地理学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 74 ›› Issue (11): 2371-2384.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201911013
炊郁达1,黄春长1(),庞奖励1,周亚利1,张玉柱2,郭永强3,王海燕1,赵琪琪1
收稿日期:
2018-12-20
修回日期:
2019-07-01
出版日期:
2019-11-25
发布日期:
2019-11-01
作者简介:
炊郁达(1993-), 男, 陕西宝鸡人, 硕士生, 主要从事土地利用与全球变化研究。E-mail: cuanyuda@snnu.edu.cn
基金资助:
CUAN Yuda1,HUANG Chunchang1(),PANG Jiangli1,ZHOU Yali1,ZHANG Yuzhu2,GUO Yongqiang3,WANG Haiyan1,ZHAO Qiqi1
Received:
2018-12-20
Revised:
2019-07-01
Published:
2019-11-25
Online:
2019-11-01
Supported by:
摘要:
位于青藏高原东北部边缘的青海民和官亭盆地喇家遗址,保存着全新世环境变化、人类活动、复杂地表过程演变与突发性灾难事件的记录。关于其史前群发性灾难的成因及发生年代问题,争议颇多,受到国内外学术界和媒体的广泛关注。经过多年来深入彻底的调查研究,在上喇家村南侧、喇家遗址北部区域首次发现完整连续的晚更新世晚期以来黄土—土壤地层剖面。在详尽的土壤与沉积学观察和层次关系分析的基础上,系统性采集样品,进行了光释光测年。由此在黄河第二级阶地风成黄土与黑垆土类土壤为主的区域,建立起了喇家遗址土壤沉积物地层序列与年代框架。结果表明,该剖面从12000 a BP堆积发育至今,从下至上的层序为晚更新世马兰黄土顶部(L1-1)、全新世早期过渡性黄土(Lt)、全新世中期古土壤(S0)、近代黄土(L0)与现代土壤层(MS)。其中在全新世中期古土壤黑垆土层(S0)之内,OSL年龄3960-3650 a BP期间,发现有3层红色粘土质泥流沉积层插入,记录了3次大规模山洪泥流溢出沟槽、在平坦的阶地表面扩散沉积、掩埋齐家文化聚落而成灾的事件。综合多种断代方法结果,确定这3期山洪泥流灾难性事件分别发生在3850 a BP、3800 a BP、3600 a BP左右。其中第一场山洪泥流在阶地表面大范围扩散过程当中,覆盖了喇家遗址东部区域。这就充分表明,来自于官亭盆地北部第三系红层丘陵沟壑区的暴雨山洪泥流过程,与同时期发生的若干次大地震,共同毁灭了喇家遗址齐家文化聚落的东部区域。这些研究成果,对于深入探讨官亭盆地环境变化与人地关系演变规律、准确理解喇家遗址的形成、史前人类活动、突发性灾难及其毁灭过程问题,具有重要的科学意义。
炊郁达, 黄春长, 庞奖励, 周亚利, 张玉柱, 郭永强, 王海燕, 赵琪琪. 青海喇家遗址土壤序列及史前山洪泥流灾难释光测年研究[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(11): 2371-2384.
CUAN Yuda, HUANG Chunchang, PANG Jiangli, ZHOU Yali, ZHANG Yuzhu, GUO Yongqiang, WANG Haiyan, ZHAO Qiqi. OSL dating of the pedo-stratigraphic sequence and the prehistoric flash floods and mudflows over the Lajia Ruins of Qinghai Province[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(11): 2371-2384.
