As one of the core problems clsoely related with human development, health inequality has aroused an increasing concern in the world. Through an integration of the coefficient of variation, Theil index, exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and spatial panel econometric model, we examine the regional inequality, spatial-temporal dynamic patterns and the key factors of the residents' health level (RHL) in China from 2003 to 2013. The aim is to provide scientific basis for policy making on regional health inequality reduction in China. The results are shown as follows: (1) China's RHL index decreased from 0.404 to 0.295 in 2003-2013, with an annual rate of 2.698%. Specifically speaking, the growing rate in the western region was higher than that in the eastern and central regions, but the there is no change in RHL in terms of the basic pattern which decreases from the east to central part then to the west. (2) The regional inequality of RHL presented an extending trend in 2003-2013. Among this, the RHL inequality between regions presented a reducing trend, but that within a region presented an expanding trend. And the growing rate of inequalities of RHL in the western region was higher than that of the eastern and central regions. (3) The spatial distribution of RHL has tended into the letter "T" shape, and the RHL presented a stepped decrease from the east to the central part then to the west and a symmetric decrease from the north to the central part then to the south. (4) By observing the change of Moran's I in 2003, 2008 and 2013, we found that the spatial agglomeration range of RHL presented a narrowing trend. All the hot spots and cold spots presented a shrinking tendency, the RHL in the west formed a stable cold spot, including Xinjiang, Qinghai and Xizang, but that in the east coastal area formed a stable hot spot, including Shandong, Henan, Qinghai, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shanghai. (5) The selected explanatory variables, such as per capita GDP, per capita spending on health, urbanization level and environment quality, have significant direct impacts on the RHL in China. With the increase of per capita GDP, per capita spending on health and urbanization level and the improvement of environment quality, the RHL will be raised. Finally, this paper points out the attention should be focused on the research of the regional inequality of RHL, such as the problems of the residents' multi-time-domain, multi-scale and multi-influencing mechanism.

健康不公平作为影响人类发展的核心问题,已引起世界各国的广泛关注。基于变异系数、泰勒指数、空间自相关分析和空间面板计量模型,本文探讨了2003年以来中国居民健康水平的区域差异、时空变化及其关键影响因素,旨在为政府制定全民健康政策提供科学依据。结果发现：① 2003-2013年,中国居民健康水平提高26.98%,西部增幅高于东、中部,但始终保持着“东—中—西”阶梯式递减态势;② 中国居民健康水平的区域差异总体呈扩大趋势,其中地带间差异趋于缩小,地带内差异趋于扩大,西部地带内差异扩大尤为显著;③ 居民健康水平的空间分布转为明显的“T”字型格局,并呈“东—中—西”阶梯式及“北—中—南”对称式递减;④ 居民健康水平的空间集聚程度趋于减小,热点区与冷点区均呈收缩态势,且西部形成规模显著的稳定性冷点,东部沿海形成规模显著的稳定性热点;⑤ 人均GDP、人均公共医疗卫生支出、城市化水平及环境质量等因素对居民健康水平时空变化具有显著影响,随着人均GDP与人均公共医疗卫生支出的增加、城市化水平的提高及环境质量的改善,居民健康水平随之提高。未来,还需对居民健康水平的多时域、多尺度及多影响机制等问题开展深入研究。

The reasonable layout of urban commercial fitness space and the identification of influencing factors are the basis for the sustainable development of urban fitness industry and the effective implementation of ‘Healthy China’ strategy. Based on POI (Point of Interest) data from Baidu and network evaluation data from Meituan, this article explores the spatial pattern and impact mechanism of commercial fitness space in Shanghai. The results show that: 1) The core-edge pattern of commercial fitness space is presented as a whole in Shanghai. A core agglomeration distribution area has been formed at the junction of Huangpu District, Jing’an District, Xuhui District, Changning District, Putuo District and Hongkou District, and there is no phenomenon of ‘hollow city center’. 2) The distribution of commercial fitness space keeps a high coincidence with the spatial distribution of high population density, high housing prices, developed transportation networks, residential area, office buildings and shopping centers in Shanghai. 3) Population density, underground distance, residential area distance, office building distance, chain situation and housing price level are the key factors affecting the spatial pattern. Population density has the greatest impact, followed by housing price level and office building distance, underground distance, residential area distance and chain situation are the smallest. Housing price level has negative impact, the remaining five have positive impact. Through the analysis of influencing mechanism, the paper is proposed to meet people’s growing demand for fitness, optimize urban commercial space, improve the quality of urban life, and help to achieve the national strategic goal of ‘Healthy China’.

