面向15 min生活圈的城市服务设施规划模型与实验
翟石艳(1983-), 女, 副教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事空间分析、空间优化和空间行为决策等研究。E-mail: zsycenu@hotmail.com |
收稿日期: 2022-01-17
修回日期: 2022-12-29
网络出版日期: 2023-06-21
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41871307)
河南省高等学校重点科研项目(21A170007)
2022年度河南省政府决策研究招标课题(2022JC015)
A new facility location problem for urban public facility planning toward 15-minute life circle: Model and experiment
Received date: 2022-01-17
Revised date: 2022-12-29
Online published: 2023-06-21
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41871307)
Key Scientific Research Project of Henan Institution of Higher Education(21A170007)
2022 Henan Provincial Government Decision-making Research Bidding Project(2022JC015)
生活圈规划是城市公共资源均等化配置和可持续发展的重要抓手。特定城市15 min生活圈服务设施规划实践中,针对某一类公共服务,如何确定其设施数量、空间位置和服务公平性,具有诸多挑战。为回答这一问题,本文首次改进经典的设施区位问题(CFLP)为服务半径和覆盖率双重约束下的部分覆盖问题(μ CFLP),使其适用于生活圈服务设施布局规划。构造μ CFLP线性规划模型,设计数学启发求解算法。按照中国城市规模划分标准,选择6个典型城市案例区域,以社区卫生服务中心为例,进行服务设施布局规划实验。结果表明:改进模型适用于城市生活圈服务设施布局规划,能够平衡服务供给成本、可及性和公平性;在人口密度较低的城市,模型对服务半径和覆盖率参数设置敏感,服务质量与效率难以兼顾,而在人口密度高的大都市,相对容易满足15 min生活圈建设标准。本文模型在面向15 min生活圈的城市服务设施规划方面具有明显的优势,一是无须事先确定设施数量,二是能够按覆盖半径与覆盖率探索最优设施布局。
翟石艳 , 孔云峰 , 宋根鑫 , 罗静静 . 面向15 min生活圈的城市服务设施规划模型与实验[J]. 地理学报, 2023 , 78(6) : 1484 -1497 . DOI: 10.11821/dlxb202306010
The planning and construction of urban 15-minute life circle is a key tool for equally allocating urban public resources and promoting sustainable development. However, it is challenging to design the public service systems toward urban living circle: how many service facilities are required, where to locate the facilities, and how to promote service equality for urban residents. A new facility location problem was proposed for public facility planning toward urban living circle. The new problem, μ CFLP, is a variant of classical capacitated facility location problem (CFLP) with constraints of maximum service radius and partial demand covering. A mixed integer linear programming model was formulated for the μCFLP and a matheustic algorithm was designed for solving this model. The model and the solution method were tested on 6 study areas. According to the Chinese city scale classification standard, 6 typical urban regions in China were selected. Then, the community health service center was taken as a service example to conduct the service facility layout planning experiment. The results show that: (1) the new model can balance the service quality, efficiency and fairness, and thus can be applied to the layout planning of public service facilities toward urban living circle. (2) In cities with low population density, the model is sensitive to the two planning parameters: service radius and coverage; and thus it is necessary to balance service quality and efficiency. While in the metropolis with high population density, it is relatively easy to meet the construction standard of 15-minute life circle. The experimental results show that the model proposed in this study has obvious advantages for the planning of urban service facilities toward the 15-minute life circle goal. First, the number of facilities need not be determined in advance. Second, the optimal layout of facilities can be explored according to the combination of coverage radius and coverage parameters.
表1 常见区位问题的约束条件和目标函数类型Tab. 1 Constraints and objective function types of classical location problems |
问题模型 | 设施数量 约束 | 设施容量 约束 | 服务半径 约束 | 满足所有 需求 | 设施成本 目标 | 距离成本 目标 | 最大距离 目标 | 最大覆盖 目标 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMP | √ | × | × | √ | × | √ | × | × |
CPMP | √ | √ | × | √ | × | √ | × | × |
PCP | √ | × | × | √ | × | × | √ | × |
CPCP | √ | √ | × | √ | × | × | √ | × |
UFLP | × | × | × | √ | √ | √ | × | × |