表 1
官亭盆地喇家遗址上喇家剖面(SLJ)土壤沉积物地层划分与描述
地层深度 | 地层层位与符号 | 土壤学与沉积学宏观特征描述 |
---|---|---|
0~60 cm | 现代土壤(MS) | 棕色(7.5YR4/6),粉砂质地,团粒构造,含有个别小石子,比较坚硬,多蚯蚓孔和粪团,多植物根系。 |
60~120 cm | 全新世晚期风成黄土(L0) | 浊橙色(7.5YR6/4),粉砂质地,团块—块状构造,比较疏松,含有少量蚯蚓孔和粪团,受到一定程度的成壤改造。 |
120~180 cm | 全新世中期古土壤层上段(S0上) | 浊红棕色(5YR5/3),粉砂质地,团粒构造,比较疏松,多蚯蚓孔和粪团,结构面有白色可溶盐粉霜沉淀,为发育成熟度很高的黑垆土,该底部对应于卡约/辛店文化时期(3600-3400 a BP)人类活动扰动层,局部可见断续的灰烬透镜体薄层。 |
180~222 cm | 红色粘土质泥流沉积层(RC3) | 橙色(2.5YR6/6),下部粉砂质粘土质地,块状构造,比较疏松,上部多砂,松散,出现山洪砂土与砂砾质透镜体夹层。 |
222~265 cm | 全新世中期古土壤层中上段(S0中上) | 灰棕色(5YR6/2),粉砂质地,团粒—块状构造,比较疏松,含有木炭屑,属于黑垆土。 |
265~288 cm | 红色粘土质泥流沉积层(RC2) | 上部浊红棕色(2.5YR5/4),下部橙色(2.5YR6/6),粉砂质粘土质地,比较坚硬,团块块状构造。 |
288~298 cm | 全新世中期古土壤层中下段(S0中下) | 灰棕色(5YR6/2),粉砂质地,团粒—块状构造,属于黑垆土。 |
298~346 cm | 红色粘土质泥流沉积层(RC1) | 橙色(2.5YR6/6),粉砂质粘土质地,团块—块状构造,比较坚硬。所夹暗色层为灰棕色(5YR6/2),比较坚硬。 |
346~390 cm | 全新世中期古土壤层下段(S0下) | 灰棕色(5YR5/2),粉砂质地,团粒—团块状构造,比较疏松,裂隙和结构面含有白色可溶盐类粉霜,属于黑垆土。其顶面为喇家遗址齐家文化时期(4150-3850 a BP)聚落和人类生产生活的古地面。 |
390~430 cm | 全新世早期过渡性风成黄土(Lt) | 浊棕色(7.5YR6/3),粗粉砂质地,块状构造,疏松,受到较弱的成壤改造。 |
> 430 cm | 晚更新世晚期马兰黄土(L1-1) | 浊黄橙色(10YR7/3),粗粉砂质地,均质块状构造,致密而疏松,含有蜗牛壳,多细小孔隙,其中有灰白色可溶盐类沉淀,向下夹有山洪砂质透镜体薄层。 |
表2
官亭盆地上喇家剖面(SLJ)样品OSL测年结果
样品编号 | 深度(cm) | 含水量(%) | U(ppm) | Th(ppm) | K(%) | 年剂量(Gy/ka) | 等效剂量(Gy) | 年龄(ka) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SLJ-1 | 55-60 | 20±2 | 2.50±0.10 | 9.93±0.30 | 1.92±0.06 | 2.71±0.07 | 3.64±0.08 | 1.35±0.05 |
SLJ-2 | 105-110 | 18±2 | 2.79±0.11 | 11.5±0.32 | 2.11±0.06 | 2.98±0.08 | 7.61±0.35 | 2.55±0.14 |
SLJ-3 | 180-185 | 15±2 | 2.42±0.10 | 9.94±0.30 | 2.05±0.06 | 3.07±0.15 | 11.20±0.32 | 3.65±0.15 |
SLJ-4 | 240-245 | 15±2 | 2.48±0.10 | 11.6±0.32 | 2.36±0.07 | 3.67±0.12 | 13.95±0.51 | 3.80±0.16 |
SLJ-5 | 290-295 | 13±2 | 2.62±0.10 | 11.9±0.32 | 2.16±0.06 | 3.35±0.19 | 12.99±0.53 | 3.88±0.19 |
SLJ-6 | 355-360 | 15±2 | 3.45±0.13 | 12.6±0.35 | 2.35±0.07 | 3.56±0.14 | 14.08±0.68 | 3.96±0.24 |
SLJ-7 | 390-395 | 18±2 | 2.77±0.11 | 11.1±0.31 | 1.98±0.06 | 3.09±0.10 | 26.82±1.22 | 8.70±0.47 |
SLJ-8 | 430-435 | 18±2 | 3.05±0.12 | 11.2±0.31 | 1.89±0.06 | 2.92±0.08 | 34.94±0.83 | 12.00±0.43 |
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