地理学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 74 ›› Issue (11): 2401-2410.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201911015
收稿日期:
2018-10-23
修回日期:
2019-07-19
出版日期:
2019-11-25
发布日期:
2019-11-01
作者简介:
宋爽(1996-)男, 宁夏银川人, 博士生, 主要从事人地系统耦合研究。E-mail: songshgeo@gmail.com
基金资助:
SONG Shuang1,WANG Shuai1(),FU Bojie1,CHEN Haibin2,LIU Yanxu1,ZHAO Wenwu1
Received:
2018-10-23
Revised:
2019-07-19
Published:
2019-11-25
Online:
2019-11-01
Supported by:
摘要:
社会—生态系统(SES)由社会子系统、生态子系统及两者的交互作用构成,具有不同于社会系统或生态系统单独具有的结构、功能和复杂特征。社会—生态系统适应性治理旨在通过适应性的社会权利分配与行为决策机制,使社会—生态系统能够在动态条件下可持续地保障人类福祉。适应性治理理论的形成受到“公共池塘资源管理”“韧性”和“治理”3方面理论的影响,并为“转型治理”与“协作治理”提供了建构基础。该理论具有以下3个主要目的:① 理解和应对社会—生态系统多稳态、非线性、不确定性、整体性以及复杂性;② 建立非对抗性的社会结构、权利分配制度以及行为决策体系,匹配社会子系统与自然子系统;③ 通过综合方法管理生态系统,使其可持续提供生态系统服务。因此,面对人类行为主导地表过程的“人类世”,实现适应性治理有助于应对社会—生态系统的复杂性与不确定性。鉴于中国的生态环境正处于迅速变化时期,且中国与世界各国间的相互影响日益复杂,未来研究可重点关注以下3个方面:① 理解耦合系统的多元互动过程,增强适应能力;② 强调社会—生态系统的整体性研究;③ 提高环境变化背景下理解和预测系统动态的能力。
宋爽, 王帅, 傅伯杰, 陈海滨, 刘焱序, 赵文武. 社会—生态系统适应性治理研究进展与展望[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(11): 2401-2410.
SONG Shuang, WANG Shuai, FU Bojie, CHEN Haibin, LIU Yanxu, ZHAO Wenwu. Study on adaptive governance of social-ecological system: Progress and prospect[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(11): 2401-2410.
图2
社会—生态系统状态循环与转型治理、协作治理的关系 注:① 社会—生态系统状态循环包括:开发阶段r,保护阶段k,释放阶段Ω,更新阶段α;图中展示旧的SES因转型治理而进入新的状态循环,并因协作治理的实现而延长开发保护阶段的过程;② 转型治理可受不同尺度系统状态变化的影响;③ 协作治理的主要实现过程包括F-F-D(Face to Face Dialogue, 直接对话),T-B(Trust-Building, 建立信任),C-P(Commitment to Process, 过程承诺),S-U(Shared Understanding, 知识共享),I-O(Intermediate Outcomes, 阶段成果)5个循环步骤。
图3
理解适应性治理理论的“三明治”模式 注:① 面a内是利益相关者间相互作用而成的社会网络,其结构处于动态变化之中,节点大小则指示其社会资本盈缺;② 面c为社会—生态系统状态集合面,当前系统状态SES正位于1个稳态域内,并受到该稳态的主导力(FSES)与规则作用力(Fc1、Fc2、Fc3)的制约,此时稳态域的大小决定了系统韧性的强弱;③ 面b为政策结构,由正式或非正式的、彼此间相互制约的规则(B1、B2、B3)组成,影响社会网络结构与社会—生态系统状态;④ 路径α指示社会对环境的动态适应,路径β则指示社会对系统状态的直接改造;⑤ 适应性治理理论将治理抽象为面a的社会关系到面b管理决策的映射,通过政策规则在面c的映射影响系统状态,因此在当前合力作用下,系统状态SES在向黑色虚线箭头所指的SES’方向迁移。
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