The interactive relationships between cities in the knowledge economy era have attracted much attention. Researchers have applied a range of methods to explore intercity innovative relationships and associated network characteristics. It nevertheless remains unclear just how intercity innovative relationships can be theoretically constructed based on knowledge flow space and how further scientific simulation methods can be designed. Research questions in this area have rarely been explored in detail, an issue which has inevitably placed obstacles on further exploration. A framework for the theoretical construction of intercity innovative relationships is presented in this study; the basis for this research is that an intercity innovation network is essentially a 'soft network', distinct from a 'hard network'. These interconnections are founded on a subjective relationship construction process and therefore necessitate scale transformation from 'point-point' connections between innovative subjects in different cities with respect to 'city-city' interactions. At the same time, this transformation process is prone to exaggerations and deviations from objective intercity innovative relationships and therefore exerts considerable influence on the accuracy of results such that constructions must be entirely theoretical. Four construction methods for intercity innovative relationships and network simulation are summarized in this study, including an intercity undirected network based on cross-city co-operations between scientific and technological achievements, an intercity directed network based on the cross-city transfer of scientific and technological achievements, an intercity innovation network based on the cross-city flow of high-end talents, and an intercity innovation network based on the multi-city distribution of innovative enterprises and institutions. Simulation tests were then undertaken using relevant data to reflect aspects of these relationships. The results of this analysis are conducive to further exploration of global and regional innovative spatial patterns from the perspective of urban geography and intercity relationships and provide a theoretical and methodological foundation for further research on intercity innovation networks.

知识经济时代城市间的创新关系是新时代城市间相互作用关系的新内涵,研究者尝试采用各种方法探索城市间创新关系及其网络特征。然而,如何从理论上建构知识流动空间的城市间创新关系?如何设计更加合理的城市间创新网络模拟方法?这些问题却少有专门探讨。基于相关研究,本文提出了城市间创新关系构建的理论框架,认为城市间创新网络本质上是区别于“硬网络”的“软网络”,是一种主观的关系建构过程,需要经过异城创新主体间的点—点关系向城—城之间关系的尺度转换,这一转换过程容易发生夸大或偏离城市间客观存在的创新关系,对结果的精确度产生很大影响,应对关系建构给予充分理论论证;本文论述了4种城市间创新关系建构和网络模拟方法,包括科技成果异城合作的城市间无向网络构建方法、科技成果转让转移的城市间有向网络构建方法、高端人才跨城移动的城市间创新网络建构方法和创新企业机构多城分布的城市间创新网络建构方法,并运用相关数据进行了模拟试验与结果展示,来反映城市间创新关系的不同方面。本研究有助于推动从城市地理学视角和城市关系的维度探讨全球/区域的创新空间格局,为城市间创新网络研究提供理论和方法支撑。

Based on the basic judgment of identification standards and spatial structure of urban agglomerations in China, this paper considered that "15+8" spatial structure system comprised of 15 compliance and 8 non-compliance of urban agglomerations was the present structure of formation and development of urban agglomerations in China. The main conclusions were as follows. Firstly, analyzing the "three high" characteristic comprised of high-density cluster, high-speed growth, high-intensity operation of urban agglomerations in China, this paper put forward: 1) "Four Low" problems containing low development degree, low input-output efficiency, low compact degree, low resources and environmental protection degree, 2) "Four Competition" problems comprised of blindly competing for national strategies regardless of own condition to strive for national pilot area, expanding their power regardless of the red line to trigger a large-scale land to construct cities, leading to the so-called high degree of integration with competing for construction repeatedly regardless of cooperation, breeding area deprivation with drawing up high goals careless for the resources and environmental capacity; 3) "Four-off" problems containing excessive intervention of government and administration, high estimated of the development prospects, dense negative effect of the clustering size, large development gap and 4) "Five Missing" problems comprised of lack of unified identification standard of urban agglomerations, lack of standardized statistical data, lack of centralized management with specific authorities, lack of accepted planning approach and implementation institution, lack of planning legal status of urban agglomerations. Secondly, this paper brought forward the overall development strategy and construction goals of urban agglomerations in China and thought that it would form national urban agglomerations spatial structure system comprised of 23 urban agglomerations, 6 urban agglomerations gathering area and "π" shaped urban agglomerations continuous band. Finally, some policy support mechanism and countermeasures suggestions for the construction of urban agglomerations in China were put forward: 1) to formate a national-level and local-level coordinated development management committee of urban agglomerations, public finance mechanisms and public financial reserve system for urban agglomerations, 2) to revise Town and Country Planning Act or to introduce Regional Planning Act which will add the content of urban agglomerations planning and draft treaty for cooperation of urban agglomerations, 3) to introduce Urban Agglomerations Planning Approval Approach and Urban Agglomerations Planning Implementation Management Ordinance and to build urban agglomerations planning implementation institution, 4) to introduce technical guide to guide scientific planning for urban agglomerations and to strengthen resources and environmental protection capacity and sustainable development capacity of urban agglomerations, 5) relying on the rapid land-axis and speeding up to construct the 7 918 national highway network and "four vertical and four horizontal" high-speed railway network for improving rapid transit system of urban agglomerations, and 6) to specify standards of statistical data and compile and publish Statistical Yearbook of Urban Agglomerations in China.

