulangyu Island in Xiamen city. The results show that, when considering the evolution logic, the relational space perspective provides a grand spatiotemporal scale for analyzing Gulangyu Island's glocalization. Spatially, Gulangyu Island has experienced the construction of a diversified and heterogeneous relationship between the global and the local scale, which has shaped a physical landscape with glocalization characteristics. Over time, Gulangyu Island has experienced several rounds of globalization with multiple pathways, including trade and production. These pathways followed an evolutionary logic in the construction of relationships among the historical international community, relationship deconstruction among scenic resorts, and relationship reconstructions among national scenic and world cultural heritage sites. In terms of their evolution mechanism, the struggle for power between global and local governments and the heterogeneous construction of multiple subjects produce the internal and external mechanisms for the glocalization of Gulangyu Island. As a world cultural heritage site, Gulangyu Island has followed a unique realistic path toward glocalization. Studying its evolution provides theoretical and empirical references for a broader study of tourist destinations from a relational space perspective.

The key to promoting high-quality rural development and building a prosperous, harmonious, and beautiful countryside lies in the synergistic and integrated development of tourism revitalization and people's well-being of traditional villages in poverty alleviation areas. This development should simultaneously advance the improvement of people's livelihoods and well-being. Drawing on the theory of the human-land relationship regional system and the core concepts of coordinated and integrated development, this paper constructs a theoretical framework. This framework is for analyzing the synergistic and integrated pathways and mechanisms from a human-land perspective. Taking Zhushan village in Fenghuang county as a case, we adopted an inductive case study. The study investigates the pathways and mechanisms through which traditional village tourism revitalization and the improvement of people's livelihood and well-being can be jointly promoted. The results show that: (1) From a human-land relationship perspective, the pathway to synergistic and integrated development is analyzed, whereby elements within both the "interest community" and the "ecological community" collaborate closely while performing their respective functions. (2) Through coordinated and integrated development in four dimensions, namely subjects, space, governance, and functions, this approach facilitates the revitalization of traditional village tourism and the improvement of people's livelihoods and well-being. These efforts promote systematic and synergistic development in four aspects: urban-rural integration, living environment, social governance, and rural structure. These findings provide a systematic and practical reference for advancing synergistic and integrated pathways and mechanisms for traditional village revitalization and livelihood enhancement.

Online traffic-driven tourism activities, which diffuse from scenic spots to the entire urban area, serve as important objects intervening in the social space of life circles. Taking residents in the Old City of Beijing as the research object, this study empirically tests the nonlinear relationship, mediating mechanism, and spatiotemporal heterogeneity between online traffic, tourism activities, and residents' 15-minute life circle behavior. Using the average dwell time per capita in each subdivided grid within the 15-minute life circle to characterize residents' daily behavior as the dependent variable, a machine learning-based nonlinear regression model is constructed, incorporating explanatory variables including online traffic and tourism activities, as well as control variables including locational characteristics, resident attributes, and built environment. Interpretable machine learning algorithms are used for model analysis. The study finds that: (1) Online traffic and tourism activities have a higher explanatory power for residents' dwell time in 15-minute life circles than the quantity of public service facilities. (2) Online traffic exhibits a mutually exclusive relationship with outbound tourism, accompanied by a diminishing marginal effect, while the impact of local leisure tourism presents a peak effect that first increases and then decreases. (3) Online traffic constrains the positive effect of appropriately quantitated local leisure tourism, and its co-occurrence with high-value outbound tourism is a necessary condition for extremely low resident dwell time. (4) Online traffic indirectly constrains residents' dwell time by boosting outbound tourism and large-scale local leisure tourism. (5) The effect size of online traffic and tourism activities in historical and cultural blocks is smaller than that in other areas, and the effect size on weekends is larger than on weekdays. Collectively, it is determined that there is a certain degree of overtourism in the study area.