基于百度POI和美团网评分数据，分析上海市商业型健身休闲场所空间格局及影响机理。结果显示：① 上海市商业型健身休闲场所整体呈现核心?边缘格局，黄浦区、静安区、徐汇区、长宁区、普陀区和虹口区的交界处形成了核心集聚分布区。② 上海市商业型健身休闲场所分布与高人口密度区、高房价地区、交通网络发达区、住宅小区、写字楼和购物中心等空间分布保持较高的契合度。③ 人口密度、地铁距离、小区距离、写字楼距离、连锁情况和房价水平等6个变量是影响空间格局的关键因素，人口密度影响最大，房价水平和写字楼距离其次，地铁距离、小区距离和连锁情况最小，房价水平为负向影响，其余为正向影响。分析影响机理，以期满足人们日益增长的健身休闲需求，优化城市商业空间，提升城市生活品质，助力实现“健康中国”国家战略目标。

How consumption restructures man-land relationship is becoming an important subject in human geography, with the coming of global consumption society. Western geographers began to study the connection between consumption practice and geography early in the 1990s, and today the research has already extended to the issues such as geographical imagination, place identity and space production, all of which could be reflected in consumption relationship. As a way of life under urbanization, consumption of body-building has become an important topic in the interdisciplinary field of body geography, space imagination and place construction. This paper analyzes how the actors translate body-building by some qualitative methods, on the basis of place theory of constructivism and actor network theory. The authors believe that the actors' consumption relationship socially constructed a "healthy paradise", which is geographically imagined, and the consumption imagination is highly connected with the stability of discourse power. Geographical space produces both functional consumption relationship and node-typical man-land relationship, and the latter imaginatively embeds local consumption relationship into global consumptive cultural network, which then links and extends local man-land relationship into globalization. By the way of body practice, the consumption relationship of body-building under actor network reconstructs micro-location into a place with multiple levels. Compared with traditional dualistic man-land relationship, the man-land relationship constructed by consumption of body-building is manifold. Here, place is a crucial node where reality is mixed with virtual world, and locality is intersected with global world. Therefore, place has the function of representation for social discourse. The conclusion indicates that a kind of manifold-and-node man-land relationship could be found in geographic micro-location. From the perspective of consumption geography, this paper explores the relationship between place construction and fitness club as a micro-location in a shopping mall, and also contributes to the research on shopping malls.

Fitness facilities have potential to serve as places of 'health enhancement' for many underserved populations, particularly among people with physical/mobility disabilities where walking outdoors to meet recommendations for regular physical activity is not an option due to mobility or safety issues.To examine the accessibility and usability of fitness facilities across the U.S. from a broader framework of physical and program access.A convenience sample of 227 fitness facilities in 10 states were assessed by trained evaluators using the Accessibility Instrument Measuring Fitness and Recreation Environments (AIMFREE) tool. Non-parametric tests were performed to determine whether AIMFREE section scores were different by geographic region (urban, suburban), business type (nonprofit, for-profit), facility affiliation (fitness center/health club, park district/community center, hospital/rehabilitation facility, university/college), and facility construction date (pre/post passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act, ADA). Raw scores were converted to scaled scores with higher scores indicating better accessibility based on a criterion-referenced approach.Section scale scores (11/13) were low (<70) with differences found across facility affiliation. While facilities built after passage of the ADA had higher accessibility scores compared to pre-ADA facilities, only programs and water fountains had scaled scores ≥70 regardless of facility construction date.There exists a strong and urgent need to encourage owners and operators of fitness facilities to reach a higher level of accessibility. Until then, many people with physical/mobility disabilities will continue to have limited access to programs, equipment, and services offered at these facilities.Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Geographical and political research on urban service delivery—who benefits and why—has proliferated during the past two decades. Overall, this literature is not characterized by a particular attention to the importance of method in drawing conclusions about spatial equity based on empirical studies. Specifically, there has been scant interest in the effect of geographic methodology on assessing the relationship between access and socioeconomic characteristics that are spatially defined. In this paper we take a spatial analytical perspective to evaluate the importance of methodology in assessing whether or not, or to what degree the distribution of urban public services is equitable. We approach this issue by means of an empirical case study of the spatial distribution of playgrounds in Tulsa, Oklahoma, relative to that of the targeted constituencies (children) and other socioeconomic indicators. In addition to the ‘traditional’ measure (count of facilities in an areal unit), we consider a potential measure (based on the gravity model), average travel distance, and distance to the nearest playground as indicators of accessibility. We find significant differences between the spatial patterns in these measures that are suggested by local indicators of spatial association and other techniques of exploratory spatial data analysis. The choice of access measure not only implies a particular treatment of spatial externalities but also affects conclusions about the existence of spatial mismatch and inequity.

Government contributions to the funding of major league facilities ipso facto recognize that some portion of the benefits accruing from such facilities accrue to the public in general, rather than being captured exclusively by the franchise owner. The challenge for facility advocates is to demonstrate the return on investment to the taxpayer. This has been elusive. The canard that substantial returns accrue from the direct economic impact of visitors to games has been discredited. A taxonomy of four alternate sources of spillover benefits that are most frequently cited is proposed: increased community visibility; enhanced community image; stimulation of other development; and psychic income. Justifications using to the first three of these alternates are conceptualized as focusing on external audiences, with the intent of encouraging their investment of resources in the community. In some contexts, some economic benefits may accrue from these sources, but in most cases they cannot be demonstrated to be sufficient to justify the taxpayers’ investment. It is argued that psychic income, which focuses internally on the benefits received by existing residents in the community, is likely to be key to justifying public subsidy of major league facilities. It is suggested that the contingency valuation method is an appropriate approach for measuring the psychic income provided by a professional sport franchise.

