This article presents findings from a two-year study of fear of crime and victimization in a high-crime, inner-city neighbourhood in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Face-to-face interviews were carried out in 2007 with a sample of 394 neighbourhood residents. Respondents provided qualitative, quantitative, and spatial data on levels of fear, patterns of victimization, and experience with neighbourhood disorder. Despite high levels of criminal victimization and worry about crime, neighbourhood residents cited concerns with disorder rather than crime as determinate of locations of highest fear in the community. Spatial and qualitative measures of fear in this neighbourhood suggest support for the link between disorder and fear of crime even in high-crime communities.

As the obesity epidemic in children increases, it is important to consider the role of neighborhoods in supporting children's physical activity and healthy development, especially in low-income communities where obesity levels among children are higher than for their middle-income counterparts. I present a participatory and qualitative GIS approach to mapping children's own perceptions and use of their neighborhood for physical activity with ten and eleven year-olds growing up in a diverse low-income community in Denver, CO. Girls walk shorter distances to and use different types of community spaces for play and recreation from boys, some of which is explained by the differing environmental-socialization approaches employed by parents and carers. Children's perceptions of risk align spatially with features of the built environment, but do not correlate with reported crime. Results illustrate the utility of qualitative spatial analysis to understand relationships between children's perception, the built environment, and social factors that shape children's active transport, leisure, and recreation in their neighborhood. Children's local knowledge should be valued and solicited in community-level health and planning interventions to promote physical activity.

The literature on fear of crime has grown rapidly in the last three decades. This paper examines the reasons for this growth and attempts to put some structure on the work to date. The inadequacies of measures of fear of crime are discussed and alternative approaches suggested. Alternative explanatory theories are compared and strategies for reducing fear reviewed.

This paper aims to take a holistic approach to studying fear of crime by testing predictors at multiple levels of analyses. Data from the European Social Survey ( N = 56,752 from 29 countries) were used to test and extend the Income Inequality and Sense of Vulnerability Hypotheses. The findings confirm that (1) individuals in societies with greater income inequalities are more fearful of crime, and (2) older or disabled people as well as women report greater fear of crime. Contrary to the hypotheses, ethnic majority and not ethnic minority members report greater fear of crime, if they reside in high income inequality countries. It is further demonstrated that fear of crime explains the inverse association between income inequality and subjective well-being in this particular subsample.

Theft from person (TFP) is one of the most common crimes in China. It is assumed that TFP is the result of interaction among motivated offenders, suitable targets and guardians. Specific routine activities and places can be important indicators for the TFPs. However, few studies can focus on the time differentiation of relationship between citizens' daily activities and TFPs. This study aims to narrow this gap by uncovering the time relationship between citizens' activities and TFPs, as well as the impacts of specific facilities on TFPs. Using the data of TFPs from the police, the sixth national census, facilities addresses and citizens activities log in a big city in south China, the whole day is divided into four stages (before dawn: 23:00-6:59, morning: 7:00-9:59, daytime: 10:00-17:59, night: 18:00-22:59). Spatial lag negative binomial regression models are built for the four stages accordingly. We find that the spatial and temporal aggregation of TFP is obvious for all the stages. Activities for buying food, shopping and entertainment are positively related to TFP while activity of dining out has no significant relationship with it. Besides, key factors that impact TFP vary from stage to stage. Before dawn, entertainment facilities, restaurants and food markets have positive influence on TFP. In the morning, the existence of food market, bus stations, restaurants and some entertainment facilities (cinema and net-bar) will improve the risks of TFP. In the daytime, subways, shops for daily supplement, some entertainment facilities (cinema, bar and net bar) have positive effect on TFP. At night, subway stations, shops, bars and net bars will increase the risk of TFP. In addition, possibility of combination of time geography and crime geography and its application are discussed in this study.