The scale and spatial distribution of travel demand are crucial foundations for the formulation of transportation planning. This paper extracts the travel demand between counties and districts (referred to as counties) within the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) urban agglomeration based on mobile phone signaling data, and constructs travel networks for general and inter-city travels respectively. Using complex network analysis methods, it analyzes and compares the characteristics differences in node centrality, leading connections, and clustering spaces in general travels and inter-city travels within the urban agglomeration. The results indicate that: (1) The spatial distribution of travel intensities is uneven, with higher travel intensities in the center of the city, higher travel intensities for cross-boundary trips in suburban counties, and higher travel intensities for cross-city travel in border counties. The spatial distribution of travel intensities is uneven, with higher travel intensities in the center of the city, higher travel intensities for cross-boundary trips in suburban counties, and higher travel intensities for cross-city travel in border counties. (2) Travel primarily involves close connections between central urban areas and surrounding counties, with a positive correlation between city rank and travel intensity; inter-city travel is concentrated on the spillover boundaries of core cities, forming leading connection characteristics of central encirclement, boundary interaction, and enclave connections. (3) There are clear differences in the travel clusters between general travel and inter-city travel, with general travel clustering involving individual cities forming clusters; central urban areas jointly form spatially jumping inter-city clusters, with the boundary cluster centered on Beijing already in substantial scale. The differentiated regional functional positioning under different travel perspectives reveals that central urban area clusters play a regional connecting role, with the central urban areas of Beijing and Shijiazhuang simultaneously serving inter-city hub functions, yet a large number of peripheral counties participate less in travel connections. Analyzing the differentiated characteristics of general travel and inter-city travel demand among counties can clarify the transportation development positioning of different areas, providing a planning basis for the construction of a comprehensive transportation network in the urban agglomeration, thus promoting urban-rural and inter-city coordinated development.

It is an important field for tourism research to reveal structure and mechanisms of the tourist scenic spot network of the large-scale region based on online big data. Previous literature has rarely analyzed the multilayer structure of the tourist scenic spot network, and fail to reveal the combined effects of the endogenous and exogenous mechanisms for formation of the tourist scenic spot network. A breakthrough in analytical methods is urgently needed. This paper takes the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) as a case study, collects online booking data from Ctrip until 2023 to obtain the tourist flow data between tourist scenic spots in the YREB, and finally constructs the tourist scenic spot network. The multilayer analytical methods of complex network and the valued exponential random graph model (ERGM) are used separately for revealing the multilayer structure and the endo-exogenous mechanisms of the tourist scenic spot network of the YREB. The results show that there are 408 nodes and 1464 edges in this network, and each node is connected with 7.176 other nodes on average in terms of tourist flow. On the macro structure, this network has small-world and scale-free features. On the medio structure, this network has a significant community structure. Totally, 13 communities form a triangular closed structure, and 4 communities are distributed across provinces. For the micro structure, a total of 10 3-node network motifs are identified, which represent ten kinds of travel patterns for tourists. The three patterns of uplinked mutual dyad chain, down-linked mutual dyad chain and centralized cycle occupy the dominant position in travel patterns. The formation of this network is influenced by combined effects of the endogenous and exogenous mechanisms. Reciprocity, as an endogenous mechanism, has the most important impact. As for the exogenous mechanisms, quality level, online rating and online search popularity of tourist scenic spots affect connection formation of this network through the Matthew effect, while the influence of ticket price is weak and the number of online reviews is small. The world heritage attribute of tourist scenic spots affects the network connection through the homogeneity effect.