The spatial organization law of territorial function-structure is the basic theoretical problem of human-earth system coupling research, as well as the basic theory of carrying out territorial spatial planning and shaping sustainable geographical pattern. Starting from the discussion of geography on the repetition, prediction, regulation and optimization of geographical processes, this paper explains that the spatial governance system is an important way for modern geography to regulate and optimize the sustainable geographical processes and patterns. The spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the spatial structure of territorial function composed of ecological-life-production (also known as three living spaces) are adopted to express the spatial order law of territorial function - structure, and explain some spatial organization goals, e.g., the coordination between territorial function and natural geographical environment, the minimization of various functions and conflicts between different units in the same region, the effective transmission of territorial functions in different spatial scales, and the maximization of comprehensive benefits in a long time scale. On the one hand, from the perspective of sustainability, the concept of four attributes of natural elements -- resources, environment, ecology and disasters -- is proposed. Through the integration of the four attributes, the natural carrying capacity is constructed, and the function of the original value, remaining value and potential value of carrying capacity in spatial planning is analyzed, so as to form the basic method of analyzing spatial organization from bottom to top. On the other hand, starting from new spatial equilibrium, the basic method of top-down spatial organization analysis is formed based on the territorial functional suitability of carrying capacity, integrated position and spatial structure parameters. Furthermore, the basic and strategic values of the major function zoning formed by the two methods for spatial organization and planning are discussed, and a new idea of separation and interrelation of the zoning, strategy, system with planning of utilization is proposed. With the implementation of the strategy of major function zoning as the main line, the spatial scale-down conduction of major functions as the core scientific problem, and the key constraint parameters as the control indicators of spatial structure, this paper discusses the database and territorial function pedigree, functional and scale-dependent carrying capacity evaluation method and model, and the construction framework of "Three Zones and Three Lines" (Three Zones represent ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space; Three Lines represent ecological conservation redline, permanent capital farmland, and urban development boundary), and demonstrates the way to implement the strategy of major function zoning in spatial planning. Finally, the paper puts forward some suggestions that geography should strengthen the construction of scientific and technological support system, e.g., the basic theory, method and technology of large and medium spatial scale (regional) territorial spatial planning.

地域功能-结构的空间组织规律是人地系统耦合研究的基本理论问题,也是开展国土空间规划、塑造可持续地理格局的基础理论。从地理学对地理过程的重复、预测、调控、优化的讨论入手,阐释了空间治理体系是现代地理学用于调控和优化可持续地理过程与格局的重要途径。采用生态-生活-生产等三生空间构成的地域功能空间结构呈现的时空演变特征,表达了地域功能-结构的空间有序性法则,阐释了地域功能与自然地理环境相协调、同一地域单元各类功能及不同单元之间冲突最小化、地域功能在不同空间尺度有效传导、以及长时间尺度综合效益最大化等空间组织目标。从可持续性出发,建立自然要素的资源、环境、生态和灾害四大属性的概念,并通过四大属性集成构成自然承载力,分析承载力的原值、余量和潜力在空间规划中的作用,形成自下而上解析空间组织的基本方法。从新空间均衡出发,基于承载力、融入位置和空间结构参量后构成的地域功能适宜性,形成自上而下解析空间组织的基本方法。进而讨论了集成两种方法形成的主体功能区具备的对空间组织与规划的基础价值和战略价值,提出主体功能区的区划、战略、制度和规划用途分离及相互关联的新思路。以实施主体功能区战略为主线、以空间降尺度传导主体功能为核心科学问题、以关键约束参数为空间结构控制性指标,讨论了数据库与地域功能谱系、功能和尺度依赖的承载力评价方法与模型库、“三区三线”的建构框架,论证了空间规划实施主体功能区战略的途径,提出地理学应着力加强大、中空间尺度（区域性）国土空间规划基础理论和方法、强化技术等科技支撑体系建设的建议。