扒窃现象与居民的日常活动有较强的关系,已有文献研究了不同活动场所对扒窃的影响,但鲜有考虑不同类型居民活动出行量及其场所对扒窃影响的时间差异。本文基于日常活动理论,以南方某大城市为例,以派出所为分析单元,利用居民入户调查问卷、兴趣点（Point of Interest, POI）、扒窃报警数据,检验不同类型活动出行量与扒窃的时间相关性,并划分时间段,建立多个空间滞后负二项回归模型分析不同时段居民日常活动对应场所与扒窃的关系。研究发现,扒窃警情存在明显的时空集聚性,其中,凌晨和早上的集聚性最强,白天和晚上相对较弱;不同类型的日常活动对扒窃时空格局的作用存在差异。买菜活动出行量与扒窃的时间变化存在正相关关系,买菜场所在凌晨和早上容易吸引扒窃者;购物活动与扒窃亦存在较强的时间正相关,白天和晚上在购物场所附近被盗的风险较高;外出吃饭的出行量与扒窃行为无直接关系,但在凌晨和早上餐馆周边容易吸引扒窃者;娱乐活动与扒窃同样存在较强的时间正相关,不同类型的娱乐场所对扒窃的影响存在差异,电影院、酒吧在大部分时间段均会吸引犯罪者,凌晨时段KTV附近区域的被盗风险较高。场所对扒窃的影响主要与犯罪机会吸引（犯罪目标的丰富性、暴露性）及场所自身属性有关（是否为犯罪者的集聚地）。文中最后对时间地理学和犯罪地理学结合的可能性、研究的应用意义等方面进行了探讨。

Urban crime has increasingly become a major issue in the context of rapid urbanization in China. Investigating the patterns and effects of spatial factors on urban crime is of great importantce for urban public safety and security. The relationship between robbery and spatial factors has long been a popular topic in crime research. Focusing on the DP peninsula of H City as the study area and using a total number of 373 street robbery incidences obtained from the Public Security Bureau Call for Service Data in the period of 2006-2011, this study examines the spatial heterogeneity in the effects of micro-spatial factors on street robberies by Moran's I, ordinary least squared regression (OLS) model and geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. Firstly, a theoretical framework is developed for analyzing the impacts of micro scale spatial factors on street robbery. Those micro scale spatial variables are identified based on two criminal justice theories - routine activities theory and rational choice theory. Those variables include the number of bus stops, the number of intersections, the length of road net, the distance to the nearest police station, the degree of mixed land use, and the distance to the nearest exit of the peninsula. Secondly, based on the kernel density estimation approach, the variation of crime density is estimated for each grid and is modeled as a function of those contextual micro-spatial variables. The number of micro-spatial variables was cut down with the OLS model test. The analytical results show that spatial heterogeneity exists in the effects of micro-spatial factors on street robberies in the DP peninsula by GWR model test. Especially, the number of bus stops has both positive and negative effects on the crime density, and the effects vary significantly and spatially. The results shed new light on the effects of the spatial factors on crime rate at local scale and suggest the pitfalls of the global averaging model. Overall, the proposed method in this study has the potential to help local police department to identify micro-spatial factors areas with high crime density more explicitly and thus could improve the effectiveness of crime control and prevention efforts centered on street robberies.

在快速城镇化的背景下,日益严重的城市犯罪问题已经严重影响了城市的安定与繁荣,深入研究城市犯罪的空间影响因素对于未来城市安全发展具有重要意义。以H市DP半岛上2006-2011年发生的373起街头抢劫案件为研究对象,通过将研究区域网格划分为233个样本单元,以核密度处理方式将原始案件点转化为每个格网单元的犯罪强度（密度）作为因变量,结合“日常活动理论”与“理性选择理论”选取微观空间因素作为自变量,最终采用地理加权回归模型分析微观空间因素对街头抢劫案件发生强度的空间异质性现象。研究表明：公交站点个数变量、交叉口个数变量、土地利用混合程度变量与最近出岛口距离变量,对街头抢劫发生的影响程度存在空间异质性现象,尤其是公交站点个数变量在GWR模型中表现出随空间位置的不同呈现显著的正负两种影响效果。警务部门可以参照该结果针对不同局部区域的高影响微观空间因素进行重点防控,提高警务效率,从而更有效地防范和抑制街头抢劫犯罪的发生。

This paper discusses a new blend of methods developed to answer the question of where creativity is in the city. Experimentation with new methods was required because of empirical shortcomings with existing creative city research techniques; but also to respond to increasingly important questions of where nascent economic activities occur outside the formal sector, and governmental spheres of planning and economic development policy. In response we discuss here how qualitative methods can be used to address such concerns, based on experiences from an empirical project charged with the task of documenting creative activity in Darwin—a small city in Australia's tropical north. Diverse creative practitioners were interviewed about their interactions with the city—and hard-copy maps were used as anchoring devices around spatially orientated interview questions. Results from this interview-mapping process were accumulated and analysed in a geographical information system (GIS). Digital maps produced by this method revealed patterns of concentration and imagined ‘epicentres’ of creativity in Darwin, and showed how types of sites and spaces of the city are imagined as ‘creative’ in different ways. Qualitative mapping of creativity enabled the teasing out of contradictory and divergent stories of the location of creativity in the urban landscape. The opportunities which such methods present for researchers interested in how economic activities are ‘lived’ by workers, situated in social networks, and reproduced in everyday, material, spaces of the city are described.