Innovative and low-carbon cities symbolize the ongoing transition and advancement of Chinese and global urban development, significantly impacting sustainable tourism growth. This study uses panel data from 272 Chinese cities and adopts the time-varying difference-in-differences approach to assess the causal influence of urban transition on tourism competitiveness. It emphasizes urban innovation and low-carbon progress. This study delves into the mechanism and regional disparity of such effects. The findings are as follows. First, urban evolution promotes tourism competitiveness. The combined impacts of various urban transitions are greater than those of a single transition. The positive effect of urban transition on tourism competitiveness grows over time. Urban transition notably boosts tourism resource competitiveness, ecological environment support competitiveness, and socio-economic support competitiveness, while diminishing tourism industrial competitiveness. Second, industrial structure rationalization, industrial structure advancement, innovation output, and environmental regulation are crucial mechanisms for enhancing tourism competitiveness. Third, the positive effect of urban transition on tourism competitiveness is significant only in the central region. Low administrative level cities' transition contributes more significantly to tourism competitiveness compared to high administrative level cities. Resource-oriented cities exhibit a stronger promotional effect of urban transition on tourism competitiveness. This study contributes to expanding and intensifying the relationship between urban systems and tourism competitiveness. It places tourism competitiveness within a broader public policy framework, integrating urban transition and tourism development. This approach enriches the interdisciplinary research between urban and tourism geography. Practically, understanding the impacts of urban transition on tourism competitiveness and its mechanisms can assist policymakers in comprehending the comprehensive effects of urban transition and formulating appropriate sustainable tourism development policies.

Flight delay reveals important spatial interaction patterns and could offer crucial insights into the unique characteristics of airports. Existing studies mainly focus on identifying static or individual airport delay patterns, but neglecting the complex nonlinear dynamics involved. To fill the gap, this study proposes a novel methodology to explore the variations in airport delays, considering both temporal changes and spatial differences. We develop a new PageRankCube model that adopts multiple technologies, such as delay network generation, G_i^* statistics, Mann-Kendall trend identification, and network node effect measurements. Three types of flight delay networks, including arrival delays, departure delays, and flight delays, are constructed to discover spatiotemporal variability patterns, utilizing a dataset of approximately 350,000 flight records from 247 airports in China. The results show that: (1) Airport delays have a greater impact in eastern and southern China, but less influence in western and northern China. Strong cold and hot spots are grouped in several locations, whereas weak cold spots are distributed. (2) Large international airports in Beijing, Tianjin, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and Chengdu have formed a continuous and enhanced high delay spatial influence; small and medium-sized airports in the Northeast, Central and Western regions have shown a continuous low delay influence in time and space. (3) Compared with the departure delay network, the arrival delay network shows more significant heterogeneity in spatio-temporal distribution. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity between the flight delay and arrival delay networks shows higher similarity. (4) Enhanced hotspot airports can cause or transmit large-scale delays, while continuous cold spot airports have discrete and marginalized structural characteristics, resembling a "small world" network. This work addresses the constraints of conventional static delay pattern analysis, captures the changing spatial and temporal variations in delay patterns, and offers technical assistance in developing aviation control techniques.

In the context of digital transportation, the relationship between ride-hailing services, public transport usage, and the built environment is a crucial area of research in urban geography and transportation geography. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of research in quantifying the impact of ride-hailing on public transport travel from the spatio-temporal dimensions, and the role played by the built environment in this context has not been clarified. To address these limitations, a spatio-temporal measure method of the substitution effect of ride-hailing travel was proposed by introducing demand elasticity theory and big data technology. Additionally, an efficient, dynamic, and refined measure method of the built environment was developed. On this basis, by integrating random forests with interpretable machine learning models, this paper focused on analyzing the multi-factorial nonlinear interactions and spatio-temporal coupling effect that influence the substitution effect. The empirical study of Chengdu shows that: (1) Travel efficiency is key to the competitiveness of public transport. For the same trip, the travel time of public transport is typically 2.0-3.5 times that of ride-hailing. Specifically, taking public transport often requires a 10-min walk to complete the first/last 1 km and involves 0-2 transfers. (2) There is a significant substitution effect of ride-hailing travel on public transport in the central city, with 28.69% and 27.08% of ride-hailing trips substituting public transport on weekdays and weekends, respectively, and the substitution effect is significantly enhanced during peak periods. (3) Destination accessibility has the highest positive impact on the substitution rate, followed by demographic socioeconomic factors, with urban spatial form and public transport accessibility having a relatively small degree of influence on the substitution rate. (4) The influence of built environment on the substitution effect exhibits a nonlinear interactive characteristic, with threshold ranges and interaction strengths showing significant variation over time. This study not only breaks through the limitations of traditional static "space-behavior" research, but also provides application references for the optimization of urban traffic and refined regulation of the built environment.