<p>The research target is the health club, which is a special type of the recreation space in a city. Based on GIS and geostatistical software, using point pattern identification and ESDA(exploratory spatial data analysis) methods, the paper analyzes the spatial pattern characteristics of health clubs in Beijing. The nearest neighbor indicator(NNI) and quadrat analysis results indicate that the health clubs cluster together evidently at a whole region scale. But if we observe the pattern in the units separated by the roads or district, it presents different spatial patterns, varying from clustering to random, even dispersing. The analyzing results of health clubs based on the 5 scale cell units from 1 km to 5 km grids make further explanation that its spatial pattern are influenced evidently by the units&rsquo; scale. At any scales the density and NNI of health club samples have evident spatial diversification. From the Moran&rsquo;s I statistics and Moran Scatterplot Map we also find the evident spatial autocorrelation of the units. The 2 km and 3 km unit scales are the best scales for finding the microscopic spatial pattern and diversification. So the whole region scale is not the only or the best scale for spatial pattern research of recreation spaces especially for the health clubs. In some microscopic units the spatial pattern will be more evident and the research results will even be opposite to that at the whole region scale. The pattern description based on more statistical units at various scales may discover the points&rsquo; distributional characteristics and the patterns more easily. The spatial pattern research of health club points in units at various scales provides a new way of describing spatial patterns of recreation space points. And the effects of such a way are also demonstrated in this paper.</p>

<p>As a fast-growing industry in recent years, commercial fitness clubs have become significant parts of consumer services industries. However, relatively few studies on the spatial distribution of commercial fitness clubs in a city have been conducted at the street and town level. In addition, there are few studies on factors influencing the spatial distribution of commercial fitness clubs by quantitative analysis methods. To make up for this deficiency, this paper analyzed the spatial distribution of commercial fitness clubs utilizing the methods of GIS spatial analysis and spatial auto-correlation on the basis of POI data of 743 commercial fitness clubs, 136 subway stations and 6 013 residential neighborhoods in Guangzhou City collected from online map. Furthermore, spatial lag model (SLM) has been adopted to explore the influential factors of the spatial distribution of commercial fitness clubs in Guangzhou based on the latest demographic and housing-related data from the 6th population census in 2010 in Guangzhou. The results show: 1) The spatial distribution of commercial fitness clubs in Guangzhou is unbalanced and its quantity decreases generally from the central urban area to surrounding regions where small clusters exist as well, which shows a &ldquo;center circle + peripheral group&rdquo; structure. Specifically, 70.52% of the commercial fitness clubs are located in the central urban area, and the rest 29.48% which are located in the surrounding regions mostly gather in central towns. There is significant spatial agglomeration and correlation of commercial fitness clubs in Guangzhou. 2) Only a few commercial fitness clubs are located along main roads or near subway stations, while most of the commercial fitness clubs, accounting for 94.21%, are located near residential neighborhoods. That is to say, the distribution along city roads and subway stations is not obvious, but obvious near residential neighborhoods. 3) With regard to the influential factors on the spatial distribution of commercial fitness clubs, population scale and educational level play more important roles than location factors and community features. Both of these two demographic characteristics have positive impact on the quantity of commercial fitness clubs in townships. This result proves that market is a significant factor influencing the spatial distribution of consumer services industries. In this paper, it is found that the location factor is not a key factor affecting the spatial distribution of commercial fitness clubs in Guangzhou, which is different from previous views that location factors, especially traffic location, have essential effects on the spatial distribution of consumer services industries. The findings in this paper would enrich the research on spatial distribution of consumer services industries.</p>

Geographical nature refers to the essential characteristics of a region. From Krugman's geographical nature to the three major geographical natures, the location factor reflects the regional characteristics of the information age more comprehensively. The study integrates the active elements into the framework of geographical nature analysis, and builds a new coastal city tourism system adaptability evaluation index system. This paper evaluates the tourism systems adaptability of 14 coastal cities in 2006, 2011 and 2016, and proposes classification improvement strategies. The research results show that: (1) The adaptability index of tourism system in 14 coastal cities has been improved, but the growth rate has slowed down. The adaptability index of Zhoushan, Xiamen and Qingdao increased significantly, Dalian, Sanya, Qinhuangdao, Guangzhou, Shanghai and Lianyungang increased rapidly, while Beihai, Tianjin, Ningbo, Shenzhen and Yantai grew slowly. (2) The adaptability index of tourism system in different cities has obvious difference. For the three major elements of geographical nature, the first nature has the greatest influence on most coastal cities. The third nature has a greater influence than the second nature on more than half of the cities. Fully reflecting the tourism resources is the fundamental support for the coastal city tourism system adaptability, and soft power such as innovation factors is becoming a new driving force for the growth of adaptability. (3) From the view of adaptability structure, it can be divided into three types according to the leading role of three natures. When the first nature adaptability is short, we should pay more attention to the sustainable utilization and protection of tourism resources, improve the quality of tourism products and enrich the tourism routes. When the second nature adaptability is short, we need to optimize the tourism business environment and enhance the level of tourism services. When the third nature adaptability is short, we should pay more attention to digital, information and other innovative elements, develop new tourism industry form, and enhance the vitality of tourism development. In the future, we should promote the organic integration of regional resources, make up the short board of adaptability, and enable the sustainable development of tourism in coastal cities.

