In the era of digital economy, digital technology has brought profound changes to the production system of creative industries. The influence of virtual space built on Internet platforms on physical geographical space is increasing, which destroys the old spatiotemporal relationship, new socioeconomic organization geospatial pattern is created, and the changing importance of geographical proximity and its role in the decentralization of cultural production remain to be explored. In order to examine the impacts of new digital technologies on the geographies of cultural production and to provide a reference for exploring the high-quality development model of cultural industry in the new era, this study applied social network analysis and negative binomial gravity model to examine the urban cooperative network structure and multi-dimensional proximity mechanism of the online game industry, based on the data of Chinese online game projects from 2016 to 2020. The conclusions are as follows: First, the new digital technology has strengthened the decentralization and agglomeration trend of the online game industry. The findings demonstrate the dominant role that external networks play in the operation of online game projects. Small and medium-sized cities rely more on cross-regional cooperation networks in particular, because they lack strong and influential local companies. Second, the connections between cities based on the division of value chain of the online game industry are relatively sparse, the cooperative network presents an uneven diamond-shaped connection pattern, the spatial pattern of the network is highly imbalanced, and the industry is mainly concentrated in the economically developed eastern coastal region. There is a mismatch between the influence of cities in the network and the scale of local clusters. The network hierarchy basically follows that of China's existing urban system, and the core nodes are highly concentrated in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou. Local administrative centers also play an important role in the cooperation network. Social proximity, cognitive proximity, urban industrial scale, external connectivity, and human capital have positive effects on the establishment of cooperative network in the online game industry, while the wide application of digital technology makes the effects of geographical proximity and institutional proximity insignificant. At present, the main channel for enterprises in remote areas to obtain resources is still the dominant cultural production centers, which is related to the complex and diverse urban structure system in China.

数字经济时代,依托互联网平台构建的虚拟空间对实体地理空间的影响不断加剧。论文基于2016—2020年中国网络游戏项目数据,运用社会网络分析和负二项式重力模型等探究网络游戏产业的城市合作网络结构及其多维邻近性机制,以揭示数字技术对文化产业空间组织的影响,为探索新时期文化产业的高质量发展模式提供参考。研究发现：① 数字技术的发展强化了网络游戏产业的分散化和集聚趋势,外部网络在网络游戏项目运作中占据主导地位,中小城市对跨地域合作网络更为依赖;② 城市间基于网络游戏产业价值链分工合作的联系比较稀疏,合作网络呈现不均衡的“菱形”格局,网络层级基本遵循中国现有的城市体系,核心节点高度集中在北京、上海、深圳、广州等城市,地方行政中心在合作网络中也发挥了重要作用;③ 社会邻近性、认知邻近性、城市产业规模、对外连通性、人力资本等对网络游戏产业合作网络的构建具有正向促进作用,数字技术广泛应用下地理邻近性和制度邻近性作用不显著。

The purpose of this paper is to describe the construction of a set of data that can be used to measure intercity relations. Building on a specification of the world city network as an 'interlocking network' in which business service firms play the crucial role in network formation, information is gathered from global service firms about the size of their presence in a city and about any 'extra-territorial' functions of their offices. This information is converted into data to provide the 'service value' of a city for a firm's provision of its service in a 316 (cities) X 100 (firms) matrix. These data are used to measure the global network connectivity of the cities. In an initial analysis, the paper concludes with a simple correlation exercise that shows New York and London to be `exceptions' rather than 'exemplars' amongst contemporary world cities.