As a new tourism carrier, tourism corridor combines richer elements and has more open and broader living space, which has significant advantages in promoting common prosperity along the route, facilitating the evolvement of regional livelihood and enhancing the sustainability of farmers' livelihoods. Based on common prosperity, this paper takes the Sichuan-Xizang route in southern Anhui as a case, using network data, interview data and tourist survey data. It aims to investigate tourism corridor's elements, its development process as well as the evolvement of farmers' tourism livelihood, and finally explore its influencing factors. The key findings are as follows: (1) With multiple and hierarchical spatial structures, the corridor tourism area consists of seven elements, namely commuting roads, corridor of special experience, scenic resources, scenic spots, nodes (entrance nodes, viewing nodes, service nodes), derivative micro-attractors and local ecological environment. (2) The evolution of corridor tourism area generally goes through four stages: commuting stage, scenic area driving stage, main corridor radiation stage, and vine network stage. In the stage of vine network, local ecological environment becomes the core attraction of the corridor. (3) From the perspective of overall prosperity and outcome sharing, the common prosperity effect of corridor tourism area is remarkable, however, there are obvious gradual and sequential differences. (4) The farmers' tourism livelihood evolves with the development of corridor tourism area, which is mainly manifested as structural changes in livelihood capital, composite trend in livelihood strategies, passive shift in term of livelihood vulnerability and adaptive adjustments in livelihood policies. Livelihood outcomes, characterized by livelihood stability, accessibility and sustainability, have improved considerably. (5) The evolvement of farmers' tourism livelihood is affected by social factors such as location, government policies and co-construction mechanisms, as well as natural factors such as elevation and slope. Among all these factors, government policies are at the core and exerts influence on other factors.

The proposal of new quality productive forces of the ice and snow economy addresses global climate change challenges and meets the demands of technological and industrial transformations for high-quality development. The new quality productive forces of ice and snow economy develop in alignment with the zonal distribution of natural resources, place a strong emphasis on ecological principles and adhere to the value transformation mechanisms of ice and snow resources. The formation of the productive forces is expected to release multiple benefits with ecological, economic, and social dimensions. The new quality productive forces of ice and snow economy are characterized by technology-driven resource development, synergistic integration across the entire ice and snow industry value chain, and focusing on high-quality, green growth. Grounded in geography and economics, the new quality productive forces of ice and snow link scientific innovation, productive factors reallocation, and industrial upgrading with resource constraints. Moreover, the forces expand the growth potential of the ice and snow economy, fostering new production relations integrated through digital, intelligent, and green integration as well as promote low-carbon, sustainable development under the concept that "ice and snow landscapes are also mountains of gold and silver." The new quality productive forces of China's ice and snow economy place emphasis on high-standard resource protection, balanced human-environment relationships, resilient integrated supply chain framework, and an efficient "dual circulation" economic model. Practical strategies include integrating production factors, optimizing spatial resource allocation, fostering industrial synergy, and adapting production relations, aiming to advance the sustainable and high-quality development of China's ice and snow economy.

Since the Belt and Road Initiative was put forward, Chinese enterprises have invested in ports along the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road in various ways. In the context of the impact of COVID-19, trade protectionism, and geopolitical instability, it is of great practical significance to analyze the supply status of invested ports for improving port operation efficiency, optimizing port resource utilization, and promoting sustainable development of the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road. This study is based on the construction of port supply theory framework, and utilizes multi-source port and shipping data, remote sensing data and the entropy weight-TOPSIS evaluation model to establish the comprehensive evaluation system of port supply. The system includes 8 first-level indexes and 37 second-level indexes, such as natural conditions, infrastructures and production conditions. Then, this study measures the supply level of invested ports from three aspects: overall, regional and dimensional. The results show that: (1) The overall supply level of invested ports is not high, with most ports categorized as medium or lower levels. At the same time, the equilibrium of supply and demand is low, indicating that the majority of supply falls short of meeting the demand. (2) Before 2015, Chinese enterprises predominantly invested in the ports with higher supply level, mostly in Europe. However, after 2015, the focus shifted to strategically located ports with lower supply level such as strategic fulcrum ports, gateway ports and ports along strategic corridors. (3) The enterprise-cooperation type-port supply level can be categorized into three types: terminal operators-equity acquisition-ports with higher supply level; engineering contractors-contract construction-ports with medium and low supply level; shipping companies-equity acquisitions and franchises-ports with higher supply levels. (4) From regional perspective, the spatial structure of port supply systems in West Asia, South Asia, Africa, Southeast Asia and Europe are at the stage of low-level equilibrium, isolated dual-core, primitive single-core, hub polar core and multi-core development, respectively. (5) From different dimensions, the main factors affecting the comprehensive supply level of ports lie in the derivative and improving factors, such as logistics level, service level and storage conditions.

