青海喇家遗址史前灾难成因的探索与辨析

doi:10.11821/dlxb201511007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在黄河上游官亭盆地的考古发掘中喇家史前灾难遗址的发现让人震惊,其灾难的成因是近年来人们争论的焦点。本文从地球科学的视角入手,在详细野外考察的基础上,利用第四纪地质地貌学、沉积学、古洪水水文学等多学科交叉的研究方法,对当前关于喇家遗址史前聚落毁灭原因的各种观点进行科学辨析,尤其是对剖面中红色粘土层与喇家遗址北部大红山脚下的岗沟源区沉积物及其上游积石峡黄河古洪水滞流沉积层的对比研究,结果显示：在距今3950年前,伴随着强烈地震发生了暴雨山洪,源自于北侧谷坡大红山地区的大规模泥流,沿着岗沟、吕家沟倾泻而下,彻底的掩埋毁灭了这个重要的古村落,造就了喇家史前灾难遗址。

关键词: 官亭盆地, 喇家遗址, 史前灾难, 地震, 泥流

Abstract:

Archaeological excavations have exposed a shocking picture of the prehistorical calamities in the Lajia Ruins in the Guanting Basin along the Yellow River. The destruction reasons has been a hot and focus issue in recent years. Geological records of the major disasters in relation to the devastation of this prehistorical settlement were investigated by detailed field observations, sedimentological analysis and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and ¹⁴C dating. More importantly, we made a comparative study of the conglomerated red clay, the gully deposit at the foot of the Great Red Hills where the Ganggou gullies emerge onto the Guanting Basin, and the palaeoflood deposit of the Yellow River in the barrier lake in the Jishixia. The results show that at ca. 3950 a BP, immediately followed by a major earthquake, the settlement was overtaken by immense mudflows coming along the tributary gullies from the hillsides behind. The enormous mudflows suddenly buried and destroyed the dwellings, which led to the prehistorical calamities in the Lajia Ruins. These results are of important implications in understanding the prehistorical environmental change in the environmentally sensitive zones over the world. It has very important reference value for the further studying of man-land relationship.

Key words: Guanting Basin, Lajia Ruins, prehistorical catastrophes, earthquake, mudflow

周强, 张玉柱. 青海喇家遗址史前灾难成因的探索与辨析[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(11): 1774-1787.

Qiang ZHOU, Yuzhu ZHANG. Exploration and analysis of the reasons for pre-historical catastrophes in the Lajia Ruins, Qinghai Province[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(11): 1774-1787.

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样品位置	磁化率 ×10^-8 m³/kg	质地	主要粒度成分	颜色	硬度	沉积韵律层	单层沉积物厚度	植物残体	坡积石渣土层
剖面顶部	17.1	细粉沙粉沙	粗粉沙	淡黄橙色浊橙色	疏松	不明显	5~20 cm	有	若干层
剖面底部	12	粘土粘土质细粉沙	细粉沙	灰绿色	坚硬	清晰	0.5~1 cm	无	无

样品位置	Fe₂O₃(%)	Al₂O₃(%)	MgO (%)	K₂O (%)	TiO (%)	MnO (%)	Na₂O (%)	Cl(ppm)	Br(ppm)	S(ppm)
剖面顶部	6.61	5.60	1.19	1.31	0.34	0.07	59.35	49261.40	10.90	412.00
剖面底部	7.37	14.06	2.82	2.72	0.62	0.15	0.94	4024.40	7.20	254.90

样品名称	粘粒(μm, %)	细粉沙(μm, %)	粗粉沙(μm, %)	沙粒(μm, %)	中值(μm)	平均(μm)	偏态	峰态	分选系数
XLJ	28.46	56.64	14.89	0.01	4.70	6.97	0.15	0.95	1.33
GGY	28.07	57.39	14.54	0.00	4.87	7.00	0.16	0.92	1.33
JSX	12.50	71.30	16.20	0.00	7.06	6.35	0.08	1.06	0.90