Based on the data of 197 suppliers of iPhone components and parts in 2019, this paper builds multidimensional world city networks from the perspective of global value chains, integrating specialized cities with global functions and the high-class world cities into the same analytical framework, which enriches the research perspective of world city networks in the era of globalization to a certain extent. The purpose of this paper is to expand the research and investigation scope of the existing field of world city networks. By means of social network analysis (i.e. the analysis of centrality, connectedness and network cohesion), rank-size rule and community detection, we study the power and prestige, the overall topological structure, the community structure and influence mechanism of the city networks of R&D-oriented, production-oriented and OEM service-oriented types. The results show that: (1) All the world city networks are characterized by polycentricity and diversification, differentiation of nodes' status and dependence on external connections. The "star" nodes in the network coexist with high power and high prestige, and the power is generally higher than the prestige. (2) The network cohesion and rank of R&D-oriented cities are the highest, and the network tends to show a primate city distribution, and the growth of small group structure and the phenomenon of R&D clusters are obvious. The production-oriented network has the highest connectedness, and it tends to present a rank-size distribution and an equilibrium structure. Its network scale is large, but the ties of many nodes are sparse and decentralized; OEM service-oriented network has the highest relative centrality, and power and information are concentrated in a few city nodes. (3) The cluster characteristics of R&D-oriented city communities are most noticeable. Moreover, the network has significant long-distance knowledge spillover and cooperation behavior. Enterprises form specialized clusters in R&D-type cities through non-tradable interdependence, and obtain the benefits of localization economies and spatial integrated effects. The cluster tendency of production-oriented city communities are relatively obvious. Geographical proximity and spatial dependence are the main factors incubating community structure. Enterprises form generalized clusters through tradable interdependence to obtain the benefits of urbanization economies and distance attenuation effect. No obvious cluster network has been incubated in OEM serviced-oriented city communities. Polarization phenomenon of the inter-community is extremely significant, that is to say, the core city community in Taiwan, China, radiates to other low-level equilibrium communities, forming a radial community structure. Contract manufacturers seek the cities with low labor costs around the world to carry out standardized production, and realize full competition through scale economies, therefore, a scatter-type city network layout structure is formed.

本文基于2019年苹果手机供应商数据,从全球价值链视角构建全球化城市网络,将具有全球化职能的专业城市与世界城市纳入同一分析框架,运用社会网络与社区发现方法,研究了研发型、生产型、代工服务型城市网络的节点中心性、整体拓扑结构、社群结构及影响机制。结果发现：① 苹果手机零部件的全球化城市网络均具有多中心与多样化、节点等级化、联系外部化特征,网络中“明星”节点高权力—高声望并存且权力总体高于声望;② 研发型城市网络联系最紧密,趋于首位城市分布,小团体结构与集群发育明显。生产型网络关联性最高,网络趋于均匀结构与位序—规模分布。代工服务型网络中心性最高,权力集中在少数城市节点,众多节点易受核心节点控制与支配。③ 研发型城市社区集群最明显,企业通过知识关联效应形成专业化集群,获取本地化经济益处,并通过链式与轮轴式布局建立基于关系接近的跨国网络社区。生产型城市社区集群次之,企业通过经济关联效应形成一般化集群,获取城市化经济益处,通过网络式布局建立基于地理接近的本国内跨行政区网络社区。代工服务型城市社区未发育出明显集群网络,企业通过低成本关联实现规模经济,世界工厂模式形成散点式网络社区。

Using the Chinese industrial enterprises database over the period 2001-2009, we analyze the spatial distribution of China's automobile manufacturing industry, by calculating the geographic concentration ratio and the EG index. We find the agglomeration level of China's automobile manufacturing industry has been falling over the period, and the motor vehicle parts manufacturing industry plays an essential role. To analyze the location choice of motor vehicle parts manufacturing start-ups, we build up the conditional logit model using the prefecture level data. The results indicate that: (1) unlike the U.S. and the European countries, the distributions of China's motor vehicle manufacturing firms and motor vehicle parts manufacturing firms are not spatially adjacent, (2) the motor vehicle parts manufacturing startups are labor intensive, which makes the industry's productivity and specialization inefficient, (3) not considering agglomeration economies, the market size and the local protectionism are positive and significant factors that influence the start-ups location choice. Due to all these factors, the specialization and the agglomeration level of China's automobile manufacturing industry is becoming lower.