The Xizang Autonomous Region is located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and has a unique geographical environment. The refined assessment of the accessibility to health care facilities in the region is of great practical significance for promoting the equalization of health care services. This study applies the geographical data of Xizang, such as data on topography and elevation, land use, road networks, health care facilities, and population, for refined assessment of the travel time to the hierarchical health care facilities at the 1 km×1 km grid scale. The proportion of population covered by different time periods of travel time to health care facilities is evaluated and the health care shortage areas are identified. In addition, the spatial differences between proximity-based and administrative district-based accessibility to health care facilities at each level are evaluated in order to provide suggestions for optimizing the locations of health care facilities in Xizang. The results show that the proportion of population traveling to municipal hospitals, county-level hospitals, and health centers within one hour at the township level in Xizang is 36.01%, 65.55% and 86.54%, respectively. The proportion of population covered by low-level health care facilities is higher than that of the high-level health care facilities within one hour. By applying coupling analysis of population density and health care accessibility, the identified health care shortage areas in Xizang are mainly located in Nagqu and Qamdo. The areas with differences between proximity-based and administrative district-based accessibility to health care facilities are mainly located in Shannan and Nyingchi. Therefore, policies should be suggested to promote the convenience of local residents accessing the nearest health care facilities by crossing the administrative boundaries. This study establishes a methodological framework for the refined evaluation of health care accessibility in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, systematically evaluating the spatial pattern of accessibility to health care facilities in Xizang so as to provide scientific evidence for promoting the equalization of health care services in the region.

Rural vitalization strategy in China aims to address the principal conflict facing Chinese society in the new era, which has changed to a conflict between unbalanced and inadequate development on the one hand, and people's ever-growing desire for a better life on the other. Mastering the situation, pattern, and process of rural tourism destination development and understanding the regional differentiation mechanism and type characteristics can provide a decision basis and planning guidance for developing rural tourism and promoting rural vitalization. The paper first explores the four stages of rural tourism destinations in China. Then, Point of Interest (POI) data for agritainment and guesthouses, data from the demonstration site directory published by the Chinese government for leisure agriculture and rural tourism, beautiful leisure villages, and key rural tourism villages are collected using GIS spatial techniques to analyze the pattern characteristics of rural tourism destinations at different stages of development. Finally, the differentiation mechanism of rural tourism destination development in China, based on the perspective of the human Earth areal system, is used to divide and summarize the areal system types. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Development of rural tourism destinations in China is unbalanced and inadequate. Its spatial and temporal processes follow the evolution law from core-edge and point-axis plane structures for complex networking. All rural tourism destinations in China are still in the first stage, except Beijing, Tianjin, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta. (2) China's rural tourism destination system can be divided into three categories and 15 basic types. Different types of rural tourism areas have different imbalances and insufficiency characteristics, and their regional driving factors are also different. The natural ecological environment is the foundation of the rural tourism areal system structure and socioeconomic culture is the driving force. Under the function of rural tourism, these destinations are geographically distributed along mountains, rivers, roads, cities, tourist sight and literary resorts, showing a growing trend of unbalanced and inadequate development. (3) The unbalanced and inadequate process of rural tourism destination development is accelerating. However, this also indicates that the essence of rural tourism destination development is urbanizing, but it may be inconsistent with the connotation of stability in agricultural production and the solid foundations for agriculture reflected in the rural vitalization strategy in China.