地理本性是指一个区域区别于其他区域的、在地理空间上的本质特征。从Krugman的两大地理本性到中国学者提出的三大地理本性,区位要素更全面地体现了信息时代的区域特性。本文将流动空间的活跃要素融入地理本性分析框架中,构建全新的滨海城市旅游系统适应性评价指标体系,对2006、2011和2016年3个年份的14个滨海城市旅游系统适应性进行全面评价并提出分类提升建议。结果表明：①14个滨海城市旅游系统适应性均呈现增强趋势,但适应性指数增速趋缓。舟山、厦门、青岛适应性指数大幅增长,大连、三亚、秦皇岛、广州、上海、连云港增长较为明显,北海、天津、宁波、深圳、烟台增长缓慢。②各城市旅游系统适应性指数具有明显差异性。三大地理本性要素中,对多数滨海城市而言,第一本性对旅游系统适应性影响最大,第二本性影响程度降低,第三本性影响程度扩大,充分反映旅游资源禀赋是滨海城市旅游系统适应性的根本支撑,创新要素等软实力正在成为适应能力增长的新动能。③基于旅游系统适应性结构可将滨海城市分为3类。第一本性适应能力存在短板时,需重点关注旅游资源的可持续利用与保护,围绕资源特性提升旅游产品品质、丰富旅游线路;第二本性存在短板时则需完善旅游系统配套、优化营商环境,提升旅游服务水平;第三本性存在短板时则需更重视数字化、信息化等创新要素对旅游系统的助推,大力开发旅游新兴业态,增强旅游发展活力。未来应统筹推进区域资源有机整合,补齐适应性短板,为滨海旅游可持续发展赋能。

<p>Much research has been done on the effect of geographical elements on economic difference throughout the world. Furthermore, based on the theory of two nature of metropolitan location proposed by Krugman, as well as the theory of human-land relationship and comparative advantages, this paper presents three geographical elements that affect economic differences. The first geographical element includes natural environment, i.e., elevation, slope, undulating topography, human climate index, water resource index, and potential agricultural production; the second consists of traffic and location, which are represented by transport facilitation and economic position respectively; and the third contains human capital and R&D level, respectively represented by years of schooling and the number of patents. Supported by Arcgis 9.0 software, this paper, through modeling, analyzes the impact of various geographical elements on economic difference within the whole country and three major regions. The result shows that the geographical environment plays an increasingly important role in economic development. In addition, it extends the knowledge of Sachs et al. about geographical elements of economic development. At present, China's economy is in transition. Among all geographical elements, the great one affecting economic difference is transport facilities index, reaching 0.374. So more capital should be injected in infrastructure construction in the future.</p>

In this paper,on the basis of three natures which determine Chinese spatial heterogeneity, further analysis of the role of three natures on the regional development and evolution is done in the point of view of evolutionary economic geography.The first nature which determines the spatial lock of Chinese agriculture-the Line of Qinling Mountain-Huaihe River and the Great Wall plays a leading role in the first industrial revolution(Agricultural Revolution).When times transferred from the agricultural society to industrial society,the second nature composed of transportation and infrastructure increasingly contributed to the regional economic development. The original spatial lock was broken.The central cities locked the basic spatial structure.Center- Hinterland structure can be found in the region.The third nature promotes regional structural variation.The structure of Hub-Network is created.The path dependence of three natures can be observed significantly,which means the second nature is initially driven by the first nature,and the third nature is initially driven by the first and second natures.In the process of regional evolution, Hu Huanyong Line,which is a famous geographical boundary in China,has not been broken.The Hu Huanyong Line has become the basic lock of regional development in China.

Due to China's rapid urbanization and industrialization, the demand for resource factors is surging. Competition for such factors between cities and regions has given us a severe challenge to increase our ability to aggregate resource factors. This paper conducted an in-depth analysis of 20 years (1995-2014) of spatial-temporal evolution of the factor aggregating ability in the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River (UAMRYR). Analytical results highlighted that: (1) From 1995-2014, the comprehensive factor aggregating ability in this region had been on an increase despite fluctuation, ranking fourth nationwide. The differential factor aggregating ability between cities within this region had been basically balanced while fluctuating. At the same time, the distribution of such resource factors as science and technology innovation, finance, and the opening strategy, had tended to be concentrated along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. (2) During this period, the factor agglomeration pattern of UAMRYR formed a multi-center "core-periphery" structure, with core cities such as Wuhan, Changsha and Nanchang, and there is no significant change on the spatial pattern. In general, the factor agglomeration pattern was still in the primary stage of the urban polarization for central cities, the integrated factor agglomeration has not yet formed. (3) The factor aggregating patterns in UAMRYR tended to be decentralized. As the primate city, Wuhan had a low factor aggregating primacy. The factor agglomeration placed emphasis on moving the pathway of "northwest-southeast" in UAMRYR. There were significant disparities on agglomeration patterns for various factors, while most factors presented agglomeration to central cities.