本文利用2001-2009 年《中国工业企业数据库》中汽车制造业企业有关数据，对近10 年来中国汽车制造业的空间布局进行描述，利用地理集中度指数和EG指数对产业集聚水平进行测算和分析后，发现中国汽车制造业的空间集聚水平呈现不断下降的趋势，零部件及配件制造业的集聚水平对汽车制造业具有决定性和先导性影响。针对零部件及配件制造业的特点，构建了基于地级以上城市为空间单元的新建企业区位选择模型，进行估计后发现：① 中国不存在类似欧美日等国家整车和零部件企业邻近的空间集中集聚现象；② 零部件制造业的劳动密集型特点显著，不利于产业生产率和专业化水平提高；③ 在不考虑集聚经济的条件下，市场规模和地方保护对新建企业的区位选择影响非常显著。在这些原因的共同作用下，使得中国汽车制造业的专业化水平和空间集聚程度越来越低。

Under the background of the third revolution of production mode in the automobile industry, as represented by modularization, there arise a series of urgent theoretical and practical problems: how the new production mode affects the evolution of the spatial organization of the automobile industry, how to explain its mechanism based on economic geography, and how to analyze its effects on specific industrial clusters. Taking FAW-Volkswagen as an example, based on the local full-coverage first-level supply chain mapping industry cluster organization of vehicle manufacturing, this paper explores the effects of modular production on the spatial organization of automobile industry clusters at the local-regional scale. Results indicate that: (1) The degree of local agglomeration decreases with the decline of local economy. To a certain extent, the scale economy created by modular production overcomes transportation cost, leading to both the weakened production dependence of large-scale vehicle groups on the host area after industrial transfer and the reduced spatial agglomeration of parts suppliers. (2) Beyond locality: the production network between regions is reconstructed. Under modular production, regional production networks will be reorganized, which reflects the importance of scale production and scale reorganization for spatial economic dynamics. When the Yangtze River Delta region, with its regional advantages in the manufacturing industry and its complete auto parts industry chain, takes part in the division and cooperation of the production network of FAW-Volkswagen automobile factories in four cities across the country in the form of industry clusters, "beyond locality" competitive advantages are created. (3) Scale economic effect, knowledge technology sharing, and enterprise organization strengthening jointly drive the spatial reconstruction of China's automobile industry clusters under modular production. This study provides insight to understand the interactive mechanism between the adjustment of production mode and the evolution of the spatial organization structure of manufacturing industry clusters, offering beneficial complements to studies on industrial geography from the perspectives of economy, system, society, and innovation.

在以模块化为代表的第三次汽车工业生产方式变革背景下,新生产方式如何影响汽车工业空间组织演化,如何基于经济地理学阐释其发生机制及剖析对特定产业集群的影响作用,成为亟需解决的理论和现实问题。本文以一汽-大众为例,基于整车制造的本土全覆盖一级供应链映射产业集群组织,探讨地方—区域尺度下模块化生产对于汽车产业集群空间组织的影响。结果显示：① 地方式微：本地集聚程度下降。模块化生产所带来的规模经济在一定程度上克服运输成本,导致大型整车集团产业转移后对东道地生产依赖的下降和零部件供应商空间集聚的降低;② 超越地方：生产网络跨区重构。模块化生产将重组区域生产网络的组织结构,反映出尺度生产和尺度重组过程对空间经济动态的重要性。长三角地区凭借制造业区域优势和完整汽车零部件产业链,以产业集群作为行动主体参与到一汽-大众全国4个城市整车厂生产网络的分工协作中,产生了“超越地方”的竞争优势;③ 规模经济效应、知识技术共享和企业组织强化共同驱动模块化生产下汽车产业集群的空间组织重构。研究有助于理解生产方式调整与制造业产业集群空间组织结构演化的互动机制,同时为以经济、制度、社会和创新为视角的产业地理研究提供有益补充。