Recently, studying the interaction between human and animals has become an important way for human geographers to explore the relationship between society and nature. By adopting qualitative research methods such as in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and text analysis, this paper analyzes encounters of visitors and star animals in Sichuan giant panda bases. It reveals animal agencies and multi-species tourism experiences based on the concept of nonhuman charisma. This research found various encounters between visitors and wild animals, and these diversities are specifically designed, which has variegated effects. Specifically, (1) in the "foreground" of the physical space of the tourist destination, the panda's ecological and aesthetic charisma can arouse natural goodwill among tourists, which is manipulated by the tourist destination to maintain popularity to panda tourism; (2) the virtual space constructed by tourist destinations provides biological characteristics and life course of panda that cannot be directly observed, thus complementing and enriching the encounters between visitors and panda; (3) the "backstage" of the physical space of the tourist destination combines tourism with public welfare in volunteer activities, allows tourists to enter the living space of the pandas and thus shapes deeper and more intimate encounters based on panda's charm of the flesh. In general, the charisma of pandas not only shapes tourists' multi-species tourism experience, but also constructs tourists' place identity with Sichuan. The research explores the relationship network constructed by human animal interaction and the power operation mechanism mapped from a spatial perspective, which provides a new attempt to explore the relationship between humans and animals in tourism and reflects the construction of community of all life on earth from a geographical lens.

Resilience study has long been a focal point in various fields of geography, social science, urban studies, and psychology. Recently, resilience study from multiple disciplines has scrutinized at individual scale. As an important behavior in daily life of human beings, travel behavior is of spatial dependence, spatio-temporal dynamics, and individual heterogeneity. Moreover, how to understand interaction between travel behavior (demand) and traffic supply and their dynamics is a fundamental question in transport studies when transport systems encounter unexpected disturbance. Based on fundamental theories from multiple disciplines including ecology, traffic engineering, and psychology, this paper refines the definition of travel behavior resilience. Also, this paper proposes a conceptual theoretical framework of travel behavior resilience based on dynamic equilibrium characteristics of traffic supply and demand. In general, travel behavior presents three stages of variations, namely, dramatic reduction, rapid growth, and fluctuation recovery, which has been helpful to capture travel behavior resilience triangle. Then we construct a corresponding evaluation methodology, which is suitable for multi-scale and multi-dimensional perspectives. We emphasize that the evaluation of travel behavior resilience should be process-oriented with temporal continuity or capture inflection points of travel behavior. Using multi-source big data such as mobile phone signaling data and smart card data, this paper offers empirical studies on travel behavior resilience, and explores its spatial heterogeneity and group differences. With the location-based analysis, we confirm that people show the greater travel behavior resilience at places where people are engaged in various socio-economic activities. With the group-based analysis, we find that age, socio-economic attributes of mobility groups significantly affect travel behavior resilience. Overall, travel behavior resilience can be one pillar and also offer geographic perspectives to broaden resilience studies. In future, the study of travel behavior resilience on multiple scales and perspectives can explore spatial heterogeneity of traffic re-equilibrium, transport modal differences, and then contribute to urban spatial structure studies. Indeed, the study of travel behavior resilience can provide scientific and technological support for urban management and resilient city construction.