随着城市化和工业化的快速推进,对资源要素的需求量大增,城市和区域间对要素的争夺不断加剧,强化自身要素集聚能力成为各城市和区域面临的紧迫挑战。以长江中游城市群为研究对象,对1995-2014年20年间长江中游城市群要素集聚能力的时空演变特征进行研究。结果表明：① 1995-2014年,长江中游城市群要素综合集聚能力在波动中保持增长,在全国处于第四极地位;城市群内城际要素集聚能力差异在波动中保持平衡;科技创新、金融、对外开放等要素更趋向于集聚分布。② 1995-2014年,长江中游城市群要素集聚格局形成了以武汉、长沙、南昌等核心城市为主导的多中心“核心—边缘”结构,空间格局变化较小;其要素集聚格局仍处于初级的中心城市极化发展阶段,一体化的要素集聚组合体尚未形成。③ 长江中游城市群要素集聚格局较为分散,首位城市武汉在整个城市群的要素集聚首位度较低;要素集聚重心跃迁路径沿“西北—东南”整体走向进行往复迁徙;各类要素集聚格局演化分异显著,大部分要素集聚格局呈中心城市指向特征。

Economic agglomeration is a common geographical phenomenon in the industrial society. It occurs in different scale of geography, and has a variety of spatial structures. There are two opinions about the geographical effects on urban evolution. One is to believe that geography plays an important role in the formation and development of cities. The other is to view the economies of agglomeration as the driving factor, where geography simply determines urban locations. To explore the opinions mentioned above, this paper uses the data mining techniques to examine the relationships between urban location and geography in the formation and development of agglomeration. It can be found that the emergence of industrial agglomeration is more influenced by the first-nature geography than by the second-nature geography, but the first-and-a-half-nature geography and second-nature geography as well largely influence the development of economic agglomeration.

<p>Population agglomeration and dispersion are the most direct and the most concentrated expression of population spatial distribution pattern. The research on population agglomeration and dispersion spatial pattern and its formation mechanisms in a specific region will not only help to reveal the population agglomeration and dispersion in the region of the inherent law itself, but also benefit the study of the overall regional population spatial pattern, and even further, the study of regional economy agglomeration and urbanization. With the largest population and significant difference in regional natural condition and economy, China&rsquo;s population agglomeration and dispersion, in terms of not only the size but also complexity, are not comparable in the world. Thereby, research on the spatial pattern of China&rsquo;s population agglomeration and dispersion, which will contribute to grasping the essence of China&rsquo;s population spatial distribution pattern, is of great significance in both academy and practice. The article chose the classification evaluation of population agglomeration, which classified China into many population agglomeration types of different levels according to their population centralization index, and then, discussed them in each type. Based on this and the comprehensive consideration on the spatial distribution pattern of China&rsquo;s population, natural conditions, human environment suitability and economic development, the article generalized the spatial pattern of China&rsquo;s population agglomeration and dispersion.</p>

人口集聚和疏散是人口空间分布格局最直观和最集中的体现，研究一个地区人口集疏的空间格局，不仅可以揭示该地区人口集疏的内在规律，也有利于深入研究该地区的整体人口分布的态势和规律，更能够体现出区域内经济格局以及城市化格局的发展。基于人口集聚度的中国人口集疏空间格局的研究，有助于准确把握中国人口空间分布的基本脉络，具有一定的学术价值和实践意义。本研究采用了人口集聚度分级评价的方法，依据人口集聚度的不同，将各个地区划分为不同等级的人口集聚区，并对其分别讨论。在此基础上，结合中国人口分布格局、自然条件空间格局、人居环境自然适宜性评价结果以及经济发展格局和城市化格局，对中国的人口集疏的空间格局进行了归纳，得出了中国人口分布&ldquo;西疏东密&rdquo;的传统空间格局突出，人口集聚以平原地区为依托并呈现&ldquo;沿海、沿江、沿线&rdquo;高度集聚的特征的结论。

Talents are the core driving force for regional innovation and development, and they are also the key to urban competition in the future. Based on the data of the sixth population census and the national 1% population sampling survey in 2015, this paper uses the concentration index (CI), Gini index (GI) and several related spatial analysis methods to examine the spatial patterns of highly educated talents across China and the drivers behind these patterns from 2010 to 2015. The results are as follows: (1) Talents show highly concentrated and unbalanced spatial distribution patterns at the city level over the five years, but the trend of concentration and imbalance has gradually eased. Results from standard deviation ellipse (SDE) indicate that the distribution direction of highly educated people is "NE-SW". Furthermore, there is a significant spatial spillover effect in the distribution of talents, with three major urban agglomerations of China as the highlands. (2) Economic opportunities are the dominant drivers for the distribution of highly educated talents in China. Among them, wages are the core driver, and gross GDP and industrial structure of each city also exert a significant impact. (3) After controlling the impacts of economic opportunities, local quality variables represented by basic public services (e.g., education and medical care), transportation accessibility and urban consumption facilities play an important role in the distribution of highly educated talents. (4) There are significant differences between the driving factors for talents in urban agglomerations and non-urban agglomerations: economic opportunities are the main driving force for the distribution of talents in both urban agglomerations and non-urban agglomerations, while local qualities including education, consumption, transportation and natural environment have a more significant impact on the distribution of talents in urban agglomerations. This study provides references for the formulation of urban and regional talent policies and regional development policies.

