中国地级以上城市腹地的测度分析

doi:10.11821/xb200806008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

一个明确而又合理的城市腹地范围, 是保证一定区域内各城市实现合理功能整合的关键, 也是对城市经济区进行各项研究的基础。通过构建衡量城市综合规模的指标体系, 运用主成分分析法计算中国283 个地级及以上城市的规模值。在GIS 软件支持下, 将中国划分为 5 km×5 km 的格网, 利用场强模型, 对2004 年283 个地级及以上城市的腹地进行了划分, 比较腹地的范围及相互关系, 并与省域和市域行政范围进行了叠合分析, 实现了城市腹地测定、分析的可视化。结果表明: 中国地级及以上城市规模值差异较大, 最大和最小城市规模相差达284 倍。场强值分布呈现明显的东、中、西递减的分异特征, 与经济发展的梯度差异一致。中、东部的城市影响力的弱势区域全部分布在省域交界地带, 在场强值大于12 的级别上, 东、中部城市的场强影响范围连成一片。各城市腹地范围相差亦较大, 最大和最小城市腹地相差达5488 倍。各城市在地理位置上不一定位于其腹地的几何中心, 偏移比较大的城市往往成对分布。城市腹地与省域行政范围吻合度较差, 根据腹地在市域行政范围内的面积比例, 将城市分为4 类, 并提出相应的空间发展策略。依据腹地的分析结果将全国划分为3 个一级城市经济区、11 个二级区和38 个三级区。

关键词: 城市腹地, 城市经济区, GIS, 城镇体系, 中国

Abstract:

Hinterland supplies resources for the economic activities of central cities, so the range and the quality of hinterland are very important to city's development. However, the existing hinterland delimitation models are not enough to explain and analyze the complexities of urban system in China for their lack of maneuverability and their limit to only one indicator. In this paper, complex components for calculating the urban synthetical scale value are selected, with consideration to the following five specific aspects, i.e., population, economy, commerce, traffic and government capability, and the value is calculated by means of principal component analysis. Then, China is divided into 338828 grids, the scale of which is 5 km ×5 km, with the support of ArcGIS software. The field-strength of each grid influenced by cities at prefecture level or above in China can also be calculated. Meanwhile, each grid is allocated to exclusive city in the light of "maximal field-strength choosing" principle, and then, the hinterland area of 283 cities at prefecture level or above in 2004 in China can be delimitated automatically. Finally, the coherence and difference between hinterland area and administrative division are studied by overlaying these areas with province boundaries in order to provide scientific basis for adjustment of administrative division and delimitation of urban economic region. Results show that (1) the difference of urban hinterland cities was obvious among the cities at prefecture level or above in China, and the concrete facts show that hinterland area of the western cities is larger than that of the eastern ones, in which the maximum hinterland area is 5488 times of the minimum one. (2) The relationships between urban hinterlands are identified as four types: coexistence, inclusion, semi-inclusion and competition. (3) The coincidence degree between urban hinterland areas and their administrative division is lower. On the basis of measurement and analysis for urban hinterland, a three-level zoning project of urban economic regions of the whole country is put forward. According to the project, the first-level division includes North Region, Middle-and-east Region and South Region; the second-level division includes 11 regions, which are North China, Northeast China, East China, Shandong, Fujian, Central China, South China, Southwest China, Tibet, Northwest China and Xinjiang; and the third-level division is comprised of 38 districts, which are named after cities at provincial capital level or above. The measurement results also indicate that application of GIS spatial analysis methods to delimitate urban hinterland is convenient, precise and feasible, which can be an alternative approach of urban economic region division and urban system planning.

Key words: urban hinterland, urban economic region, GIS, urban system, Gansu province, China

潘竟虎, 石培基,董晓峰. 中国地级以上城市腹地的测度分析[J]. 地理学报, 2008, 63(6): 635-645.

PAN Jinghu,SHI Peiji, DONG Xiaofeng. Measurements for Urban Hinterland Area of Cities at Prefecture Level or above in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(6): 635-645.

参考文献

[1] Wang De, Zhao Jinhua. HAP: A computer assisted hinterland division system, its development and application. City Planning Review, 2004, 24(12): 37-41.
[王德, 赵锦华. 城镇腹地划分计算机系统的开发研究与应用. 城市规划, 2000, 24(12): 37-41.]

[2] Arjen van Klink H, Geerke C van den Berg. Gateways and intermodalism. Journal of Transport Geography, 1998, 6(1): 1-9.

[3] Green H L. Hinterland boundaries of New York City and Boston in Southern New England. Economic Geography, 1955, 10(4): 283-300.

[4] Park R E, Newcomb McKenzie C. The Metropolitan Community. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1933. 278-291.

[5] Huff D L, Lust J M. Ireland's urban system. Economic Geography, 1979, 56(3): 196-211.