Our objective in this paper is to argue for a new use of geographic information systems—GIS in local planning as an auxiliary tool for decision-making. We review the use of the GIS technique in earlier research studies and represent the empirical findings from using GIS in a quality-of-life study in conjunction with an urban renewal project of a residential area in Stockholm County, Sweden. Special attention is given to the potential of GIS for mapping qualitative data representing people's needs and judgments about their residential areas. We conclude with a discussion of future challenges in using GIS techniques in combination with the Internet for social analysis in renewal planning. One of the arguments proposed is that the tool can be used to promote the involvement of urban residents.

In contrast to the adult and aspatial focus of much research, this paper examines older children's feelings of fear/safety in two contrasting British urban residential areas, and in the nearby city centre. In their home areas, children in the deprived area feel less safe than those in the wealthier suburb. However, in the city centre, the poorer-area children feel safer than their wealthier-area counterparts, suggesting a home-area moderating effect. Regarding gendered-area differences in safety, boys and girls have similar perspectives on their home areas, but significant gender differences exist for the city centre. Area should be a key dimension in conceptual frameworks for understanding fear and safety, with due awareness of home and nonhome areas, and gendered-area differences. Explanations for children's anxieties indicate the importance of fear of groups of teenagers and the relevance of social disorganization. Tackling the perceived problem of teenage groups should be one policy priority in urban areas in which social disorder is pronounced.

Prior research has identified a list of individual attributes, along with neighborhood, school, and network characteristics, as potential factors affecting perceived risk. However, prior research has rarely investigated the simultaneous effects of these factors on perceived risk. This study uses the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth), supplemented with the 1990 census data, to examine the associations of neighborhood, school, and network characteristics and perceived risk among adolescents. To account for the overlaps between school districts and neighborhoods, we use cross-classified multilevel modeling (CCMM). Our analyses lead to two main findings. First, perceived risk appears to be context-specific. Perceived risk at school is mostly affected by school characteristics but not by neighborhood characteristics. Perceived risk in neighborhood is mostly affected by neighborhood characteristics but not by school characteristics. Second, network characteristics matter for both types of perceived risk and more so for perceived risk at school than in neighborhood. We find that, while having more friends is associated with a lower level of perceived risk, having more friends with delinquent and violent behaviors is associated with a higher level of perceived risk among adolescents.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Previous studies have documented numerous health benefits of conducting regular physical activity among older adults. The built environment is believed to be a key factor that can hinder or facilitate daily physical activity, such as walking and exercising. However, most empirical studies focusing on environment-physical activity associations exhibited residential self-selection bias with cross-sectional research design, engendering doubts about the impact of built environment on physical activity. To reduce this bias, we assessed physical activity behaviors of 720 Hong Kong older adults (≥65 years) residing in 24 public housing estates. The Hong Kong public housing scheme currently provides affordable rental flats for 2.1 million people or approximate 30% of total population. The applicants were allocated to one of 179 housing estates largely by family size and flat availability. Built environment characteristics were measured following the ‘5Ds’ principle: (street network) design, (land-use) diversity, density, distance to transit, and destination accessibility. Multilevel mixed models were used to explore the associations between the built environment and the different domains of physical activity (transportation walking, recreational walking, and recreational moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) while controlling for potential estate-level socioeconomic and individual confounders. We found that transportation walking was positively associated with the number of bus stops and the presence of Mass Transit Railway (MTR) stations. Recreational MVPA was positively related to the number of recreational facilities. However, land-use mix was negatively related to transportation walking, recreational walking, and recreational MVPA. The findings of this study support a threshold effect in the environment-physical activity associations. Furthermore, large-scale public housing schemes involving random or semi-random residence assignment in many cities may provide opportunities to explore built environments and physical activity behavior, with the potential to overcome residential self-selection bias.