The concept of megalopolis, since its original inception six decades ago, has inspired many new terms that mainly describe large-scale urbanized forms such as megaregions and polycentric urban regions. However, recent studies have increasingly focused on the two key functions that megalopolises act as an incubator of new ideas and trends and as a hub that articulates knowledge exchange at the megalopolitan, national, and global scales. While the recent studies have mainly analyzed the functional aspects of megalopolis based on China's Yangtze River Delta region, this paper investigates the evolving process and mechanisms of knowledge collaboration within and beyond Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) - one of the most promising and vibrant megalopolises in China. In addition, the GBA megalopolis is unique because it contains Hong Kong and Macao, which have a different political system from China's mainland. Drawing upon a dataset of publications that were indexed in Web of Science Core Collection during the 1990-2016 period, this paper uses the Gini coefficient to measure the degree of knowledge polycentricity of the GBA megalopolis. Here, knowledge polycentricity is further classified into attribute polycentricity of knowledge production and functional polycentricity of knowledge collaboration within and beyond the GBA megalopolis. Whereas the attribute polycentricity refers to the distribution inequality of the total publications of GBA cities, the functional polycentricity represents the distribution inequality of GBA cities' knowledge collaboration at different geographical scales. Our empirical results show: (1) knowledge production of the GBA megalopolis as a whole has experienced a robust and continuous growth. The degrees of both attribute polycentricity and functional polycentricity have also been on the increase in general, although there are some fluctuations in early years and some deviations in recent years. During the ten years after Hong Kong and Macao returned to China (the 2000-2010 period), the degree of knowledge polycentricity of the GBA megalopolis especially enjoyed the fastest rise; (2) The degree of functional polycentricity decreased with the expansion in the geographical scales at which it is measured, confirming the findings of previous studies that functional polycentricity is scale-dependent. Moreover, we find that the degree of functional polycentricity becomes more fluctuated at the global scale while it tends to increase continuously at the megalopolitan scale; (3) The evolving process of knowledge polycentricity of the GBA megalopolis is influenced by institutional proximity, geographical proximity and status proximity between cities. Specifically, the mobility of researchers, the collaboration of universities and research institutes, and the coordination of local governments are three major forces promoting the evolution of knowledge polycentricity of the GBA megalopolis. Overall, the increasing knowledge polycentricity would be of significance for the GBA megalopolis to form a knowledge-driven region of collective collaboration.

基于1990-2016年“Web of Science”核心合集所收录的科研论文合著数据,借助基尼系数测度属性和功能多中心性的方法,对粤港澳大湾区城市群的知识多中心性及其知识网络的演化进行了研究。结果发现：① 伴随着粤港澳大湾区城市群知识生产总量的持续增长,其多中心性程度呈现出阶段性、阶梯式提升的特征,分别经历了波动、增长和分化的发展阶段,港澳回归后的2000-2010年间是多中心性快速增长的重要阶段。② 粤港澳大湾区城市群在区域、国家和全球尺度上的功能多中心性程度随着尺度增加逐级递减,进一步证实了功能多中心性的尺度规律性;而且发现了多中心在演化中的尺度敏感性,全球尺度上的多中心性会存在不确定的峰值,而区域尺度上的多中心性可能会持续增加。③ 城市群多中心的演化是受制度接近、地理接近和等级接近影响,在研究人员移动、科研单位联动和政府政策推动及其行动主体间的相互作用下实现的,多中心程度的增加有助于推动粤港澳大湾区城市群构建科研协同创新共同体。

Urban agglomeration is a complex with the central city as the core surrounded by two or more cities. It is the objective reflection of the economic growth and social development as well as industrial layout in a region. It has also become a main form of urbanization in developed countries. In fact, the "urban agglomeration" concept in China is the characteristics of a noun, no equivalence in foreign countries. In Western literature, the "urban agglomeration" means "urban cluster", that is, a big city and its surrounding satellite towns in remote sensing image formed the connected irregularities each other, and the spatial range includes "urbanization area (UA)" and "metropolitan area (MA)". Sometimes, some of metropolises connected each other are also called as urban agglomeration. United Nations gave a definition of urban agglomeration as follows: "Comprises a city or town proper and also the suburban fringe or thickly settled territory lying outside, but adjacent to, its boundaries. A single large urban agglomeration may comprise several cities or towns and their suburban fringes." Therefore, urban agglomeration in the Western concept includes the cities, towns and urban-region outlying areas. "Urban agglomeration" in China refers to geographical concepts of a group of major cities which are similar and interactions among administrative, transportation, economic, and social fields. In the 21st century, thanks to China's entry into the World Trade Organization, a national coastal urban agglomeration has become the main region for the national trade economy, export and the "world manufacturing bases". Urban agglomeration as an important urban spatial pattern was a unique choice to promote the process of urbanization in China. This article reviewed some progress in studies of urban agglomeration, such as the concept of urban agglomeration, overseas research of urban agglomeration, early researches of Chinese urban agglomeration and studies on Chinese urban agglomeration as a national strategy. This paper has prospects for the studies of Chinese urban agglomeration in the future. It argued that there is more complex mechanism for the rise and development of the Chinese urban agglomeration than those in Western developed countries, so that the relevant researches need innovations.

