中国城镇化进程中新区的空间生产及其演化逻辑

doi:10.11821/dlxb201908005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

城市新区是城镇化和经济发展的重要空间载体。改革开放后，新区在区域发展中发挥着重要作用，近些年则呈现爆发式增长，具有典型的空间生产特征。从空间的生产理论视角切入，聚焦中国城镇化过程中极具代表性的空间组织形式——新区的时空演化，发现新区的设立与发展是一个快速的三元辩证的空间生产过程：新区的“空间的表征”主要由自上而下的政府权力意志主导，“空间的实践”集中体现为类型与格局、距离与面积等空间要素的规模等级差异和区域分异，“表征的空间”则体现为政府权力与城市权利之间的紧张关系与策应机制。新区的空间生产与再生产具有时空序列下的统一性和连续性，但政府主导的空间组织模式也面临着行政区管理协调难度大和区域发展不平衡加剧等一系列挑战。批判地反思新区发展路径是新时代实现区域平衡充分发展与新型城镇化战略的基础和关键。

关键词: 新区, 城镇化, 空间的生产, 三元辩证, 行政区划, 可持续发展

Abstract:

New Urban Districts (NUDs) are the important spatial carriers of urbanization. Since the reform and opening up in China, NUD has been playing a more and more crucial role in the process of urbanization, and has undergone a surging growth in recent years. NUDs in China are unique because of the most widespread 'building city' movement. Many researches focus on new districts or new towns in the broad sense, but little research has been done in a narrow sense in academia. The development of comprehensive NUDs will be of great significance to the sustainable transformation of China's cities in the future. Based on the critical theory of spatial production, this paper examines the spatiotemporal evolution and internal logic of NUDs. The establishment and development of NUDs is a rapid and trinity dialectical process of spatial production: representations of space is guided by the top-down governmental power; spatial practice is reflected in the hierarchical and regional difference of spatial elements, such as type, pattern, distance and area of NUDs; spaces of representation are the tensions between governmental power and urban development rights, as well as the countermeasure mechanism. In this trinity dialectical process, the extensibility of spatiotemporal sequences ensures the unity and continuity of spatial production or reproduction of NUDs. However, under the governmentoriented model, NUDs are also facing a series of challenges like the management coordination of administrative area and the increasing unbalanced regional development. Thus, it is time to keep a critical thinking and reinterpretation for the development of NUDs in China, which should be a key concern to achieve balanced regional development and new-type urbanization in the new era.

Key words: new town/district, urbanization, production of space, ternary dialectic, administrative division, sustainable development

庄良,叶超,马卫,赵彪,胡森林. 中国城镇化进程中新区的空间生产及其演化逻辑[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(8): 1548-1562.

ZHUANG Liang,YE Chao,MA Wei,ZHAO Biao,HU Senlin. Production of space and developmental logic of New Urban Districts in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(8): 1548-1562.