In this article, the authors examine whether subjective perceptions of community safety are informed by the built environment. They posit that the built environment serves as a heuristic device, providing cues about likely levels of neighborhood crime, independent of the effects of neighborhood crime itself. Using data on 4,456individuals nested within 100 census tracts, the authors estimate hierarchical logistic models of perceived community crime risk. They focus on the role of the neighborhood built environment in the form of aggregated perceptions of nonresidential land use, while controlling for individual-level criminal opportunity, community-level social structural antecedents, and community-level objective crime. The findings indicate that the neighborhood-level presence of businesses and parks and playgrounds increases individual perceptions of community danger, but these effects disappear once neighborhood crime rates are controlled. The presence of schools has no effect on subjective interpretations of community crime, regardless of whether actual area crime is considered.

In the discipline of criminal geography, there always exists opposite theoretical views of the impact of urban built-up environment on sense of residential security. James Jocabs proposed the concept of ‘street eyes’ and appreciated its surveillance role in enhancing the sense of security, while the defensible space theory proposed by Newman regarded large flow of human traffic as public safety risk. This conflicting theoretical explanation incurred hesitation and confusion between aggregated design approach and segregated design approach. The different empirical findings and planning ideas stemmed from significant divergent built environment and social environment in various regions throughout the world. Owing to the existing research only carried out in European and American cities, it needs to be reexamined which theory has more explanatory power in Chinese context. Via Chinese General Social Survey data in the year of 2010, point of interest and road network data, this article analyzed the influence of urban built environment and its interaction role with social environment on sense of residential security in 278 Chinese urban communities through hierarchical linear modeling for the first time. This research demonstrated that mixed-used land measured by entropy index of POI functional types, compact road network measured by road density or proportion of secondary and slip road area, and high utilizing density measured by population density or POI density had a significant negative effect on sense of residential security overall. On the contrary, when built environment was relatively sparse, and had single land use and large block size, people would have a higher sense of security. It should be noted that the impact of urban built environment on sense of security is not invariable, and the ‘street eyes’ would not spontaneously play their defending roles until the community had strong cohesion, abundant social capital or homogenously composed. With the increase of community cohesion and population homogeneity, the positive role of "narrow road, dense network and open block" would gradually play on minimizing the resident’s sense of fear. However, according to the critical value in model, compact, permeable and diverse space still had negative effect on sense of security in most case communities in 2010. In other words, the theory of defense space is more applicable to most of sample communities in our country, and the function of street eyes is only played in a small number of sample communities with strong social cohesion and demographic homogeneity. To sum up, we should gradually and conditionally promote the planning work of "narrow road, dense network and open block", understand residents’ concerns about the sense of security, and avoid adopting a one-size-fits-all approach. Simultaneously, planners should combine the guiding ideology of urban design and the process of community development together in order to reach street eyes’ full potential and construct safe communities.

利用CGSS、POI、道路网等数据,通过多层线性模型分析中国城市建成环境对居住安全感的影响。总体来看,混合型、密路网、紧凑型的建成环境对个体的居住安全感具有显著的负向影响。而“街道眼”的保护机制并非是自动产生的,唯有在社区凝聚力较高、人口构成较为同质的社会环境下,传统城市空间形态才能起到增进居住安全感的作用。因此,不应把当前“窄马路、密路网、开放型”的规划转型仅仅视为一项空间设计工作,而须与社区发展相结合,以使“街道眼”的功效得以充分发挥。

This article reviews the current status of the concept of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). It provides an overview of its history and origins and defines how it is commonly understood and conceptualized. Globally, CPTED is an increasingly popular crime prevention strategy supported by governments all over Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as in Asia and South Africa. This review inspects some of the evidence associated with CPTED and provides a detailed overview of the main criticisms facing this field.

One practical, yet less touted, approach to school safety is the use of security provisions that conform with the principles of Crime Prevention through Environment& Design (CPTED). Beyond preventing crime, the approach offers the potential benefit of improving perceptions of safety among campus occupants which is important for revenues and establishing effective teaming environments. Although CPTED has shown promise in reducing crime elsewhere, research has only begun to empirically assess the extent to which it is compatible with campus facilities and whether it improves students' safety perceptions. This study reports on a quantitative comparative assessment of student (N = 100) safety perceptions from two, differently designed residential facilities on a large public research university in the Southeastern United States. Findings indicate that residents of the high CPTED facility had higher safety perceptions than the low CPTED facility's residents. Site observations supported differences between design features of the two facilities.