In essence, regional coordinated development is the process of the interaction of urban economy and the strengthening of economic relations between urban agglomerations. From the perspective of the economic relation, compared Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei with Shanghai-Jiangsu -Zhejiang, the article finds that Shanghai-Jiangsu-Zhejiang is superior to Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in both the echelon structure of the economic development and economic relation with the central city. In Shanghai-Jiangsu-Zhejiang, there is the reasonable hierarchical formation: Shanghai's radiation has contributed to the rise of the surrounding subcentres, and Nanjing, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Ningbo as the subcentres, also drive the development of the surrounding cities. However, In Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, there is obvious disparity in the urban comprehensive strength, and all cities maintain close ties with Beijing. As the core city, Beijing’ siphon effect is much greater than the diffusion effect. The polarization effect is so much that although it brings a great deal of factor supply to Beijing, it aggravates Beijing’ urban burden and weakens the radiation effect and driving capacity of other central cities such as Tianjin, Shijiazhuang and Tangshan. Changing the state of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomerations, simply relying on household registration restrictions or industry forced relocation, etc. is not enough. “Easing” and “cultivating”simultaneously are very important. So, taking the Xiongan New Area planning and construction as the opportunity, adjusting the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional space development strategy and industry structure, fostering innovation driven development new engines, creating a new model of city management, changing the “one city dominant” development mode, enhancing the attractiveness of the urban agglomerations, is the current important route.

区域协同发展的过程,本质是经济领域相互作用,城市群经济联系不断增强的过程。从经济联系的视角通过对京津冀城市群与长三角地区沪苏浙城市群的对比分析发现,无论是从经济发展的梯次结构还是与中心城市的经济联系,沪苏浙地区都优越于京津冀。立足现实,深化对这一问题的思考,借助雄安新区的规划与建设,就改变京津冀城市群中北京“一城独大”式的发展模式以及带来的一系列负效应,构筑梯次良好、经济互通密切的城市空间布局提出对策建议。

Against the backdrop of new urbanization and high-quality development, the spatial structure of urban agglomerations and their polycentric development have become a hot issue in urban studies. Based on the publication data of Chinese scholars from 2012 to 2016 derived from the Web of Science (WOS), this research assessed the knowledge morphological polycentricity and functional polycentricity of 19 urban agglomerations in China by employing Taylor’s polycentricity measurement through the lens of scientific knowledge output and knowledge collaboration network. After quantifying and analyzing the development status, this research explored the determinants of polycentric urban development in China and made some policy recommendations for future development. The results show that: (1) There exists an obvious spatial heterogeneity in both knowledge resources distribution and the knowledge collaboration patterns among different urban agglomerations. The polycentric development of urban agglomerations in the east is better than their central and western counterparts. The overall development of morphological and functional polycentricities is consistent. (2) Urban agglomerations can be divided into four categories: Ⅰ. urban agglomerations with both morphologically and functionally polycentric development, which is typical for the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration; Ⅱ. urban agglomerations with morphologically monocentric but functionally polycentric development consisting of the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration; III. urban agglomerations with both morphologically and functionally monocentric development, which is typical for the northern Ningxia urban agglomeration along the Yellow River; IV. urban agglomerations with morphologically polycentric but functionally monocentric development consisting of the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration. (3) The knowledge polycentric development of China’s urban agglomerations is driven by both market and policies. For urban agglomerations with the development of knowledge morphological monocentricity, emphasis should be put on the scientific planning and layout of knowledge innovation resources; for those with relatively functionally monocentric development, local governments need to break the barriers of knowledge flows and form a diversified collaboration and sharing mechanism.