Globalization and containerization have strengthened the connection between seaports and inland areas. Competing for the distant hinterland of ports, instead of being limited to the local hinterland, has become one of the vital paths to enhance port competitiveness under port regionalization. This study uses the weighted field strength model and liner contact data to simultaneously identify and analyze the evolution processes of the local hinterland, monopolistic distant hinterland, and competitive distant hinterland of 10 main container ports in the Yangtze River Delta in 2006, 2012, and 2019. The research findings show the characteristics of the port hinterland in the port regionalization stage as follows: (1) The local hinterland is still one of the focus points of the container inland port and seaport competition. During the study period, the expansion and contraction of the local hinterland of container ports in the Yangtze River Delta mainly occurred near Shanghai Port, Ningbo- Zhoushan Port, and Nanjing Port. The expansion of the local hinterland is highly coupled with the main traffic arteries. (2) Monopoly distant hinterland is a foothold for hub seaports to promote port regionalization, and Shanghai Port and Ningbo-Zhoushan Port present differentiated monopoly distant hinterland characteristics. Shanghai Port has transformed the local hinterland of container ports along the Yangtze River into its monopoly distant hinterland through river-sea combined transportation, which is widely distributed along the Yangtze River. Ningbo-Zhoushan Port lacks inland water ports to feed. Based on the manufacturing advantages of Zhejiang province, it chose to expand the local hinterland of Wenzhou Port into a monopoly distant hinterland, which has a limited range. (3) Competitive distant hinterland with wide distribution and fierce competition is one of the manifestations of port regionalization. The competitive distant hinterland of hub seaports is concentrated in the central and southern Anhui province and the southwestern corner of Zhejiang, which shows a trend of narrowing first and then expanding. This study attempts to reveal the hinterland system of container ports under the background of port regionalization, proposes a new method to characterize the distant hinterland of hub seaports quantitatively, and provides a reference for understanding the complexity of port regionalization.

The second millennium's explosive growth in tourism has led to more large-scale tourism development projects being started, which has prominently sped up the gentrification trend in the tourism industry. Traditional villages and towns in the suburbs of big cities have become the forefront of the occurrence, development, and exploration of tourism gentrification due to their rich historical and cultural heritage resources, favorable geographic conditions, and enormous tourism consumption market demand. This study takes the Zhujiajiao Acient Town as an example and uses field observation, in-depth interviews, and other techniques based on the "rent gap" theory and Lefebvre space production theory to investigate the stage, traits, process, and mechanism of tourism gentrification in this ancient town. The new urbanization development path of traditional villages and towns can be explored through this study, which has significant theoretical and practical implications. The Zhujiajiao Ancient Town has undergone significant changes after the gentrification of tourism in terms of population, housing price, material landscape, social and cultural atmosphere, etc. The study found that over time, Zhujiajiao experienced the embryonic stage of tourism gentrification, the primary stage of tourism gentrification, and the development stage of tourism gentrification. In the process of space production, the practice of space is represented by the landscape shaping of tourism gentrification space (the material space), the spatial representation is represented by the planning and restriction of tourism gentrification space (the institutional space), and the representational space is represented by the perception of the activity under the influence of tourism gentrification (the social spiritual space). Tourism-related gentrification in Zhujiajiao Ancient Town is primarily driven by three factors: power, capital, and social forces. They collaborate closely to build a multi-level gentrification mechanism for the travel and tourism sector, both independently and in relation to one another.

Characteristic villages are important carriers of rural industry revitalization and urban-rural leisure tourism. Although a large amount of characteristic rural resources and their tourism potential have been constantly exploited, the spatial synergistic relationship of different types of characteristic villages remains unclear. This paper analyzes the differentiation pattern, spatial linkage, and function complementary features of national characteristic villages, which include 6819 traditional villages, 7586 forest villages, 1199 key rural tourism villages, 1652 ethnic minority villages, and 487 famous villages with Chinese history and culture. The tourism development potential of characteristic villages is evaluated based on the identification of agglomeration areas of characteristic villages. The collaborative optimization zoning of rural tourism space is proposed based on the location matching degree analysis between characteristic villages and tourism facilities. The results show that the characteristic villages in China are densely distributed in the east and sparsely in the west, and the agglomeration regions are characterized by coastal areas (near the East China Sea), and riverside areas (along the Yangtze and Yellow river). The formation and development of characteristic villages are the results of the interaction of multiple factors, among which, the urbanization rate of county, annual precipitation, population density, and tourism industry scale index have significant effects. The high potential areas for tourism development of Chinese characteristic villages have formed a rhombic distribution pattern, which takes the central cities of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration as strategic fulcrums. This paper divides the whole country into priority development area, characteristic mining area, resource integration area, collaborative improvement area, and optimization guidance area, which points out the direction of spatial pattern optimization and coordinated development of characteristic rural tourism.