[6] Green F H W. Urban hinterland in England and Wales: An analysis of bus services. The Geographical Journal, 1950, 116(1): 64-81.

[7] Dickinson R E. The metropolitan regions of the United States. Geography Review, 1934, 24(2): 278-291.

[8] Kong Fan'e, Zhou Chunshan. The hinterland of Guangzhou city: Definition and its change. Urban Studies, 2006, 13(4): 7-12.
[孔凡娥, 周春山. 广州城市腹地划分及变化研究. 城市发展研究, 2006, 13(4): 7-12.]

[9] Paterson J H. Heartland and hinterland: A geography of Canada. The Geographical Journal, 1983, 149(3): 363-364.

[10] Wheeler J O, Mitchenlson R L. Information flows among major metropolitan areas in the United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1989, 79(4): 523-543.

[11] Dennis C, Marshall D, Cockett T. Central place practice: Shopping centre attractiveness measures, hinterland boundaries and the Ukretail hierarchy. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 2002, 9(4): 185-199.

[12] Simon X B Zhao. Spatial restructuring of financial centers in mainland China and Hong Kong: A geography of finance perspective. Urban Affairs Review, 2003, 38(4): 535-537.

[13] Parr J B. A population density approach to regional spatial structure. Urban Studies, 1985, 22(4): 289-303.

[14] Yang Wuyang, Liang Jinshe. The drawing regions, its models and delimitation. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1985, 40(2): 97-108.
[ 杨吾扬, 梁进社. 关于吸引范围及其模式与划分方法. 地理学报, 1985, 40(2): 97-108.]

[15] Liu Jisheng, Chen Yanguang. The gravitational models of franctal cities: Theoretical basis and applied methods. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2000, 20(6): 266-272.
[刘继生, 陈彦光. 分形城市引力模型的一般形式和应用方法. 地理科学, 2000, 20(6): 266-272.]

[16] Wang Xinsheng, Liu Jiyuan, Zhuang Dafang, etc. The application of Voronoi diagram on spatial organizing of urban influence regions. Journal of Central China Normal University (Natural Science), 2003, 37(2): 256-260.
[王新生, 刘纪远, 庄大方等. Voronoi 图用于确定城市经济影响区域的空间组织. 华中师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2003, 37(2): 256-260.]

[17] Zhang Li, Lu Yuqi. Study on affective ranges and spatial developing tendencies of cities in Hebei Province. Geography and Territorial Research, 2001, 17(1): 11-15.
[张莉, 陆玉麒. 河北省城市影响范围及空间发展趋势研究. 地理学与国土研究, 2001, 17(1): 11-15.]

[18] Feng Dexian, Jia Jing, Qiao Xuning. Assessment on radiant ability of regional central city: A case study of Zhengzhou City. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2006, 26(3): 266-272.
[冯德显, 贾晶, 乔旭宁. 区域性中心城市辐射力及其评价: 以郑州市为例. 地理科学, 2006, 26(3): 266-272.]

[19] Wang Fahui, Jin Fengjun, Zeng Guang. Analyzing regional density functions and growth patterns in China with a GIS-based method delineating influential regions of cities. Geographical Research, 2004, 23(1): 97-103.
[王法辉, 金凤君, 曾光. 区域人口密度函数与增长模式: 兼论城市吸引范围划分的GIS 方法. 地理研究, 2004, 23(1): 97-103.]

[20] Wang De, Xiang Bing. Research on changes of central city's hinterland. Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science), 2006, 34(9): 1175-1179.
[王德, 项昺. 中心城市影响腹地的动态变化研究. 同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2006, 34(9): 1175-1179.]

[21] Zhou Yixing. Urban Geography. The Commercial Press, 1995.
[周一星. 城市地理学. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1995.]

[22] Wang De, Guo Jie. Hinterland and its dynamic changes in Hu-Ning-Hang Region. Urban Planning Forum, 2003, (6): 6-11.
[王德, 郭洁. 沪宁杭地区城市影响腹地的划分及其动态变化研究. 城市规划汇刊, 2003, (6): 6-11.]

[23] National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Statistical Yerabook. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2005.
[中国统计局. 中国城市统计年鉴2005. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2005.]

[24] Wang De, Cheng Guohui. Province capital's hinterland calculation and their overlay analysis with province boundary. Modern Urban Research, 2006, (6): 4-9.
[王德, 程国辉. 我国省会城市腹地划分及与其行政范围的叠合分析. 现代城市研究, 2006, (6): 4-9.]

[25] Zhou Yixing, Zhang Li. China's urban economic region in the open context. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2003, 58 (2): 271-284.
[周一星, 张莉. 改革开放条件下的中国城市经济区. 地理学报, 2003, 58(2): 271-284.]