图/表 8

图1

图2

图 3

图4

表1

图5

表2

图6

参考文献 73

[1]	Howard E . Garden Cities of Tomorrow. New York: Routledge, 2007.
[2]	Lee Y S, Shin H R . Negotiating the polycentric city-region: Developmental state politics of new town development in the Seoul capital region. Urban Studies, 2012,49(6):1333-1355.
[3]	Wang Yi-Wen, Heath T . Towards garden city wonderlands: New town planning in 1950s Taiwan. Planning Perspectives, 2010,25(2):141-169.
[4]	Abubakar I R, Doan P L . Building new capital cities in Africa: Lessons for new satellite towns in developing countries. African Studies, 2017,76(4):546-565.
[5]	Lau C Y , Chiu C C H. Dual-track urbanization and co-location travel behavior of migrant workers in new towns in Guangzhou, China. Cities, 2013,30(1):89-97.
[6]	Song Y B . Influence of new town development on the urban heat island: The case of the Bundang area. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2005,17(4):641-645.
[7]	Firman T . New town development in Jakarta metropolitan region: A perspective of spatial segregation. Habitat International, 2004,28(3):349-368.
[8]	Ma L . Urban transformation in China, 1949-2000: A review and research agenda. Environment & Planning A, 2002,34(9):1545-1569.
[9]	Feng Kui. China's New Town and New District Development Report. Beijing: Enterprise Management Publishing House, 2016.
	[ 冯奎 . 中国新城新区发展报告. 北京: 企业管理出版社, 2016.]
[10]	Chen M, Lu D, Zha L . The comprehensive evaluation of China's urbanization and effects on resources and environment. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2010,20(1):17-30.
[11]	Lu Dadao, Chen Mingxing . Several viewpoints on the background of compiling the 'National New Urbanization Planning (2014-2020)'. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015,70(2):179-185.
	[ 陆大道, 陈明星 . 关于“国家新型城镇化规划(2014-2020)”编制大背景的几点认识. 地理学报, 2015,70(2):179-185.]
[12]	Li Xiaojian, Luo Qing . The coordinating ideas of New-form Urbanization. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2014,24(2):47-53.
	[ 李小建, 罗庆 . 新型城镇化中的协调思想分析. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2014,24(2):47-53.]
[13]	Chen Mingxing . Research progress and scientific issues in the field of urbanization. Geographical Research, 2015,34(4):614-630.
	[ 陈明星 . 城市化领域的研究进展和科学问题. 地理研究, 2015,34(4):614-630.]
[14]	Fang Chuanglin, Ma Haitao . New city district development and intensive land use in the context of new-type urbanization. China Land Sciences, 2013,27(7):4-9. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8158.2013.07.001
	[ 方创琳, 马海涛 . 新型城镇化背景下中国的新区建设与土地集约利用. 中国土地科学, 2013,27(7):4-9.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8158.2013.07.001
[15]	Zhuang Liang . The relationship research of space settings between new urban district and municipal district in China. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2017.
	[ 庄良 . 中国城市新区与市辖区空间设置关系研究. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2017.]
[16]	Peng Jian, Wei Hai, Li Guicai , et al. Research on location accessibility of national new areas based on urban agglomerations. Geographical Research, 2015,34(1):3-14.
	[ 彭建, 魏海, 李贵才 , 等. 基于城市群的国家级新区区位选择. 地理研究, 2015,34(1):3-14.]
[17]	Qi Yuanjing, Jin Fengjun, Liu Tao , et al. Implementation methods and economic impacts of national node strategies. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016,71(12):2103-2118.
	[ 齐元静, 金凤君, 刘涛 , 等. 国家节点战略的实施路径及其经济效应评价. 地理学报, 2016,71(12):2103-2118.]
