[1] Szeicz J M, MacDonald G M. Recent white spruce dynamics at the subarctic alpine treeline of north-western Canada.Jounal of Ecology 1995, 83(5): 873-885.[2] Dullinger S, Dirnbock T, Grabherr G. Modelling climate change-driven treeline shifts: Relative effects of temperatureincrease, dispersal and invasibility. Journal of Ecology, 2004, 92: 241-252.[3] Malyshev L. Levels of the upper forest boundary in northern Asia. Vegetation, 1993, 109(2): 175-186.[4] Cogbill C V, White P S. The latitude-elevation relationship for spruce-fir forest line along the Appalachian mountainchain. Vegetation, 1991, 94: 153-175.[5] Fang Jingyun. Three-dimension distribution of forest zones in East Asia. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1995, 50(2):160-167. [方精云. 东亚地区森林植被带的三维空间分布. 地理学报, 1995, 50(2): 160-167.][6] Körner C. A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation. Oecologia, 1998, 115(4): 445-459.[7] Schickhoff U. The Upper Timberline in the Himalayas, Hindu Kush and Karakorum: A review of geographical andecological aspects. Mountain Ecosystems. 2005, 275-354.[8] Atalay I. The effects of mountainous areas on biodiversity: A case study from the northern Anatolian mountains and theTaurus mountains. Grazer Schriften der Geographie und Raumforschung, 2006, 41: 17-26.[9] Daubenmire R. Alpine timberlines in the Americas and their interpretation. Butler University Botanical Studies, 1954,11: 119-135.[10] Grace J, Allen N J, Wilson C. Climate and the meristem temperatures of plant communities near the tree-line.Oecologia, 1989, 79: 198-204.[11] Ohsawa M. An interpretation of latitudinal patterns of forest limits in South and East Asian Mountains. Journal ofEcology, 1990, 78(2): 326-339.[12] Körner C, Paulsen J. A world-wide study of high altitude treeline temperatures. Journal of Biogeography, 2004, 31(5):713-732.[13] Schroeter C. Das pflanzenleben der Alpen: Eine schilderung der hochgebrigsflora. Verlag von Albert Raustein, Zurich,Switzerland, 1908. [in German][14] Tollner. Der Einfluß großer Massenerhebungen auf die Lufttemperatur und die Ursachen der Hebung derVegetationsgrenzen in den inneren Ostalpen. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 1949, 1: 347-372.[15] Brazel A J, Marcus M G. July temperatures in Kashmir and Ladakh, India: Comparisons of observations andgeneral-circulation model simulations. Mountain Research and Development, 1991, 11(2): 75-86.[16] Hastenrath S. Certain aspects of the three-dimensional distribution of climate and vegetation belts in the mountains ofC. America and southern Mexico. Geo-ecology of the Mountainous Regions of the Tropical Americas, 1968: 122-130.[17] Grubb J P. Interpretation of Massenerhebung effect on tropical mountains. Nature, 1971, 1971(229): 44-45.[18] Leuschner C. Timberline and alpine vegetation on the tropical and warm-temperate oceanic islands of the world:Elevation, structure and floristics. Vegetation, 1996, 123(2): 193-206.[19] Hall J B. Juniperus excelsa in Africa: A biogeographical study of an afromontane tree. Journal of Biogeography, 1984,11(1): 47-61.[20] Mccain C M. Elevational gradients in diversity of small mammals. Ecology, 2005, 86(2): 366-372.[21] Chen L X, Reiter E R, Feng Z Q. The atmospheric heat-source over the Tibetan Plateau - May-August 1979. MonthlyWeather Review, 1985, 113(10): 1771-1790.[22] Kutzbach J E, Prell W L, Ruddiman W F. Sensitivity of Eurasian climate to surface uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. TheJournal of Geology, 1993, 101(2): 177-190.[23] Han F, Zhang B P, Yao Y H et al. Mass elevation effect and its contribution to the altitude of snowline in the TibetanPlateau and surrounding areas. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 2011, 43(2): 207-212.[24] Han Fang, Zhang Baiping, Tan Jing et al. The effect of mountain base elevation on the altitude of timberline in thesoutheastern Eurasia: A study on the quantification of mass elevation effect. