大别山贫困区旅游地社会—生态系统脆弱性时空演变与影响机理

doi:10.11821/dlxb201908013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旅游地社会—生态系统脆弱性主要由社会、经济、生态子系统要素和旅游发展所带来的相关变化要素构成,是社会脆弱性、经济脆弱性和生态环境脆弱性的综合体现。以大别山区9县（市）为例,基于SEE-PSR模型构建理论研究框架和综合评价体系,探讨贫困山区旅游地社会—生态系统脆弱性时空演变及影响机理。结果表明：① 2009-2016年,区域系统脆弱性综合指数由0.52波动降至0.41,其中经济子系统脆弱性指数呈持续下降趋势,社会子系统与生态子系统呈稳定态势且对区域系统脆弱性综合指数贡献率达到76%,目前区域整体属于较低脆弱并朝着利好方向发展。② 空间差异上,2009-2016年脆弱性综合指数低值县域随时间变化呈波动下降且变异系数较小,脆弱性综合指数高值县域于2013年开始下降逐步演变为较低脆弱等级且变异系数较大;县域间脆弱性空间差异呈现连续波动上升趋势,县域间差异有所增大。③ 阻碍旅游地社会—生态系统脆弱性降低的主要因素由旅游收入增长率、工业增加值占GDP比重、城乡收入差距、旅游总收入占GDP比重及耕地面积比率转变为旅游经济密度、游客密度及城镇化率,区域整体由状态主导型脆弱演化为压力主导型脆弱。

关键词: 旅游地社会—生态系统;, 脆弱性, 大别山区

Abstract:

Tourism's socio-ecological vulnerability is mainly composed of social, economic, and ecological subsystems and the related changing elements from tourism development. It is an integrated manifestation of social vulnerability, economic vulnerability and ecological vulnerability. The paper, taking nine counties in the Dabie Mountain Area as case studies, proposes a socio-ecological vulnerability theoretical framework and comprehensive evaluation index combining the Social-Economic-Environment (SEE) model and the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model. It explores the spatio-temporal evolution and mechanism that influences vulnerability in impoverished mountainous areas. Conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) During the period 2009-2016, the regional system vulnerability composite index fluctuated, declining from 0.52 to 0.41. The index for the economic subsystem continued to decline, and the index for the social and ecological subsystem kept stable. The contribution to a composite index for a regional system reached 76%, and the regional system had a relatively low degree of vulnerability and tended toward a positive direction. (2) The value of low vulnerability counties fluctuated and declined, and the coefficient of variation is lower, while the value of high vulnerability counties in 2013 began to decrease gradually and evolved into a lower degree of vulnerability; the coefficient of variation is larger. For the entire region, the spatial differences of vulnerability in the county experienced a wave-shaped dynamic change. Finally, the differences reached the minimum in 2013, which led to an aggravation of regional differences. (3) The main factors affecting tourism socio-ecological vulnerability have already changed from the growth of tourism income, the proportion of industrial added value in GDP, the urban-rural income gap, the proportion of tourism income to GDP, and the ratio of agricultural acreage to the density of the tourism economy and tourists, and the population urbanization rate. Entire regional vulnerability has already evolved from state-dominated to pressure-dominated.

Key words: tourism socio-ecological system, vulnerability, Dabie Mountain Area

王群, 银马华, 杨兴柱, 姚兆钊. 大别山贫困区旅游地社会—生态系统脆弱性时空演变与影响机理[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(8): 1663-1679.

WANG Qun, YIN Mahua, YANG Xingzhu, YAO Zhaozhao. Spatio-temporal evolution and impact mechanism of socio-ecological system vulnerability in poor mountainous tourist distinations: Taking Dabie Mountain Area as example[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(8): 1663-1679.

图/表 8

图1

表1

基于SEE-PSR框架贫困山区旅游地社会—生态系统脆弱性评价指标体系

系统层	准则层	指标层	指标释义与影响性质	权重
社会脆弱性(SVI)	压力(SP)	人口密度V1(人/km²)	衡量系统人口压力(+)	0.0300
		人口自然增长率V2(‰)	衡量系统人口压力增长速率(+)	0.0199
		游客密度V3(人次/km²)	衡量系统游客压力(+)	0.0287
		游客数量增长率V4(%)	衡量系统游客压力增长速率(+)	0.0279
		城镇化率V5(%)	衡量系统城镇化进程(+)	0.0425
	状态(SS)	旅游者与当地居民比V6	衡量系统人口结构(+)	0.0274
		城乡收入差距比V7	衡量系统城乡平衡问题(+)	0.0320
		净流出人口V8(10⁴人)	衡量系统人口流失(+)	0.0232
		乡村从业人数V9(10⁴人)	衡量乡村就业条件(-)	0.0236
	响应(SR)	地方财政支出V10(10⁸元)	衡量社会财政支出力度(-)	0.0228
		教育支出占GDP比重V11(%)	衡量教育扶持力度(-)	0.0200
		医院床位数V12(个)	衡量医疗基础设施(-)	0.0302
		道路密度V13(km/km²)	衡量交通基础设施(-)	0.0197
经济脆弱性(EcVI)	压力(EcP)	旅游经济密度V14(亿元/km²)	衡量系统旅游经济压力(+)	0.0306
		旅游收入增长率V15(%)	衡量旅游经济压力增长速率(+)	0.0453
		第三产业增长率V16(%)	衡量第三产业带来的压力(+)	0.0244
	状态(EcS)	旅游总收入V17(10⁸元)	衡量系统旅游效益状况(-)	0.0237
		旅游总收入占GDP比重V18(%)	衡量地方经济旅游依存度(*)	0.0407
		农林牧渔增加值占GDP比重V19(%)	衡量农业在国民经济中的地位(*)	0.0374
		规以上工业增加值占GDP比重V20(%)	衡量中大型资本在国民经济中的作用(*)	0.0385
	响应(EcR)	经济总量V21(10⁸元)	衡量地方整体经济实力(-)	0.0237
		地方财政总收入V22(10⁸元)	衡量地方政府经济实力(-)	0.0212
		固定资产投资额V23(10⁸元)	衡量资本投资额度(-)	0.0200
		人均可支配收入V24(元)	衡量居民可支配收入水平(-)	0.0211
		旅游拉动率V25(%)	衡量旅游对其他产业的拉动作用(-)	0.0203
		产业结构多样化指数V26	衡量产业结构平衡问题(-)	0.0184
生态脆弱性(EnVI)	压力(EnP)	社会消费品零售总额V27(10⁴元)	衡量系统消费品消耗压力(+)	0.0238
		乡村总人口V28(10⁴人)	衡量系统乡村生态环境压力(+)	0.0288
		农药使用量V29(t)	衡量农药对农业生态环境的影响(+)	0.0234
		化肥施用量V30(kg/hm²)	衡量化肥对农业生态环境的影响(+)	0.0227
	状态(EnS)	空气质量优良率V31(%)	衡量系统空气质量(-)	0.0314
		化肥产出率V32(kg/kg)	衡量化肥对土壤的污染程度(-)	0.0211
		森林覆盖率V33(%)	衡量系统森林条件(-)	0.0294
	响应(EnR)	人工造林面积V34(km²)	衡量系统生态环境改善力度(-)	0.0212
		环保支出占GDP比重V35(%)	衡量系统生态环境保护力度(-)	0.0230
		耕地所占比率V36(%)	衡量系统土地资源丰度(-)	0.0343
		单位面积粮食产量V37(kg/hm²)	衡量系统粮食生产力(-)	0.0273

表1

图2

图3

图4

图5

表2

图6

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