[18]	Liu Tao, Qi Yuanjing, Cao Guangzhong . China's floating population in the 21st century: Uneven landscape, influencing factors, and effects on urbanization. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015,70(4):567-581.
	[ 刘涛, 齐元静, 曹广忠 . 中国流动人口空间格局演变机制及城镇化效应: 基于2000和2010年人口普查分县数据的分析. 地理学报, 2015,70(4):567-581.]
[19]	Wei Houkai . Polarization trend and optimization of size distribution in China's urbanization process. China Industrial Economics, 2014(3):18-30.
	[ 魏后凯 . 中国城镇化进程中两极化倾向与规模格局重构. 中国工业经济, 2014(3):18-30.]
[20]	Gu Shengzu, Zheng Chao, Cao Yubo . Strategic thinking on developing small and medium-sized cities to balance urbanization. Population Research, 2014,38(4):19-26.
	[ 辜胜阻, 郑超, 曹誉波 . 大力发展中小城市推进均衡城镇化的战略思考. 人口研究, 2014,38(4):19-26.]
[21]	Wang Jingbai, Zhao Min . China's large-scale new urban district development and its effectiveness. Urban Planning Forum, 2012(5):21-29.
	[ 汪劲柏, 赵民 . 我国大规模新城区开发及其影响研究. 城市规划学刊, 2012(5):21-29.]
[22]	Liu Rongzeng, Wang Shuhua . The integration of industry and cities in new urban development zones. Urban Problems, 2013(6):18-22.
	[ 刘荣增, 王淑华 . 城市新区的产城融合. 城市问题, 2013(6):18-22.]
[23]	Zhu Mengjue, Zhou Chunshan . Progress of domestic and foreign new urban district development theories. Tropical Geography, 2013,33(3):363-372.
	[ 朱孟珏, 周春山 . 国内外城市新区发展理论研究进展. 热带地理, 2013,33(3):363-372.]
[24]	Cao Yun. Comparative study of State-level New Areas. Beijing: Social Science Academic Press, 2014.
	[ 曹云 . 国家级新区比较研究. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2014.]
[25]	Xie Fusheng, Gong Xiaoran . Uneven development process of geographical space in distinct scales driven by accumulation of capital: A discussion on Smith's spatial Marxist theory. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018,73(8):1407-1420.
	[ 谢富胜, 巩潇然 . 资本积累驱动下不同尺度地理空间的不平衡发展: 史密斯马克思主义空间理论探讨. 地理学报, 2018,73(8):1407-1420.]
[26]	Chen Jiaping . A research on spatial transformation of China's new towns in the perspective of Neo-Marxism. Urban Planning Forum, 2013(4):18-26.
	[ 陈嘉平 . 新马克思主义视角下中国新城空间演变研究. 城市规划学刊, 2013(4):18-26.]
[27]	Chao Heng, Ma Xueguang, Li Guicai . Production strategy of space under the national strategy region in the perspective of scale rescaling: Based on the analysis of the state-level new areas. Economic Geography, 2015,35(5):1-8.
	[ 晁恒, 马学广, 李贵才 . 尺度重构视角下国家战略区域的空间生产策略: 基于国家级新区的探讨. 经济地理, 2015,35(5):1-8.]
[28]	Yin Jie, Luo Xiaolong, Xiao Fei . The space production and governance rescaling of state-level new areas. Human Geography, 2018,33(3):89-96.
	[ 殷洁, 罗小龙, 肖菲 . 国家级新区的空间生产与治理尺度建构. 人文地理, 2018,33(3):89-96.]
[29]	Guo Wen . Connotation, logical system and its reflections of production of space on Chinese new urbanization practice. Economic Geography, 2014,34(6):33-39, 32.
	[ 郭文 . “空间的生产”内涵、逻辑体系及对中国新型城镇化实践的思考. 经济地理, 2014,34(6):33-39, 32.]
[30]	Wei Ye, Xiu Chunliang, Sun Pingjun . Dynamic mechanism of urbanization in China since 2000. Geographical Research, 2013,32(9):1679-1687.
	[ 魏冶, 修春亮, 孙平军 . 21世纪以来中国城镇化动力机制分析. 地理研究, 2013,32(9):1679-1687.]
[31]	Yin Duo, Qian Junxi, Zhu Hong . The representation and practice of new urban district-as-home in China: A case study of Kangbashi New Town, Ordos. Progress in Geography, 2016,35(12):1517-1528.
	[ 尹铎, 钱俊希, 朱竑 . 城市新区作为“家”的表征与实践: 以鄂尔多斯康巴什新区为例. 地理科学进展, 2016,35(12):1517-1528.]
[32]	Fang Chuanglin, Wang Shaojian, Wang Yang . Current situation and countermeasures of Chinese low-carbon eco-metro area development. Geographical Research, 2016,35(9):1601-1614.