CFLP | × | √ | × | √ | √ | √ | × | × |
SCLP | × | × | √ | √ | √ | × | × | × |
容量约束SCLP | × | √ | √ | √ | √ | × | × | × |
MCLP | √ | × | √ | × | × | × | × | √ |
容量约束MCLP | √ | √ | √ | × | × | × | × | √ |
注:“√”表示满足约束条件或目标函数,“×”表示不满足约束条件或目标函数。 |
表2 2020年案例区城市类别、空间单元数、人口总数、面积和人口密度Tab. 2 Profiles of case study areas: city category, spatial units, total population, area and population density in 2020 |
案例区 | 城市类别 | 空间单元数(个) | 人口(万人) | 面积(km2) | 人口密度(万人/km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
上海(SH) | 超大城市 | 8266 | 1633.53 | 697.02 | 2.34 |
深圳(SZ) | 超大城市 | 6650 | 1136.91 | 674.93 | 1.65 |
郑州(ZZ) | Ⅰ型大城市 | 6752 | 422.39 | 297.77 | 1.42 |
洛阳(LY) | Ⅱ型大城市 | 6040 | 154.43 | 266.54 | 0.58 |
平顶山(PD) | 中等城市 | 2200 | 75.26 | 98.89 | 0.76 |
开封(KF) | 中等城市 | 2999 | 71.45 | 132.14 | 0.54 |
表3 不同规划参数(服务半径和覆盖率)约束下服务设施规划结果统计Tab. 3 Statistics of the planning solutions from six study areas with different planning parameters (service radius and coverage) |
城市 | 规划参数 | 设施数量 (个) | 平均距离 (km) | 计算时间 (s) | 不同服务半径的人口覆盖率(%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 1.0 km | < 1.5 km | < 2.0 km | |||||
KF | = 1.0 km, μ = 80% | 22.0 | 0.781 | 622.42 | 80.2 | 92.3 | 96.6 |
KF | = 1.5 km, μ = 80% | 10.2 | 1.121 | 1020.90 | 51.3 | 80.5 | 89.7 |
KF | = 1.0 km, μ = 70% | 14.8 | 0.979 | 954.28 | 70.4 | 85.3 | 90.9 |
LY | = 1.0 km, μ = 80% | 51.2 | 0.743 | 1413.84 | 80.1 | 94.1 | 98.4 |
LY | = 1.5 km, μ = 80% | 26.0 | 1.056 | 1858.45 | 52.7 | 80.6 | 93.1 |
LY | = 1.0 km, μ = 70% | 37.0 | 0.870 | 1753.85 | 70.1 | 88.4 | 95.4 |
PD | = 1.0 km, μ = 80% | 22.2 | 0.719 | 488.09 | 80.5 | 97.5 | 99.8 |
PD | = 1.5 km, μ = 80% | 10.4 | 1.037 | 858.92 | 50.7 | 81.4 | 96.0 |
PD | = 1.0 km, μ = 70% | 16.8 | 0.823 | 653.43 | 70.8 | 92.9 | 98.8 |
ZZ | = 1.0 km, μ = 80% | 61.8 | 0.753 | 2309.47 | 80.1 | 94.4 | 98.0 |
ZZ | = 1.5 km, μ = 80% | 48.6 | 0.886 | 1893.68 | 68.7 | 88.2 | 95.0 |
ZZ | = 1.0 km, μ = 70% | 49.2 | 0.880 | 2494.25 | 70.5 | 88.6 | 94.9 |
SZ | = 1.0 km, μ = 80% | 145.0 | 0.760 | 3514.54 | 80.0 | 93.3 | 97.9 |
SZ | = 1.5 km, μ = 80% | 132.2 | 0.848 | 2420.47 | 72.5 | 89.2 | 95.6 |
SZ | = 1.0 km, μ = 70% | 133.2 | 0.841 | 2595.73 | 73.1 | 89.6 | 96.1 |
SH | = 1.0 km, μ = 80% | 190.0 | 0.695 | 2948.15 | 83.6 | 94.1 | 97.7 |
SH | = 1.5 km, μ = 80% | 190.0 | 0.692 | 2724.13 | 83.3 | 94.1 | 97.8 |
SH | = 1.0 km, = 70% | 188.8 | 0.705 | 2694.96 | 82.8 | 93.5 | 97.4 |
图3 案例区ZZ基层医疗服务设施规划方案(∅=1.0 km, μ=80%) Fig. 3 Diagram of a basic medical service facility planning scheme in ZZ (∅=1.0 km, μ=80%) |
表4 案例区ZZ基层医疗服务设施需求覆盖统计Tab. 4 Demand coverage of the basic medical service facilities with different service radiuses in ZZ |
服务半径(km) | 覆盖人口(人) | 总人口(人) | 覆盖人口/总人口(%) |
---|---|---|---|
0.5 | 1293102 | 4223997 | 30.61 |
1.0 | 3386895 | 4223997 | 80.18 |
1.5 | 4001819 | 4223997 | 94.74 |
2.0 | 4154030 | 4223997 | 98.34 |
2.5 | 4204061 | 4223997 | 99.53 |
3.0 | 4221167 | 4223997 | 99.93 |
表5 案例区ZZ服务设施规划:3个区位模型(μ CFLP, CFLP, CPMP)计算结果比较Tab. 5 Comparison of the three location models (μCFLP, CFLP, CPMP) for service facility planning in ZZ |
模型 | 设施数量 (个) | 平均距离 (km) | 计算时间 (s) | 不同服务半径的人口覆盖率(%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1 km | < 1.5 km | < 2 km | ||||
μ CFLP | 61 | 0.743 | 4440.40 | 80.00 | 95.31 | 98.63 |
CFLP | 49 | 0.846 | 2945.44 | 68.86 | 90.44 | 97.05 |
CPMP | 56 | 0.767 | 2424.77 | 75.76 | 94.67 | 98.56 |
CPMP | 57 | 0.763 | 2447.36 | 75.74 | 95.30 | 98.92 |
CPMP | 58 | 0.757 | 3227.06 | 76.74 | 95.29 | 99.05 |
CPMP | 59 | 0.753 | 3339.92 | 78.03 | 95.13 | 98.76 |
CPMP | 60 | 0.745 | 3014.18 | 78.06 | 95.24 | 99.05 |
CPMP | 61 | 0.740 | 2655.39 | 78.94 | 95.27 | 98.77 |
CPMP | 62 | 0.732 | 2293.94 | 78.54 | 96.17 | 99.17 |
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