The purpose of this paper is to examine links between environmental design of high-rise housing communities and residents’ perceptions about antisocial behaviour (ASB).

Environmental factors may play an important role on influencing physical activity (PA) behaviors.Perceptions of access and safety for PA were compared among residents who were stratified as low or high in socioeconomic status (SES).Residents of a U.S. southeastern county (N = 1,194, 18-96 years of age) were contacted using a random-digit-dial method and asked about neighborhood and community environmental supports for PA. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to identify trails, sidewalks, public recreation facilities, and violent crime incidents.A cluster analysis identified 10 census tracts as low SES and 11 census tracts as high SES (median household income, owner-occupied houses). More African Americans (66.5%) than Whites (33.5%) were classified as living in low-SES areas. Respondents from low-SES areas also reported engaging in less PA based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American College of Sports Medicine recommendations than respondents from high-SES areas (p <.05). Respondents from low-SES (vs. high-SES) areas reported higher perceptions of neighborhood crime, unattended dogs, unpleasantness of neighborhoods, untrustworthy neighbors, and less access to public recreation facilities (ps <.05). GIS data for presence of sidewalks, recreation facilities, and crime did not support these differences in perceptions; however, respondents from low-SES (vs. high-SES) areas had substantially fewer trails. Having and using trails in one's community predicted sufficient PA and walking for 150 min/week for low-SES respondents but not for high SES respondents (ps =.05, adjusted for covariates).Having access to trails is an important environmental feature among low-SES communities and should be the focus of future community-based PA interventions.

Residents in four Chicago neighborhoods were surveyed to determine the rela tionship between fear of crime and official crime rates. Several anomalies were found. Citizens' perceptions of dangerous areas in their neighborhoods match, for the most part, official records of crimes committed there. However, assessments of neighborhoods' specific crime problems and personal risks do not consistently cor respond with official statistics. The authors argue that citizens' perceptions of crime are shaped not so much by the neighborhood conditions reflected in the crime statistics, but rather by the level of incivility in their communities. Indicators of incivility are conditions, more frequently confronted, indicating that community social control is weak. These include abandoned buildings, vandalism, drug use, and loitering teenagers. The authors demonstrate the correspondence between levels of fear and concern about incivility. They suggest that fear of crime is trig gered by a broad range of neighborhood conditions, and argue that attempts to understand and control that fear should look beyond serious crime incidents as the sole source of the problem.

It is hypothesized that collective efficacy, defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good, is linked to reduced violence. This hypothesis was tested on a 1995 survey of 8782 residents of 343 neighborhoods in Chicago, Illinois. Multilevel analyses showed that a measure of collective efficacy yields a high between-neighborhood reliability and is negatively associated with variations in violence, when individual-level characteristics, measurement error, and prior violence are controlled. Associations of concentrated disadvantage and residential instability with violence are largely mediated by collective efficacy.

After a successful market reform featured by opening-up, urban China is facing a tremendous sociospatial restructuring in recent years. The rise of a new type of social space, i.e., ethnic enclaves has been remarkable. Taking Xiaobei of Guangzhou City as a study case, this paper examines the response of local residents and communities. Method of triangulation is mainly used, along with both quantitative analysis such as questionnaire and logistics regression and qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews, focus group and so on. As shown by the empirical study, a negative representation of African communities has been constructed in Guangzhou. Attitudes of local residents surveyed upon African enclaves do not show a consistent result of either acceptance or exclusion. Through a logistic regression, it is found that in terms of the variables of age, gender, educational attainments, the length of living time or religions, no variables can stand out to be significant. Employment, however, is important, while traders, workers or those involved in service sectors mainly put a positive attitude towards Africans, in contrast to professionals, self-employed or students. Moreover, interviews of traders in Xiaobei further disclose that interactions between local residents and Africans are an important determinant of the relations, which, however, are purely economic-based rather than cultural or social based. According to a study of local media reports and website, it is found that the local state-owned newspapers produce a negative impact upon the representation of African enclaves. Critical comments upon criminal cases of African immigrants already engender an invisible wall between local residents and African communities. Based on the sprawl of information on the net, such negative attitudes towards African immigrants soared. Therefore, this indicates a transition of Xiaobei from initiative concentration of African traders to negative segregation. The future of such African communities is under question.