	[ 方创琳, 王少剑, 王洋 . 中国低碳生态新城新区: 现状、问题及对策. 地理研究, 2016,35(9):1601-1614.]
[33]	Ye Chao, Chai Yanwei, Zhang Xiaolin . Review on studies on production of urban space. Economic Geography, 2011,31(3):409-413.
	[ 叶超, 柴彦威, 张小林 . “空间的生产”理论、研究进展及其对中国城市研究的启示. 经济地理, 2011,31(3):409-413.]
[34]	Chen H, Wu Q, Cheng J , et al. Scaling-up strategy as an appropriate approach for sustainable new town development? Lessons from Wujin, Changzhou, China. Sustainability, 2015,7(5):5682-5704.
[35]	Ye Heng, Li Guicai, Li Li , et al. Development potential and future direction of national new areas: A GRNN Approach. Economic Geography, 2015,35(2):92-99.
	[ 叶姮, 李贵才, 李莉 , 等. 国家级新区功能定位及发展建议: 基于GRNN潜力评价方法. 经济地理, 2015,35(2):92-99.]
[36]	Shi Yishao, Zhu Weifeng . A study on territorial organization models and development of urbanization in China. China Industrial Economy, 2004(10):13-20.
	[ 石忆邵, 朱卫锋 . 中国城镇化的地域组织模式及其发展研究. 中国工业经济, 2004(10):13-20.]
[37]	Wu Xiaolin. Fuzzy administration: An explanation for the administrative system of the state-level new area. Journal of Public Management, 2017, 14(4): 16-26, 63, 153-154.
	[ 吴晓林 . 模糊行政: 国家级新区管理体制的一种解释 . 公共管理学报, 2017, 14(4): 16-26, 63, 153-154.]
[38]	Wang Jianing, Luo Chongpu . Management system of national new areas and domain status and strategic tropism. Reform, 2012(3):21-36.
	[ 王佳宁, 罗重谱 . 国家级新区管理体制与功能区实态及其战略取向. 改革, 2012(3):21-36.]
[39]	Li Jianwei. Study on the New Urban District Growth Mechanism of Large and Medium-sized Cities under the Spatial Expansion Perspective. Beijing: Science Press, 2013.
	[ 李建伟 . 空间扩张视角的大中城市新区生长机理研究. 北京: 科学出版社, 2013.]
[40]	Wu Zhigang. Study on Land Operation Mode of New Urban District. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology Press, 2010.
	[ 吴智刚 . 城市新区土地运营模式研究. 广州: 华南理工大学出版社, 2010.]
[41]	Chen Jingsong. New Town Model: Case Study of Metropolitan Development in International Context. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2006.
	[ 陈劲松. 新城模式: 国际大都市发展实证案例. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2006.]
[42]	Li L . State rescaling and national new area development in China: The case of Chongqing Liangjiang. Habitat International, 2015,50:80-89.
[43]	Shen J, Wu F . The suburb as a space of capital accumulation: The development of new towns in Shanghai, China. Antipode, 2017,49(3):761-780.
[44]	Fu Y, Zhang X . Planning for sustainable cities? A comparative content analysis of the master plans of eco, low-carbon and conventional new towns in China. Habitat International, 2017,63:55-66.
[45]	Xue C Q L, Wang Y, Tsai L . Building new towns in China: A case study of Zhengdong New District. Cities, 2013,30(3):223-232.
[46]	Zhang J, Wu F . Mega-event marketing and urban growth coalitions: A case study of Nanjing Olympic new town. Town Planning Review, 2008,79(2/3):209-226.
[47]	Chang Chen, Lu Ming . Misery of new town: Density, distance and debt. China Economic Quarterly, 2017,16(4):1621-1642.
	[ 常晨, 陆铭 . 新城之殇: 密度、距离与债务. 经济学(季刊), 2017,16(4):1621-1642.]
[48]	Lefebvre H . The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.
[49]	Elden S, Brenner N, Moore G . State, space, world: Selected essays. Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews, 2009,39(2):758-759.
[50]	Harvey D . Social Justice and the City. London: Edward Arnold, 1973.
[51]	Harvey D . The Urbanization of Capital. Oxford: Blackwell, 1985.
[52]	Smith N. Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2010.