在新型城镇化和高质量发展背景下,城市群的空间结构及其多中心发展成为城市研究的热点议题。本文基于Web of Science（WOS）数据库中国学者2012—2016年的论文发表数据,采用Taylor的多中心性测度,从知识规模和知识网络层面,对中国19个城市群知识形态多中心与功能多中心进行量化,进而分析不同城市群知识多中心的发展状况、原因及对策,主要结论如下：①中国城市群的知识规模分布和知识合作格局均具有较强的空间异质性,东部城市群知识多中心发育优于中西部城市群,城市群形态与功能多中心发展整体匹配度高。②以中国19个城市群知识形态和功能多中心度的平均值为界,可将城市群分为4类：Ⅰ知识形态与功能均相对多中心发展的城市群,以长三角城市群最为典型;Ⅱ知识形态相对单中心但功能相对多中心发展的城市群,如珠三角城市群;Ⅲ知识形态与功能均相对单中心发展的城市群,以宁夏沿黄城市群最为典型;Ⅳ知识形态相对多中心但功能相对单中心发展的城市群,如成渝城市群。③中国城市群知识多中心发展是市场驱动和政策引导共同作用的结果,对于知识形态相对单中心发展的城市群,需重点加强知识创新资源的合理规划与布局;对于知识功能相对单中心发展的城市群,需积极打破知识流通壁垒,形成多元合作共享机制。

In recent years, the emergence of the network paradigm has led to a large and growing body of scholarly research in economic geography focused on analysing the impact of innovation networks structures on knowledge flows and innovation outcomes. From a theoretical perspective, this paper aims to consider the link between networks, knowledge and innovation. Using the notion of 'network capital', whereby networks are considered to potentially offer benefits to network actors in terms of knowledge they are able to access, our paper takes 292 prefecture-level cities as the object, by using Ucinet, ArcGIS. We analyze the inter-city innovation networks structure and measure the innovation networks capital indirectly based on a unique co-patent dataset issued by the State Intellectual Property Office of P.R.China in 2014. The main findings of this study are drawn as follows: (1) The structure of the overall innovation linkages across 292 prefecture-level cities in China features 'small-world' network properties, whereby dense clusters of network actors are linked to other clusters via a relatively small number of bridging links. The city degree distribution of innovation networks is characterized by dissortative, whereby the inter-city innovation networks present a preferential attachment rule when the cities choose their innovation cooperation partners. The results demonstrate that the key nodes of innovation networks and innovative urban agglomerations can effectively improve knowledge spillovers and the value cities gain from networks. (2) The networks structure is diamond-shaped and anchored by four major metropolitan areas (Beijing-Tianjin in the North; Nanjing-Shanghai, East; Guangzhou-Shenzhen, South; Chengdu, West), which reveals a significant spatial heterogeneity. The spatial pattern of city innovation capability is degressive gradient from east to west and the high level innovation cities are in the obviously centralized distribution. The levels of city innovation capability show consistent spatial heterogeneity law with the 'structural network capital', which refers to the advantages accrued based on the structural position of cities within innovation networks. (3) The analysis strongly suggests that the centralities and structural holes of cities within innovation networks are significantly associated with the overall innovation performance of the respective cities at 0.01 confidence level. It is concluded that network structures, and resulting stocks of 'structural network capital', influence city innovation capability, indicating that network capital may be an important indicator of city innovation capability. The results of this study may provide reference for the construction of innovative cities and inter-regional innovation networks.

网络范式的兴起引起了经济地理学者对于同网络结构相关的知识流动和创新产出的关注。基于“网络资本”视角,以国家知识产权局2014年中国292个地级以上城市间合作发明专利信息为原始数据,借助Ucinet、ArcGIS、SPSS等分析工具,刻画中国城市创新网络结构,间接测度创新网络资本,评价城市创新能力,进而对网络资本与城市创新关系进行探讨。研究表明：① 城市创新网络具有小世界特征和择优连接性,培育网络中心城市和创新城市群有益于优化创新网络结构,增加网络资本;② 城市创新网络空间格局呈现京津、宁沪、广深、成都等核心节点构成的菱形结构,城市创新能力空间格局与“结构性网络资本”空间分布较为一致;③ 网络资本与城市创新在0.01的水平上显著相关,据此认为,网络结构以及由此产生的网络结构资本影响城市创新能力。研究结论可为创新型城市建设和跨区域创新网络构建提供一定的参考。