人才是推动地区创新发展的核心动力,也是未来城市竞争的关键。基于第六次全国人口普查和2015年全国1%人口抽样调查数据,运用集聚度、基尼系数等空间统计分析以及负二项回归模型方法,对2010—2015年中国城市高学历人才的空间演化特征及驱动因素展开研究。结果发现：① 人才呈现出高度集中且不平衡的空间分布格局,但不平衡的趋势有所缓解,分布方向为“东北—西南”走向。人才分布的空间溢出效应显著,城市群是人才集聚的高地。② 经济机会是影响中国高学历人才集聚的主导力量,其中工资是核心驱动因素,地区的发展水平、产业结构同样产生显著影响。③ 控制经济机会的影响后,以教育和医疗等基础公共服务、交通可达性和城市消费设施为核心的地方品质变量在高学历人才的空间集聚过程中发挥重要作用。④ 城市群与非城市群人才驱动因素存在显著差异：经济机会是城市群和非城市群人才集聚的主要驱动力;教育、消费、交通以及自然环境等地方品质变量对城市群人才集聚的影响更为显著。本研究为城市和区域人才政策和区域发展政策的制定提供借鉴与参考。

The rapid and imbalanced economic development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has widened the gap between Beijing-Tianjin and surrounding areas since the 1990s, therefore, it is an important social consensus to achieve coordinated development. In this paper, we analyzed the imbalanced economic development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region by proposing a GDP Index using the DMSP/OLS nighttime light data to represent the regional economic development. Then the Getis-Ord General G, Global Moran's I and Optimized Hot Spot Analysis were applied to qualify the spatial pattern of the GDP Index. Third, Space Time Pattern Mining, Spatial Lag Model (SLM) and Spatial Error Model (SEM) were employed to identify the dynamics of the spatial pattern and evaluate the effects of four factors, which were natural environment (elevation and gradient), infrastructure (road network), policy (land use cover) and administrative division (urban or rural area), to the imbalance in the economy, respectively. Results show that: (1) the study area can be divided into three groups based on the level of economic development: urban Beijing-Tianjin, rural Beijing-Tianjin and urban Hebei, and rural Hebei. And there are two economic development gaps caused by Siphon Effect between urban and rural Beijing-Tianjin, and Beijing-Tianjin and Hebei, which is different from the previous view that only one economic development gap between Beijing-Tianjin and Hebei. (2) The dynamics of spatial pattern of economic development are mainly constant hot spot, fluctuant hot spot and fluctuant cold spot. The degree of hot spot, which is mostly in Beijing-Tianjin, decreases from urban center to rural area as concentric circles. In contrast, the majority of cold spots, which have no obvious ring structure, are located in rural Hebei. (3) The economic development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has non-linear relationship with natural environment, infrastructure, policy and administrative division. In the hot spot region where the economy is more developed, all four factors, especially infrastructure, policy and administrative division, are positively correlated with economic development. However, high gradient, insufficient infrastructure and improper policy limit the economic development in the place with less developed economy, i.e. the cold spot region. This research may be helpful to understand the process and current conditions of economic development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and useful to realize coordinated development in this region.

为了探讨京津冀地区经济发展失衡,引入DMSP/OLS夜间灯光构建GDP指数,利用优化的热点分析和时空模式挖掘识别经济发展的格局演化,以SLM和SEM模型从自然环境、基础设施及区域开发等方面量化失衡因素。结果表明：① 区域经济发展趋于波动性集聚,经济发展呈明显的京津市区、京津郊区和河北区县城区、河北偏远县乡等3种类型,而京津市区和郊区之间、京津市域和河北省域之间都存在显著的“虹吸效应”所诱发的发展断崖。② 持续的热点、振荡的热点和振荡的冷点是经济发展冷热点的主要演化模式。经济发展热点自中心城区至远郊呈同心圆圈层式弱化,而无明显圈层变化的冷点集中连片地广布在河北乡村。③ 经济发展与自然环境、基础设施和区域开发有复杂非线性关系,经济发展繁荣地区（热点）多受惠于基础设施和区域开发及行政区划的整体优势,而合适的海拔条件次之。经济发展落后地区（冷点）总体受制于坡度条件和基础设施及区域开发的总体劣势。

<p id="C5">The structure of commercial space is vital to the vitality of cities, therefore it is essential to quantitatively identify and analyze the distribution of different types of commercial sites so as to optimize the configuration of commercial resources and facilitate the orderly development of cities. Taking the main urban area of Urumqi City as the case study area, using 136975 business-related points of interest (POIs) including six types of businesses in 2018 and open street map (OSM) road network, and based on head/tail division rule, this study identified high-density commercial parcels and used kernel density estimation to estimate the core region of business activities. The Getis-Ord <i>G</i> ^* method was used to identify the overall and different types of commercial hot spot areas. Geographic detector analysis was performed to explore the determinants of overall and different types of commercial site distribution in Urumqi, and Pearson correlation coefficient matrix of commercial sites was established to estimate the impact of the combination and coordination of business forms on commercial space. The findings of this study suggest that the key features of high-density commercial parcel distribution are central-peripheral, separated by highways and internal loops; the number of high value parcels from the center to the peripheral area reduces progressively; and the distribution of the six types of commercial sites varies. Commercial zone presents multi-core distribution characteristics, the agglomeration characteristic is apparent in the urban center region, and the northern commercial agglomeration is gradually becoming obvious. There are six main commercial centers including Nanhu, Zhongshan Road, Youhao, Huizhan Center, Midong New Area, and Tieluju. Tuwu Expressway and Wukui Expressway together constitute the two axes of commercial hotspots. Hotspots of the six types of commercial sites can be divided into three spatial structures. Business and finance show a single-center distribution trend; accommodation and food & restraurant are of banded extension type; while services and shopping spots are of banded dual-core type. The primary determinants of the spatial distribution of commercial sites are: land price, agglomeration effect, and road network density. The influence of population and central accessibility is secondary; elevation has no significant effect. In particular, for business and financial services, land price and center accessibility are the main factors affecting the distribution. Accommodation and food & restraurant are affected by road network density. Shopping and services are significantly affected by population density. Business and finance sites, food & restraurant and shopping sites all have strong synergistic effects on the formation of urban commercial space, while others are not significance. </p>