Under the background of global production network development, the research on "global-local" cross-regional relatedness of production organizations has important theoretical significance. The cross-regional network characteristics and geospatial representations of China's joint venture automobile production network have been explored in the global-local interactive situation. Based on the perspective of global-local production relatedness and multi-scale integration and using primary supply data of automobile manufacturing, this study analyzed the cross-regional relatedness and influencing factors of China's joint venture automobile production network represented by FAW-Volkswagen. The results show that: 1) The global-local multi-scale integration provides a good perspective for understanding the industrial transfer footprint of multinational corporations in building global production networks. The German company Volkswagen is embedded into China's automobile manufacturing system by building global production network, and the structure of the production network shows a typical characteristic of global-local relatedness. 2) The spatial distribution of local primary suppliers in the FAW-Volkswagen automobile production network is highly consistent with the "T"-shaped pattern of China's territorial development strategy. Investment type / technology control of automobile suppliers presents a regional organization model of the same type of spatial agglomeration, and the agglomeration degree presents the characteristic of sole proprietorship ≈ joint venture > local investment business. 3) Through the production transfer of automobile assembly plants and the procurement by cross-regional supply chains, the production organization of FAW-Volkswagen has formed a cross-regional cluster network structure with the core of cities where the automobile assembly plants are located and are restricted by geographical boundaries. 4) Spatial and temporal constraints, location advantages and agglomeration effects, technological innovation represented by modular production, venture strategies of multinational groups, and foreign investement club strategies jointly influence the spatial organization structure of the FAW-Volkswagen production network. Through a typical case study, this study provides theoretical and practical bases for understanding the organizational structure of China's key industrial production networks under the global-local multi-scale.

全球生产网络背景下,生产组织的“全球—地方”跨域关联研究具有重要的理论意义。为探究中国合资汽车生产网络在“全球—地方”互动情景下跨域网络特征及地理空间表征,论文基于“全球—地方”生产关联与多尺度融合视角,利用整车制造一级供应链数据,分析以一汽—大众为代表的中国合资汽车生产网络的跨域关联及其影响因素。研究发现：① “全球—地方”多尺度融合为理解跨国公司构建全球生产网络的产业转移足迹提供了良好视角。德国大众公司通过构建全球生产网络嵌入中国汽车制造业体系,生产网络结构表现出典型的“全球—地方”关联特征。② 一汽—大众整车生产本土一级供应商数量的空间分布与中国国土开发的“T”字形战略高度吻合。供应商资本类型/技术掌控呈现出同类型空间集聚的地域组织模式,集聚程度呈现独资≈合资>内资的差异性特征。③ 一汽—大众通过整车厂生产转移和跨区域供应链采购,生产组织形成了以整车厂所在城市为核心、受地理边界制约的跨区域集群网络结构。④ 地理时空约束、区位优势与集聚效应、模块化生产为代表的技术革新、跨国集团的企业战略与外资俱乐部策略,共同影响了一汽—大众汽车生产网络的空间组织结构。论文通过典型案例研究,为理解“全球—地方”多尺度下中国关键性产业生产网络的组织结构提供了理论与现实依据。

The debate between agglomeration externality and network externality is the current research hotspot in the field of regional science. With the intensification of globalization and localization, the cooperation of firms will be more frequent. In this context, Global Cluster Network is an emerging theme in the field of economic geography. We discuss network externality in the direction of industrial cluster. Since relational data to measure cooperation between clusters is difficult to obtain, most of the existing literature uses patent data to analyze innovation cooperation between clusters and firms' innovation performance. Existing research lacks the discussion on the total factor productivity of firms. The paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework for the influence of industrial clusters on TFP under different research paradigms, and uses firm-level patent data and supply chain cooperation data to describe the innovation cooperation network and supply chain in automobile manufacturing industry clusters cooperation networks, and use fixed effects panel regression models to compare and analyze the influences of network externality and agglomeration externality on TFP. Industrial clusters are widely networked by supply chain cooperation and innovation cooperation. Among them, supply chain cooperation between clusters is more intensive than innovation cooperation, but the average connection strength of the latter is greater than that of the former. The results show that the supply chain cooperation networks have significant and heterogeneous effects on TFP. For firms with stable supply chain cooperation relationships, for every 100 additional supply chain cooperation between their industrial clusters and other clusters, the firms' TFP will increase by 0.422. For firms lacking stable supply chain cooperation, the TFP is mainly due to the agglomeration externalities caused by intensive supply chain cooperation within the cluster. Further analysis of the mediation effect finds that the influence of network externalities on TFP stems from the learning and matching mechanism, that is, supply chain cooperation between clusters can improve the level of firms' research and development, enhance the matching efficiency to supply chain partners, and then improve firms' TFP. The paper finds that cluster networks are important influencing factors of firms' TFP, which have been widely ignored in existing research. The conclusions enrich the theoretical framework of the Global Cluster Networks and have important policy implications.