[53]	Ye C, Chen M, Duan J , et al. Uneven development, urbanization and production of space in the middle-scale region based on the case of Jiangsu province, China. Habitat International, 2017,66:106-116.
[54]	Zhang T . Land market forces and government's role in sprawl: The case of China. Cities, 2000,17(2):123-135.
[55]	Harvey D . The spatial fix: Hegel, Von Thunen, and Marx. Antipode, 1981,13(3):1-12.
[56]	Huang Zhen, Duan Xianfeng . Economic methodology in the research of new towns development. City Planning Review, 2004(2):43-47.
	[ 黄珍, 段险峰 . 城市新区发展的经济学研究方法初探. 城市规划, 2004(2):43-47.]
[57]	Zheng Guo. Research on the Urban Spatial Restructuring Affected by Development Zones. Beiijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2010.
	[ 郑国 . 开发区发展与城市空间重构. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2010.]
[58]	Gu Chaolin . Research on urban governance models based on decentralization: focus on new towns and new development areas. Urban Development Studies, 2017,24(2):70-78.
	[ 顾朝林 . 基于地方分权的城市治理模式研究: 以新城新区为例. 城市发展研究, 2017,24(2):70-78.]
[59]	Zhang Jingxiang, Wu Fulong, Ma Runchao . Institutional transition and reconstruction of China's urban space: Establishing an institutional analysis structure for spatial evolution. City Planning Review, 2008,32(6):55-60.
	[ 张京祥, 吴缚龙, 马润潮 . 体制转型与中国城市空间重构: 建立一种空间演化的制度分析框架. 城市规划, 2008,32(6):55-60.]
[60]	Zhuang L, Ye C . Disorder or reorder? The spatial production of state-level new areas in China. Sustainability, 2018,10(10):3628-3642.
[61]	Gregory D. Geographical Imaginations . Cambridge. MA: Blackwell, 1994.
[62]	Zhu Jiangtao, Lu Xianghu . Comparative study on administrative management system of National New District. Administration Reform, 2016(11):19-23.
	[ 朱江涛, 卢向虎 . 国家级新区行政管理体制比较研究. 行政管理改革, 2016(11):19-23.]
[63]	Harvey D . The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989.
[64]	Tanabe H . Problems of the new towns in Japan. Geojournal, 1978,2(1):39-46.
[65]	Khamaisi R . Building new towns in the formation of a new state of Palestine. Third World Planning Review, 1998,20(3):285-308.
[66]	Colenutt B, Schaebitz S C, Ward S V . New towns heritage research network. Planning Perspectives, 2017,32(2):281-283.
[67]	Liu Yongjing, Luo Xiaolong, Tian Dong , et al. Preliminary study on China's cross-boundary new district in forming mechanisms, spatial organizations and governance models. Economic Geography, 2014,34(12):41-47.
	[ 刘永敬, 罗小龙, 田冬 , 等. 中国跨界新区的形成机制、空间组织和管治模式初探. 经济地理, 2014,34(12):41-47.]
[68]	Wang Chih Hung . Dialectics in multitude: An exploration into/beyond Henri Lefebvre's conceptual triad of production of space. Journal of Geographical Science, 2009(55):1-24.
	[ 王志弘 . 多重的辩证: 列斐伏尔空间生产概念三元组演绎与引申. 地理学报(台湾), 2009(55):1-24.]
[69]	Merrifield A . Henri Lefebvre: A Critical Introduction. New York: Routledge, 2006.
[70]	Elden S . Understanding Henri Lefebvre: Theory and the Possible, London: Continuum, 2004.
[71]	Gottdiener M . A Marx for our time: Henri Lefebvre and the Production of Space. Sociological Theory, 1993,11(1):129-134.
[72]	Shields R . Lefebvre, Love & Struggle: Spatial Dialectics. London: Routledge, 1999.
[73]	Soja E W . Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.

类型	类型含义	占比(%)
A型	由同一地级市(或直辖市)单一的市辖区组成	56
B型	由同一地级市(或直辖市)的市辖区与县域政区组成	20
C型	由同一地级市(或直辖市)单一的县域政区组成	21
D型	由不同地级市(或直辖市)的市辖区与县域政区组成	3

等级规模	特点	面积范围(km²)	数量占比(%)	面积占比(%)	平均面积(km²)
小型	规模最小、数量最多	0~160	47.8	8.7	77
中型	规模较小、数量较多	160~419	22.8	13.7	255
大型	规模较大、数量较少	419~960	17.0	23.6	588
巨型	规模最大、数量最少	960~4132	12.1	53.8	1887