<p>Manufacturing is one of the main driving forces of urban economic development. Thus, the distribution of manufacturing is a hot-topic to the academics. This paper specifically makes a case study of Guangzhou to explore the distribution of the manufacturing industry in the city with Concentration Index, Location Quotient, and spatial analysis based on the second economic census data in 2008, and analyses the formation reason of the distribution, as well as the relationship between urban spatial structure and the distribution. In conclusion, the paper proposes that Guangzhou&rsquo;s manufacturing is mainly distributed in the inner-suburbs such as Haizhu district, Liwan district and Luogang district. The manufacturing in the CBD has already declined. The manufacturing employment density increases from the city centre to suburbs, but the increase distance is not far from the city centre. The suburbanization phenomenon has appeared in the eastern and southern areas, especially in the eastern area which has become the manufacturing centre of Guangzhou. The manufacturing distribution density in four circle layers from high to low in turn is: the core circle layer>the inner circle layer>the outer circle layer>the outer circle. The manufacturing in the core circle layer has the highest employment density. The agglomeration degree of manufacturing is high. The highest spatial cluster level area is the inner-suburb. Next is the outer-suburb. The lowest is the city centre. Guangzhou manufacturing spatial structure is composed of Xiagang manufacturing centre, Nanshitou and Donghuan manufacturing subcentres. The manufacturing has had a large impact on the formation and development of the urban spatial structure of Guangzhou. It is not only the main driving force for Xinhua and Xiagang employment subcentres, but also the force to promote Guangzhou&rsquo;s suburbanization. Four factors influence the spatial distribution of manufacturing in Guangzhou: the compensation system of Chinese land acquisition, the policy of Guangzhou government, the construction of Guangzhou industrial development zone, and the industrial agglomeration effect.</p>

以第二次经济普查制造业法人单位分镇街的就业人员为基础数据，运用集中化指数、区位商和空间分析方法对2008年广州制造业空间布局进行研究，并分析其形成原因及其与广州城市空间结构的关系。结果表明：1）广州制造业主要分布在海珠区、荔湾区和萝岗区等近郊，CBD的制造业已经衰退。2）制造业就业人员密度从城市中心向边缘递增，递增距离CBD不远，东部和南部呈现非常强的郊区化现象，尤其是东部已经成为广州的制造业中心。3）核心圈层的制造业密度仍为最高，4圈层的制造业密度分布由高到低依次为核心圈层＞内圈层＞外圈层＞外圈；广州制造业分布集中程度高，空间集聚程度最高的区域为近郊，其次为远郊，中心城区最低。4）广州制造业空间结构由夏港制造业中心、南石头制造业次中心和东环制造业次中心组成。影响制造业在广州城市空间分布的因素主要有：中国土地有偿使用制度的实行、广州市政府对宏观调控政策的制定、广州制造业园区建设和制造业集聚效应四大因素。制造业对广州城市空间结构的形成和发展影响很强，是新华和夏港就业次中心形成的主要动力，有力地促进了广州城市郊区化，是广州副中心和新城中心城区经济发展的主要动力。

以上海市浦东新区&ldquo;两抢一盗&rdquo;犯罪为研究对象，采用空间分析和统计分析的方法，分析其时空分布规律，并剖析街道环境与犯罪分布之间的关系。研究发现：1）犯罪时间分布与人们生活、工作的作息周期相关，街道空间使用频率高的时段犯罪相对高发；犯罪的昼夜分布差别与地区岗位、商业场所等环境的空间分布有关；2）在案发部位分布上，各部位的案件构成受到人流活动强度、自然监视的力度及逃逸便捷程度的影响；3）在宏观地理分布上，盗窃案件在浦东新区内以陆家嘴中央商务区一带为核心呈自西向东圈层递减分布，而&ldquo;两抢&rdquo;案件的高发区呈带状和点状分布的格局，较为分散在市区与镇区的各居民集中区附近；4）回归分析表明，交叉口是影响盗窃和&ldquo;两抢&rdquo;案件分布的重要环境要素之一，交叉口数量及密度均分别对&ldquo;两抢&rdquo;和盗窃量有正向影响。最后以研究结论为依据，提出相应的犯罪防控措施。