“全球集群网络”理论是经济地理学领域的新兴主题,是在产业集群研究方向上对“网络外部性”进行探讨。本文构建了网络外部性和集聚外部性影响企业TFP（全要素生产率）的理论分析框架,利用企业层面的专利数据和供应链合作数据,描绘中国汽车制造业产业集群之间的创新合作网络和供应链合作网络,并采用固定效应面板回归模型检验和对比网络外部性和集聚外部性对企业TFP的影响,结果显示：集群之间的供应链合作网络对企业TFP产生异质性的作用。对于具有稳定的供应链合作关系的企业,其所在的产业集群与其他集群的供应链合作有助于增加企业TFP;对于缺少稳定供应链合作关系的企业,其TFP的增加主要得益于集群内部密集的供应链合作引发的集聚外部性。进一步中介效应分析发现,网络外部性对TFP的影响是源于“学习机制”和“匹配机制”,即集群间的供应链合作能够提升企业研发能力、提高对供应链合作企业的匹配效率,从而提高企业TFP。研究结论丰富了全球集群网络的理论框架,并具有重要的政策参考价值。

随着全球经济格局调整和规则重构,全球“第四次产业转移浪潮”为中国轮轴式产业集群升级提供了一扇“区位机会窗口”。基于对以奇瑞汽车集群为代表的轮轴式产业集群实地调研,通过企业半结构式访谈和问卷调查,研究了2014年集群内部企业间的产业联系网络、创新合作网络和社会交流网络,深度刻画了企业网络结构特征和形成机理。研究发现：① 企业网络中心性较为突出,呈现显著的“核心—边缘”结构。说明以QR为代表的核心企业在集群内部拥有绝对的“市场权利”“技术权利”和“网络权利”,对企业网络形成具有重要的支配作用;② 企业网络整体发育层次较低,差异较大。其中产业联系网络发育水平相对较高,创新合作网络最低,说明企业间交往仍以产品垂直供货和水平分工协作为基础,虽然在核心企业主导下外围节点间存在社会交流现象但程度相对较弱,同时汽车生产系统技术差异及“小团体”“俱乐部”等现象也导致企业间创新合作网络的发育迟缓。③ 企业网络建构是地理临近性、关系异质性和认知互动性共同作用的结果。其中,企业地理空间接近和面对面交流为网络形成提供了基本条件,企业关系资产和行动者网络为网络形成提供了介质条件,企业技术关联和路径创造为网络形成提供了保障条件。

Centrality and power show important network structure characteristics of a major city. However, research on the city network often ignores the connection and the differences between these concepts. We explain the basic concepts underpinning both centrality and power. We introduce two concepts: recursive centrality and recursive power, to describe degree centrality and betweenness centrality as applied to a city's position and power in a network, respectively. We form a complete set of relational data based on a matching relationship between Chinese auto parts supply and demand in 2009. Finally we review China's urban network topology characteristics, such as node distribution and link relationships, and identify the relationship between the center and the power index. Empirical studies show that (1) the Chinese city network (based on auto parts supply and demand) is of low density, polycentric, and is characterized by the "rich club". (2) Shanghai, Changchun, Beijing, Chongqing and Shiyan show the highest level of centrality in their city networks within the six major auto industry regions (northeast China, Beijing-Tianjin, central China, Sichuan-Chongqing, and the Yangtze River Delta). (3) There are six major network power city clusters in China: the Yangtze River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin, Shandong Province, Guangxi autonomous region, Hubei Province, and Sichuan-Chongqing. Among them, the Yangtze River Delta is the most powerful one. (4) With regards to measuring centrality and power in a network, recursive centrality and recursive power are both discernible and accurate. (5) City network distribution features can be classified as either core cities, with high centrality and high power, or peripheral cities, with low centrality and low power. The damping effect of distance influences the degree of connection within a city. Other relationships exist, such as center city clusters, with high center and low power, and powerful gateway cities, with low centrality and high power.