Urban agglomeration is not only the main form of new urbanization, but also the incubator of innovation. Theoretically, there is a complex interaction between urbanization subsystem and innovation subsystem in urban agglomeration. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration is a national-level urban agglomeration designated by the national new urbanization planning, and it takes "the new engine of national innovation-driven economic growth" as its core function positioning. Therefore, exploring the coupling relationship between urbanization process and innovation and development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration is beneficial to understand the relationship between urbanization and innovation and the development of this urban agglomeration. The comprehensive evaluation index system of urbanization and innovation is constructed by combing the internal theoretical relationship between two subsystems of urbanization and innovation. With the help of coupling coordination degree model and geo-detector factor detection method, this paper analyzes the evolution process and mechanism of coupling coordination relationship between urbanization and innovation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. The findings: (1) The comprehensive level of urbanization and innovation in the study area presents a trend of steady growth, and the coupling and coordination relationship between urbanization and innovation also develops in a good direction on the whole, but the comprehensive level and coupling relationship are different in space. Specifically, the gap between the high level of Beijing and Tianjin and the overall low level of 11 cities in Hebei is obvious. (2) The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration has been characterized by the coupling coordination type of innovation lag since 2007. Moreover, most of the cities in recent years show the type of coupling coordination of innovation lag, which can be clearly concluded that the main reason for the coupling coordination level of this urban agglomeration in the past period of time is that the innovation level is relatively inadequate to support the urbanization. (3) The interaction between urbanization and innovation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration is very significant, especially the impact of economic urbanization and social urbanization on innovation, and the impact of innovation resources on urbanization is more prominent. It is also found that the role of innovation ability in promoting urbanization is relatively inadequate during the study period. In the future, the key direction of promoting the coordination level of urbanization and innovation coupling in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration is to accelerate the improvement of urban agglomeration and the comprehensive level of innovation in each city.

城市群是国家新型城镇化的主体形态,也是创新的孵化器;城市群区域的城镇化子系统与创新子系统之间理论上存在复杂交互关系。京津冀城市群是国家新型城镇化规划确定的国家级城市群,并将“全国创新驱动经济增长新引擎”作为其核心功能定位,因此有必要探索京津冀城市群的城镇化过程与创新发展之间的耦合关系,这对理解城镇化与创新之间的关系和京津冀城市群的发展问题都有裨益。通过梳理城镇化与创新两个子系统之间的内在理论关系,构建城镇化与创新的综合评价指标体系,借助耦合协调度模型和地理探测器因子探测方法,分析京津冀城市群城镇化与创新两子系统之间的耦合协调关系演变过程及作用机理。研究发现：① 京津冀城市群城镇化和创新的综合水平都呈现稳步增长的趋势,城镇化与创新的耦合协调关系总体向好的方向发展,但综合水平和耦合关系的空间差异都较大;② 创新滞后是京津冀城市群城镇化与创新耦合协调水平提升的关键阻力,近年京津冀城市群地区及多数城市表现为创新滞后的耦合协调类型;③ 京津冀城市群城镇化与创新的交互影响非常显著,特别是经济城镇化和社会城镇化对创新的影响、创新资源对城镇化的影响表现比较突出。

Based on the modified Gravity Model, SNA method, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model and Tobit model, this article analyzes the effect of spatial structure of the innovation linkage network on the innovation efficiency in cities. The main findings of this study are drawn as follows: 1) The innovation linkage showed a radial expansion with the core of Beijing-Tianjin in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), and a diamond-shaped structure in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), the innovation linkage presented a spatial pattern with the cities on both sides of the Pearl River estuary as the core and other cities as important nodes. 2) The innovation linkage network had a polar core development and the innovation linkage highly depended on the core cities in the BTH, but in the YRD and the PRD, the innovation linkage network showed the balanced development from single-center driving to multi-center driving. In addition, the innovation linkage networks in the BTH and PRD were characterized by the ‘small world’. 3) Tobit regression results showed that the central position, betweenness position, occupying capacity of structural holes and agglomeration had different effects on the innovation efficiency in the three urban agglomerations.

引入修正引力模型、社会网络分析方法、DEA模型以及Tobit模型，探讨2001—2015年京津冀、长三角、珠三角三大城市群的创新联系网络结构对创新效率的影响。研究表明：① 创新联系格局方面，京津冀城市群呈现以“京津”为核心的放射状发展特征，长三角城市群呈现以“Z”字形为主轴的类钻石型空间格局，珠三角城市群形成了以珠江口两侧城市为核心、其他城市为重要节点的空间格局；② 在创新联系网络结构特征方面，京津冀城市群呈极核式发展，群内创新联系高度依赖于核心城市，长三角和珠三角城市群由单中心驱动转变为多中心驱动，呈均衡发展特征，京津冀和珠三角城市群创新联系网络具有“小世界”网络特征；③ Tobit模型回归结果显示，三大城市群中，城市节点在城市群创新联系网络中的中心位置、中介地位、对结构洞的运用能力和集聚程度对其创新效率的影响存在差异。