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(7):781-788. [韩芳, 张百平, 谭靖等. 山体基面高度对欧亚大陆东南部林线分布的影响. 地理学报, 2010, 65(7):781-788.][25] Malanson G P, Resler L M, Bader M Y et al. Mountain treelines: A roadmap for research orientation. Arctic, Antarctic,and Alpine Research, 2011, 43(2): 167-177.[26] Holtmeier F K, Broll G. Sensitivity and response of Northern Hemisphere altitudinal and polar treelines toenvironmental change at landscape and local scales. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2005, 14(5): 395-410.[27] Fang Jingyun. Study on the geographic elements affeceting temperature distribution in China. Acta Ecologica Sinica,1992, 12(2): 97-104. [方精云. 地理要素对我国温度分布影响的数量评价. 生态学报, 1992, 12(2): 97-104.][28] Miehe G, Miehe S, Vogel J et al. Highest treeline in the Northern Hemisphere found in southern Tibet. MountainResearch and Development, 2007, 27(2): 169-173.[29] Stanyukovich, K. V. Vegetation of the Mountains of the USSR. Dushanbe: Donim Publishing House, 1973. (in Russian)[30] Holtmeier F K. Mountain Timberlines Ecology, Patchiness, and Dynamics. Springer Verlag, 2009.[31] Griggs R F. Timberlines in the northern Rocky Mountains. Ecology, 1938, 19(4): 548-564.[32] G.Barbour M, Billings W D. North American Terrestrial Vegetation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.[33] Peng Buzhuo. Some problems of vertical zonation in Mt. Namjagbarwa area. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1986, 41(1):51-58. [彭补拙. 关于西藏南迦巴瓦峰地区垂直自然带的若干问题. 地理学报, 1986, 41(1): 51-58.][34] Shreve F. Conditions indirectly affecting vertical distribution on desert mountains. Ecology, 1922, 3(4): 269-274.[35] Ellenberg H. Leben und kampf an den baumgrenzen der erde. Naturwiss Rundschau, Stuttgart, 1966, 19: 133-139.[36] Ding Li. Chinese Gazetteer. Shanghai: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, 1990. [丁莉. 中国地名字典. 上海: 上海辞书出版社, 1990.][37] Stewart G R. American place-names: A concise and selective dictionary for the continental United States of America.New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.[38] Hijmans R J, Cameron S E, Parra J L et al. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas.International Journal Of Climatology, 2005, 25: 1965-1978.[39] Zhang B P, Wu H Z, Xiao F et al. Integration of data on Chinese mountains into a digital altitudinal belt system.Mountain Research and Development, 2006, 26(2): 163-171.[40] Tan Jing. Digital intergration and alalysis of mountain altitudinal belt spectra in the Eurasian Continent [D]. Beijing:Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, 2009: 127-154. [谭靖. 欧亚大陆山地垂直带谱数字集成与分析[D]. 北京: 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所, 2009: 127-154.][41] Whitmore T C. A vegetation map of Malesia at the scale of 1:5 million. Journal of Biogeography, 1984, 11: 461-471.[42] Rao G V, Erdogan S. The atmospheric heat source over the Bolivian Plateau for a mean January. Boundary-layerMeteorology, 1989, 46(1): 13-33.[43] Arno S F, Hammerly R P. Timberline: mountain and arctic forest frontiers. The Mountaineers, 1984.[44] Cogbill C V, White P S et al. Predicting treeline elevation in the Southern Appalachians. Castanea, 1997, 62(3):137-146.[45] Messerli B, Winiger M. Climate, environmental change, and resources of the African mountains from the Mediterranean to the Equator. Mountain Research and Development, 1992, 12(4): 315-336.[46] Flenley J R. Cloud forest, the Massenerhebung effect, and ultraviolet insolation. Ecological Studies, 1995, 110:150-155.[47] Grubb P J. Control of forest growth and distribution on wet tropical mountains: With special reference to mineralnutrition. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1977, 8(1): 83-107.[48] Bader M Y, Ruijten J J A. A topography-based model of forest cover at the alpine treeline in the tropical Andes. J.Biogeogr., 2008, 35: 711-723. |