Governing the country is a matter of routine and people-oriented strategy, and improving the people's well-being is "the greatest thing in the country". At present, China is facing the challenge that the national well-being declines with the economic development. This study is based on the national large-scale regional space and adopts the survey data collected in 2020 by the "China People's Livelihood Survey" research group of the Development Research Center of the State Council. The data cover 31 provincial-level regions (hereafter provinces) across the country, including 164 cities at prefecture-level and above, and the number of valid samples is 26370. The research adopts the methods such as the trend surface analysis and spatial analysis of hotspots and coldspots to construct the spatial differentiation and agglomeration pattern of urban residents' perceptions of living conditions in the 31 provinces; the multi-level regression model is used to explore the multi-dimensional influencing factors of perceptions of living conditions at the individual and city levels. The findings are as follows: (1) The differentiation of the living improvement, living condition evaluation, future life confidence and perceptions of living conditions of urban residents in China shows a pattern of high in the west and low in the east, and high in the south and low in the north. (2) The living conditions of urban residents show the characteristics of "continuous agglomeration", and the evaluation of living conditions shows the characteristics of "coexistence of massive agglomeration and scattered distribution", and shows the characteristics of high in the south and west and low in the north and east together with the future life confidence and overall perceptions of living conditions. (3) On average, the highest and lowest values of life improvement, urban residents' living condition evaluation, future life confidence and perceptions of living conditions are also located in the west and east respectively. (4) The influencing factors at the individual level are reflected in gender, age, education level, employment status, household registration status and satisfaction evaluation of urban public services. Among them, satisfaction evaluation of urban public services is reflected in government services, social security status, fair law enforcement status, food safety status, housing status, education status, medical services, transportation status, environmental status, etc. (5) The city size has a significant impact on the perceptions of living conditions of urban residents. Compared with large cities, the perceptions of living conditions of residents in small and medium-sized cities is higher, while that of residents in megacities is lower. In addition, the positive impact of satisfaction evaluation of public services in megacities on the perceptions of living conditions of urban residents has been weakened. Specifically, it mainly weakens the positive correlation strength of medical status evaluation and traffic status evaluation on the well-being effect. The research provides a practical and theoretical reference for the research, judgment and governance direction of China's national perceptions of living conditions.

Exploring the co-evolution characteristics of tourism economy and urban ecological resilience can provide theoretical support and quantitative basis for the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. From the perspective of evolutionary resilience, this paper constructs an index system of urban ecological resilience based upon "resistance, response and innovation". The theoretical framework of the co-evolution of tourism economy and urban ecological resilience is analyzed with the synergetics. Taking Shandong province as an example, this paper uses the Haken model, kernel density estimation and spatialtemporal weighted regression to analyse the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and influencing factors of co-evolution of tourism economy and urban ecological resilience. The results show that: (1) From the time dimension, the tourism economy shows a trend of continuous rise at first and then a temporary decline, and the urban ecological resilience shows a trend of stable growth. In terms of spatial distribution, the tourism economy and urban ecological resilience show a spatial pattern of "high-high and low-low concentrations" and "dual core leading", respectively. (2) Tourism economy is a sequence parameter of co-evolution, which dominates the development and evolution of the entire system in this stage, and mainly shows the effect of positive feedback. The co-evolution of tourism economy and urban ecological resilience presents an inverted "V" trend, and forms a spatial pattern of Jiaodong Economic Circle > Lunan Economic Circle > Jinan Economic Circle. (3) There are obvious regional differences in the influencing factors of the co-evolution, and the level of economic development, foreign investment, environmental regulation, financial development, and innovation capability have obvious positive effects. The industrial structure and human capital have barely negative effects. The government intervention shows significantly positive effect in the Jiaodong Economic Circle, but not significantly negative effect in the Lunan Economic Circle and the Jinan Economic Circle.