Improving the connectivity of multi-sector enterprises at a cross-regional level can enhance knowledge and technology transfer and stimulate innovation and synergies among cities. Therefore, the study of city networks, which comprise a large number of multi-sector enterprises, can provide an important knowledge base for innovation and development at the regional and national levels. Based on an evaluation of innovative enterprises in China by authoritative institutions, data were collected on 1778 multi-sector enterprises, which included details on the headquarters, the branches (a total of 30,625) and the locations. A city-based network for the country was established, using the data for the multi-sector linkages and a model for the headquarters-branches, to explore the network connectivity characteristics via social network analysis, the GIS method and the spatial interactive model. The results showed that (1) although the network covered 353 cities across China, the spatial distribution of the network was extremely uneven. For instance, a diamond-shaped connectivity pattern emerged gradually as the network hierarchy decreased. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta were found to be the three key hubs of the network. (2) The intercity linkages between innovative enterprise sectors (innovative enterprise flows), had a clear administrative center and a provincial boundary effect. Moreover, the innovative enterprises were strongly attracted to the municipalities and provincial capitals. Beijing was at the heart of the network, followed by Shanghai and Shenzhen. (3) Differences existed in regional connectivity. There was a striking difference between the eastern region and the central-western region. The former had a high connectivity with respect to both the internal and the external networks, while the latter had lower connectivity for the internal network but a higher connectivity at the external level. At the same time, although the network structures for all the three eastern megalopolises showed strong cohesion, their connectivity characteristics were quite different. (4) The input and output of innovative enterprise flows were to varying degrees influenced by the indicator attributes for each city, and these in turn were related to the administrative hierarchy, the economic strength and the innovative environment of the region, as well as proximity indicators, which were related to geographical, technological and institutional factors. Foreign capital was not conducive to innovative enterprise flows and to the formation of innovative intercity company-based networks in China.

多部门创新企业的跨城布局能够增进城市间的知识流动与创新联系,大量创新企业部门关联构成的城市网络是理解国家创新格局的重要认知基础。本文运用1778家国家级创新企业部门关联数据和“总部—分支机构”方法建立中国城市间有向关系矩阵,借助社会网络分析、GIS技术及空间交互模型方法,对创新企业建构的中国城市网络联系特征进行分析。结果发现：① 基于创新企业的中国城市网络联系覆盖广但极不均质,菱形联系格局在次级网络中逐步显现,京津冀、长三角和珠三角城市群是网络联系的核心枢纽。② 城市间创新企业流具有明显的行政中心指向特征与省级边界效应,直辖市及省会城市对创新企业流具有较强吸引力,北京是网络联系最强核心,上海和深圳次之。③ 城市网络区域异质性突出,东部区域“内联外控”与中、西部区域“内弱外强”的联系格局呈现鲜明对比,东部区域内沿海三大城市群网络的联系结构也存在较大差异。④ 城市的行政等级、经济水平和创新环境等属性指标,以及城市间地理、技术、制度的邻近性关系指标,都对城市吸收和输出创新企业流产生了不同程度的影响,外资并不利于促进中国城际创新企业流和网络的形成。

With the rapid development of knowledge economy, great changes have been taking place in urbanization pattern across the world in the current conjuncture. Considering the fact that traditional urbanization theory is hard to interpret these changes, innovation is the core concept to explain the phenomenon of the new urbanization dynamics. As one of important contents of urban geography, in the perspective of space of flows, urbanization dynamics needs to turn from research on the population flow between rural and urban research to studies on high skilled migrants flow among cities and regions. Against this background, we propose a conception of innovation-based urbanization, and use it to describe the effect of high skilled migrants and cultural diversity on urban innovation in China. Based on the sixth census data of 270 cities in China in 2010, our study calculates the index of cultural diversity of each city, and analyses the spatial structure of high skilled migrants and cultural diversity in China. Then this study measures the extent to which high skilled migrants and cultural diversity increase urban innovation, with a method of spatial regression analysis. Conceptual and empirical contributions are also compared to previous studies. The results are obtained as follows: (1) The migration of highly skilled to cities, which changes urban function and landscape and extends the knowledge activities and behaviors, is emphasized by innovation-based urbanization conception, which responds to the development of knowledge-based economy, providing a good explanation of new dynamics, new mechanism of urban development and new urban innovation landscape. (2) Innovation-based urbanization is the important driving force for Chinese urban development, especially for eastern coastal areas and provincial capital cities. (3) Highly skilled migrants and cultural diversity do have demonstrated positive effect on urban innovation output. A ten percent increase in the number of urban highly skilled migrants and the index of cultural diversity direct increase respectively urban patents by 3% and 2%. The conclusions could deepen the understanding of openness and dynamics of regional innovation system and help to improve decision-making ability on urbanization planning, promoting urban innovation and development.