网络中心性和网络权力是城市节点的两个重要网络结构特征,现有研究往往缺乏对二者联系和差别的足够重视。从拓扑结构角度,解析城市网络中心性和网络权力的基本内涵,基于度中心性、介数中心性分别表征城市网络中心性和网络权力存在的不足,引入递推中心性和递推权力的概念,利用2009年中国汽车零部件供需链接配套关系数据构建城市关联网络,讨论网络节点分布、链接关系等拓扑结构特征,识别各项中心性和权力指标的相互关系。研究表明：① 汽车零部件供需链接的城市网络具备低密度、多中心、“富人俱乐部”的特征;② 上海、长春、北京、重庆、十堰为最高等级的网络中心城市,分别锁定中国6大汽车产业带的对应地区;③ 长三角、京津地区、山东、广西、湖北三省及川渝地区为6大网络权力城市集中区,长三角地区网络权力最为突出;④ 递推中心性、递推权力在测度城市网络中心性和网络权力方面,具有更高的区分性和精准度;⑤ 城市网络存在由“高中心性—高权力”的核心城市到“低中心性—低权力”的裙带城市的一维分布特征,这与空间距离阻尼对城市链接有无的影响程度的衰减有关;同时也存在二者关系非匹配的“高中心性—低权力”的中心集束城市和“低中心性—高权力”的权力门户城市。

This article investigates how distinct tiers of firms contribute to value creation and value capture in the automotive industry. We employ firm-level indicators to evaluate the value creation and capture of distinct supplier tiers in the Czech automotive industry, while considering differences between foreign-owned and domestic firms. Our analysis suggests that the economic effects of the automotive industry largely depend on its capital intensity and that mostly foreign-owned higher tier firms generate and capture greater value than lower tier firms, which include the vast majority of domestic suppliers.

This paper examines shifts in value chain governance and upgrading in the automotive component production node of Bursa in Turkey. Component suppliers in Bursa have gained design and product-development competences, one result of which is that European and global firms have turned to the creation of modular value chains for the sourcing of components from these suppliers. This paper considers the implications of the insertion of Turkish suppliers into modular value chains on suppliers' upgrading, and reveals that, despite the diffusion of design and product-development competences to suppliers in Bursa, cutting-edge innovation activities such as marketing and branding continue to remain the domain of the lead firms. It is argued that although Turkish suppliers seem to be successful in upgrading to take on design and product-development tasks, this has been more due to the willingness of global lead firms to relinquish these functions than to the success of Turkish suppliers in encroaching upon these once core competences of their customers. It is concluded that power asymmetries in global automotive value chains continue to exist, and that lead firms continue to have a major influence on the type of upgrading strategies that are open to their suppliers.

This article investigates the core-semiperiphery-periphery structure of the European automotive industry between 2003 and 2017 by drawing on the global value chains and global production networks perspectives and on the conceptual explanation of the spatial division of labor in transnational production networks in the automotive industry. It develops a methodology to empirically determine the relative position of countries in the core, semiperiphery, or periphery, and changes in their position over time. The methodology is based on calculating the automotive industry power of individual countries, which is the combination of trade-based positional power, ownership and control power, and innovation power in the automotive industry. On the one hand, the empirical analysis revealed a dominant position of Germany as a higher-order core, which is joined only by France and Italy in the stable core of the European automotive industry. On the other hand, the periphery is mostly located in East-Central Europe despite the rapid growth of the automotive industry there since the 1990s. The majority of countries kept a stable relative position in the core-semiperiphery-periphery structure of the European automotive industry transnational production system during the 2003–2017 period.