商业空间结构是城市经济活动的重要载体,识别商业中心和商业热点区以及探究其影响因素对于商业资源优化配置显得尤为必要,进而指导城市有序发展。论文以乌鲁木齐主城区为例,利用开放平台大数据兴趣点(point of interest, POI),采用地理学空间统计方法定量识别商业中心和商业热点区,对商业分布和空间集聚特征进行分类和解读,并利用地理探测器方法探寻其影响因素。主要结论如下：① 乌鲁木齐市商业高值区分布在吐乌大高速—和平渠沿线地带,大型商业中心主要有南湖商圈、中山路商圈、友好商圈、会展商圈、米东商圈、铁路局商圈。② 商业热点区呈现“T型”双轴分布,北部新城商业地带与南部传统商业地带共同构成乌鲁木齐市最具活力的商业地带;6类商业热点区的分布可归纳为3种类型,商务和金融服务类为单一点状型,住宿和餐饮服务类为带状延伸型,生活与购物服务类为带状双核型。③地价、集聚效应、路网密度等是影响商业宏观分布的主要因素,其次为人口密度和中心可达性,自然因素如高程、地形起伏度等对商业布局影响有限;各因素对不同类型商业业态的影响程度各异,如人口密度、路网密度对购物类影响较大,中心可达性和地价对于商务、金融类影响较大;就各业态类型网点间的关系而言,商务和金融类协同作用强,餐饮与购物类协同效应较强,共同影响城市商业空间。

Spatial stratified heterogeneity is the spatial expression of natural and socio-economic process, which is an important approach for human to recognize nature since Aristotle. Geodetector is a new statistical method to detect spatial stratified heterogeneity and reveal the driving factors behind it. This method with no linear hypothesis has elegant form and definite physical meaning. Here is the basic idea behind Geodetector: assuming that the study area is divided into several subareas. The study area is characterized by spatial stratified heterogeneity if the sum of the variance of subareas is less than the regional total variance; and if the spatial distribution of the two variables tends to be consistent, there is statistical correlation between them. Q-statistic in Geodetector has already been applied in many fields of natural and social sciences which can be used to measure spatial stratified heterogeneity, detect explanatory factors and analyze the interactive relationship between variables. In this paper, the authors will illustrate the principle of Geodetector and summarize the characteristics and applications in order to facilitate the using of Geodetector and help readers to recognize, mine and utilize spatial stratified heterogeneity.

空间分异是自然和社会经济过程的空间表现,也是自亚里士多德以来人类认识自然的重要途径。地理探测器是探测空间分异性,以及揭示其背后驱动因子的一种新的统计学方法,此方法无线性假设,具有优雅的形式和明确的物理含义。基本思想是：假设研究区分为若干子区域,如果子区域的方差之和小于区域总方差,则存在空间分异性;如果两变量的空间分布趋于一致,则两者存在统计关联性。地理探测器q统计量,可用以度量空间分异性、探测解释因子、分析变量之间交互关系,已经在自然和社会科学多领域应用。本文阐述地理探测器的原理,并对其特点及应用进行了归纳总结,以利于读者方便灵活地使用地理探测器来认识、挖掘和利用空间分异性。

Based on points of interest, remote sensing, and statistical data of the central urban area of Changsha City, this study analyzed the correlation of the aggregation, proximity, and accessibility of urban health resources and population by using Ripley’s k function, colocation quotient, and two-step floating catchment area methods. The results show that: (1) The spatial distribution of urban health resources and population showed clustering characteristics, but there were significant differences in the scale and intensity of agglomeration at different scales, indicating that the coordination of spatial distribution between urban health resources and population needs to be improved. (2) The correlation of proximity between urban health resources and population distribution is poor, showing a non-linear relationship. Urban health resources and population distribution tend to be far away from each other, but the proximity between different types of health resources and the population is different. (3) Accessibility of urban health resources showed a center-periphery structure spatially. However, urban health resource accessibility and population density distribution indicate a mismatch of supply and demand of health resources. Finally, in order to address the problems existing between urban health resource provision and population distribution, specific optimization and adjustments were recommended, focusing on “coordinating the layout, improving proximity, and precision allocation.”