Drawing from research on therapeutic landscapes and relationships between environment, health and wellbeing, we propose the idea of 'healthy blue space' as an important new development Complementing research on healthy green space, blue space is defined as; 'health-enabling places and spaces, where water is at the centre of a range of environments with identifiable potential for the promotion of human wellbeing'. Using theoretical ideas from emotional and relational geographies and critical understandings of salutogenesis, the value of blue space to health and wellbeing is recognised and evaluated. Six individual papers from five different countries consider how health can be enabled in mixed blue space settings. Four sub-themes; embodiment, inter-subjectivity, activity and meaning, document multiple experiences within a range of healthy blue spaces. Finally, we suggest a considerable research agenda - theoretical, methodological and applied - for future work within different forms of blue space. All are suggested as having public health policy relevance in social and public space. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The last decades have witnessed a steady increase in studying urban vitality. However, the information that could depict 3D space has not been included in studies. This research attempts to incorporate street view imagery data to elaborate the spatiotemporal variability of vibrancy in Futian District, Shenzhen. As for the street-level physical environment, attributes are extracted from street view images by deep machine-learning algorithms SegNet. 2D built environment indicators of streets were extracts from the Open Street Map and POI points. A multivariate econometric are framed to examine the association between urban environment and the vitality at the street level of commercial streets and residential streets. The results showed that: 1) The peak hours of activity on commercial streets are 18:00 to 20:00, and the peak hours of activity on living streets are 11:00 to 13:00. 2) Futian District Street Vitality Shows Polycentric Structure, whose distribution had shown obvious spatial differences with time. 3) Variations in the temporal and degree effects of different built environment indicators on street vitality. Increasing the mix of facilities contributes to the morning and nighttime vibrancy of commercial streets, as well as the afternoon vibrancy of living streets. More compact streets have a positive impact on commercial streets’ vitality, and safer pedestrian environments have a positive impact on both living and commercial streets’ vitality. Improving the building continuity will promote the vitality of commercial streets. Higher interface richness increases the vitality of living streets in afternoon and evening. An increase in the richness of the interface will promote the daytime vitality of the residential street.

建成环境对街道活力的影响是国内外城市研究的热点议题。然而，对于建成环境要素的测度与评估多偏重于二维建成环境指标，尚未充分挖掘三维建成环境指标。以深圳市福田区为例，采用街景数据、路网数据、POI数据及移动互联网位置服务数据，建立周末分时段模型，探讨商业街道和生活街道活力的时空间分布特征及建成环境对其产生的影响。结果表明：① 商业街道上居民全天活动的峰值时段为18:00~20:00，生活街道上居民全天活动的峰值时段为11:00~13:00。② 深圳市福田区街道活力总体呈现多中心结构，随时间变化显现出明显的空间差异。③ 不同的建成环境指标对街道活力的作用时段与影响程度存在差异。提高功能混合度有利于提升商业街道凌晨、上午和夜间的活力及生活街道午后和傍晚的活力；过宽的相对步行宽度对生活街道活力提升有抑制作用，更安全的步行环境对商业和生活街道夜间活力提升有促进作用；界面连续程度高的商业街道午后及夜间的活力更强，界面多样性丰富的生活街道白天活力更强。

城市环境评价研究传统上采用基于现场调研的方法,难以在大范围、精细化的尺度上进行评估。街景图像具有覆盖面广、能提供街道层级景观信息,且数据采集成本低的优势,为城市环境评价研究提供了大样本数据源和新的研究思路。人工智能技术的不断突破和其在各领域的应用,使得在大范围空间尺度上,基于街景图像进行城市环境评价研究成为可能。本文首先对城市环境评价常用的3种数据源（街景图像、遥感影像和地理标记社交媒体数据）进行对比分析,归纳街景图像在城市环境评价中的优势;然后,从方法学的角度把基于街景图像进行城市环境评价过程中使用的方法分为4大类别（基于图像分析的方法、基于统计分析的方法、基于人工智能的方法和基于空间分析的方法）;接着,从城市物理环境、社会环境、经济环境、美学环境,综述了街景图像在城市环境评价中的应用研究进展;最后,对现有研究成果进行了总结并对未来研究方向提出展望。