传统城市化概念已难以解释全球范围内出现的新兴城市化模式,而“创新”是解读城市化新变化的重要概念。从“流的空间”视角,提出了基于创新的城市化概念。在此基础上,选取中国地级及以上270个城市作为研究的空间单元,依据第六次全国人口普查资料,分析了中国高技能迁移人口和城市文化多元性的空间分布特征,采用空间杜宾模型方法,构建城市创新空间回归模型,测度了中国高技能迁移人口规模和城市文化多元性水平对城市创新产出的影响,验证了基于创新的城市化概念。研究表明：① 基于创新的城市化概念顺应知识经济发展的背景,强调高技能劳动力向城市的迁移过程,促进城市职能与景观发生变化,城市知识活动与行为的扩展,可以很好的解释城市发展的新动力、新机制和新的创新景观。② 基于高技能劳动力迁移的创新的城市化是城市发展的重要动力,对中国的沿海及省会城市的城市化发展有重要作用。③ 中国国内高技能劳动力迁移规模和城市文化多元性水平均对城市创新产出具有正效应。在其他条件不变的情形下,城市高技能迁移人口数量每增加10%,直接带来的城市创新产出增加3%;城市文化多元性水平每提高10%,直接带来的城市创新产出增加2%。研究在理论上加深了对区域创新系统开放性和动态性的理解与认识,为知识经济下城市化和城市发展政策的制定提供了重要理论依据。

With the significant increase of social and economic interactions among constituent cities, city clusters have become the most striking geographic phenomenon in the twenty-first century. In the latest regional development strategy, city clusters have been positioned as the main spatial carriers of socioeconomic activities by the Chinese government. Although an increasing number of scholars has described the characteristics and proposed definitions of city clusters, there have been surprisingly few studies on the morphological change and influencing factors of city clusters' spatial structure based on population data. In most existing empirical studies on city cluster, instead of permanent resident population, registered household (hukou) population was used to measure city clusters' spatial structure and this introduces error. Hence, in this study we used two different sources of data-permanent resident population from the Chinese Census, and population of urban agglomerations released by the United Nations population division. Our sample is comprised of 13 city clusters.. Rank-size rule was applied to measure the morphological characteristics. The principal objective of this study is to examine the change and influencing factors of the spatial structure of Chinese city clusters. Our descriptive statistics show that there was a clear tendency towards polycentricity of city clusters during 1990-2010. Using two panel data analysis techniques (FE and FGLS) and different databases, we found that all else being equal, the spatial polycentricity of the city clusters is mainly associated with the increases of GDP per capita and population size. Most city clusters are in the stage of polycentricity, and only a few remain in the earlier monocentric stage. These findings have important policy implications for the development of urban clusters. For most city clusters with a polycentric tendency, the governments should promote integration within city clusters through transportation and regional coordination policies that strengthen the exchange of production factors and improve economic performance. For the few city clusters of monocentricity, however, the governments should avoid introducing polycentricity oriented policies too soon, which could be harmful to their economic performance. Due to methodological and data limitations, the endogenous problem between spatial structure and economic development is difficult to solve. The spatial structure of city clusters can be regarded as both a cause and a consequence of economic development. Hence, this two-way relationship might be correlative rather than causal. Further work should push forward in this regard to identify the real cause-effect. In addition, an increasing literature uses economic and transportation data to analyze city clusters from the perspective of functional linkage. This represents another direction that future research should focus on.

城市群是未来中国城镇化的主要空间载体,研究城市群空间结构的演化特征和影响因素具有重要意义。已有文献较少从形态单中心—多中心视角研究中国城市群空间结构的演化和影响因素,而且通常采用户籍人口而非常住人口测度城市群空间结构,导致测量误差。为解决这个问题,本文采用基于人口普查的常住人口数据进行分析,并运用联合国数据对结果进行佐证。以已有文献采用客观标准界定的13个城市群为样本,使用规模-位序法则测度城市群的形态单中心—多中心程度,探究城市群的空间结构演化趋势和影响因素。结果发现,1980年代以来大多数城市群的空间结构呈现多中心化趋势;人均GDP水平的提高和人口规模的增加是导致城市群空间结构多中心化的主要原因。因此,政府对于空间结构偏多中心的城市群,应强化城市间的交通联系和政策一体化,获取更大的发展红利;对于个别处于单中心化阶段的城市群,政策导向则避免过早地多中心化。