基于长沙市中心城区空间点数据、遥感影像面数据和统计年鉴数据,主要运用Ripley’k函数、协同区位商和两步移动搜索法等定量方法,从集聚性、邻近性和可达性3个方面研究长沙市健康资源与人口分布的空间关联特征。结果表明：①城市健康资源与人口分布整体上均表现出集聚特征,但多尺度下集聚规模和强度差异明显,间接反映出二者在空间布局协调性上有待提高。②城市健康资源与人口分布之间的邻近性较差,相互之间呈现出非邻近特征,表明二者在空间分布上趋向于远离对方,联系紧密程度较低,但不同类型健康资源与人口之间邻近程度也各不相同。③城市健康资源可达性在空间布局上属于中心-外围结构,然而城市健康资源可达性与人口密度分布在县区和街道尺度上均出现一定程度的不匹配状况,说明城市健康资源在供给和需求空间配置上存在错位问题。最后针对城市健康资源与人口分布之间存在的问题,从“协调布局、邻近规划、精准配置”等方面提出具体的优化调控路径。

The rising of POI (Point of Interest) data drives an innovation of urban research. In order to sort out the progress of urban research using POI data in China, summarize the directions of research, methods of data analysis and shortcomings, and provide references for the future application of POI data in China’s urban development, CiteSpace was used to analyze 625 related literatures in CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) database from 2010 to 2019. Result shows that a large number of literatures in urban research using POI data emerged since 2013, and boomed in 2017. According to the results of knowledge map analysis, the main applications of POI data in urban research are identification of urban functional areas, division of urban central areas and boundaries, identification of business agglomeration and recommendation of interested points. While the main methods for analyzing POI data are kernel density analysis, spatial correlation analysis and DBSCAN algorithm. Plenty researches show that POI data is a kind of effective data for urban research, and very helpful for researchers to better understand the spatial structures, distribution patterns and development rules of cities. In future, it can be combined with machine learning and the other algorithms to provide a decision-making method for a long-term development of urban expansion and internal functional structure adjustment. However, POI data can not replace the shape data in some scenarios, and the impact of public awareness should be seriously taken into account individually for different researches.

兴趣点（Point of Interest，POI）数据的兴起带动了城市研究的革新。为梳理中国POI数据在城市研究的应用进展，阶段性总结其应用方向、数据分析方法及尚存不足，并为未来POI数据在中国城市发展中的应用提供思路和借鉴。应用CiteSpace工具对中国知网2010—2019年625篇相关文献进行知识图谱分析，结合分析结果对POI数据应用方向和数据分析方法进行梳理总结。结果表明:时间上，国内应用POI数据进行城市研究的文献在2013年后大量涌现，2017年呈现爆发式增长；应用上，主要用于城市功能区划分、城市中心区和边界识别、查明业态集聚分布以及兴趣点推荐4个方面；方法上，常用的有核密度分析、DBSCAN聚类分析和空间自相关分析3类。研究表明，POI地理大数据是一种研究城市发展的有效数据，有助于研究者深入了解城市的空间结构、分布格局和发展规律，未来可进一步与机器学习等算法结合，为城市外部扩张和内部功能结构调整在更长期的发展上提供一个决策分析手段，但POI数据尚无法代替面数据，研究时也要充分考虑到公众认知度高低对研究的影响。

In the early 20th century, China was faced with domestic crisis and foreign invasion, and the man-land contradictions were unprecedented fierce. Geographers pondered and explored the issues of national fortune such as China's population status, northwest exploitation and internal migration, thus China's population geography emerged as the times required. "The distribution of population in China" published by Hu Huanyong in 1935 is a symbol of maturity of China's population geography. The Hu Huanyong Line (also known as Hu Line) proposed in this paper, which he originally called the Aihui-Tengchong Line, is a significant geographical demarcation of China's population. The existence and stability of the Hu Line have been repeatedly verified by census data, and its scientific principles have also been revealed and explained by the academic circles from aspects of nature, economy, social culture, etc. This paper points out that grain and employment are the two hidden logics behind the Hu Line. The Hu Line is becoming a crucial national geographic demarcation, which has an increasingly essential impact on the cognition and analysis of China's national conditions. Recent research on the Hu Line has been widely extended in various fields and meanings, and there arose some amendments and adaptations of the line in practice. Under the influence of "Premier Li Keqiang's three questions", whether the Hu Line can be broken through has become an academic hot spot. This paper holds that it is more important to create more opportunities of the northwest region than to increase the share of population so as to balance regional development.

20世纪早期,中国面临内忧外患、人地关系矛盾空前剧烈,地理学家对于中国人口国情、西北开发及国内移民等关乎国运问题的思考与探索,孕育了中国的人口地理学。1935年胡焕庸发表的“中国人口之分布”是中国人口地理学走向成熟的标识,文中提出的“瑷珲—腾冲线”即“胡焕庸线”,是中国人口地理的重要分界线。胡焕庸线的存在性与稳定性被人口普查等现实数据反复验证,其科学原理也被学术界从自然、经济、社会文化等方面加以揭示和阐释。本文指出食物与就业是胡焕庸线潜在的两大逻辑。胡焕庸线正在成为一条重要的国家地理分界,对认知与分析中国国情产生越来越重要的影响。近年来胡焕庸线的研究有了广泛引申,并衍生出多个领域、多种意义下的胡焕庸线,在应用层面上还出现了对该线的修正与变通。在“总理三问”的影响下,胡焕庸线能否突破成为一个学术热点,本文认为重要的不是增加西北人口份额,而是让西北地区获得更多发展机会,促进区域均衡发展。