Based on the data of Chinese enterprises that entered the Fortune 500 list in 2015, this paper uses the eclectic model to construct the inter-city association network. Using the network analysis method, the spatial connection characteristics of 311 inter-city networks at prefecture level and above and 20 urban agglomerations networks in China are examined respectively. The research found that: (1) The overall connectivity of urban network is poor, the centripetal concentration is strong, and the network is not complete. The urban network connection shows a strong tendency of political center cities directivity, coastal cities directivity as well as resource-based cities directivity. The external economic dependence of each node city in the urban network is high, and the urban network structure has obvious flattening characteristics. The network of urban agglomerations is characterized by decentralization of power, differentiation of status and dependence on external connections. (2) The boundary effect of provinces, urban agglomerations and urban agglomerations clubs in the urban network is significant. The network evolution process is influenced by the provincial administrative district economy, the urban agglomerations economy and the urban agglomerations club economy. The size and number of central cities in the region and its surrounding areas have an impact on the provincial administrative district economy, the city agglomerations economy and the urban agglomerations club economy. (3) The function of cities is obviously divided in a multi-scale network. The large cities and regional central cities have a complete and more balanced function system than the small and medium-sized cities do. The radiation effect of three major urban agglomerations in coastal China is significant, while the dominant function of other urban agglomerations needs to be strengthened. (4) The cross-scale regional functional interaction effect of cities (clusters) is significant. The radiation-driven function of cities (clusters) is positively related to their self-agglomeration capabilities. This study provides support for the understanding of urban network model expansion and the spatial relation of urban network in China.

基于2015年世界财富500强中的102家中国企业数据,根据企业组织特征构建了反映企业—城市间关联的折衷网络模型,借助网络分析等多种方法分析了中国地级城市间和典型城市群之间的网络联系。研究发现：① 城市网络总体连通性较差、向心集中性强,发育不够完备;城市网络连接具有明显的行政中心指向、沿海指向和资源指向;网络节点城市对外经济依赖度高,网络结构扁平特征明显。城市群网络存在权力分散、地位分化和外部联系依赖特征。② 城市网络中省域、城市群和俱乐部边界效应明显,区域内外的中心城市规模和数量对省域行政区经济、城市群经济和俱乐部经济的发展产生影响。③ 城市在多尺度网络中的功能分化明显,大城市和区域型中心城市比中小城市拥有更加完备和均衡的功能体系。沿海三大城市群的辐射带动作用明显,其他城市群的优势功能有待突出。④ 城市（群）跨尺度区域功能互动效应显著,城市（群）的自我经济集聚能力与城市（群）的对外辐射带动功能之间存在密切的正向关系。研究为城市网络模型拓展及理解中国城市网络空间联系特征提供了支撑。

Since the beginning of the 21st century, many coastal cities of Chinese mainland have been transformed into port cities, with obvious regional characteristics of ports and new competitive and cooperative relations in port development. This paper describes the regionalization characteristics of China's coastal container port system since 1985 from the aspects of scale structure and shipping network by using the rank-size rule and complex network model. The results show that: (1) The port system is becoming perfect and the scale structure is in a good order. The evolution of port system can be divided into three stages: low-level equilibrium, obvious centralization and relative decentralization. Container transport is forming regional agglomeration and intra-group diffusion around world-class hub ports. (2) The small-world characteristics of the port shipping network have been strengthened, and the network characteristics of different types of port routes have changed significantly. The hub port has declined in depth and the transfer function has been rising;The changes of large-scale ports are relatively complicated, more than half of the large-scale ports in the hinterland have obvious characteristics and weak transit function. Local ports are polarized, and most of the ports are diversified in the depth, breadth and radiation capacity of the route network. and a few of ports have shrunk in many ways. (3) The inherent characteristics of port regionalization are more evident in the logistics network with liner routes as the carrier. The hub-spoke characteristics of the network are strengthened, and the transport efficiency of the whole port network is greatly improved. From the perspective of the strongest connection of shipping network based on UCINET, the coastal container port network transformed from a structure of local networks coexisting with several ports pairs to a double-layer hub-spoke structure, which has upgrade the development of port linkage. Regional shipping network and port group have space dislocation rather than one-to-one correspondence.

21世纪以来,中国大陆众多沿海城市纷纷转型为港口城市,港口区域化态势明显,港口发展呈现新的竞合关系。运用位序-规模法则与复杂网络模型,从规模结构、航运网络两方面刻画1985年以来中国大陆沿海集装箱港口体系的区域化特征。结果表明：① 港口体系日趋完善,位序-规模分布更加明显;发展演化呈低级均衡,明显集中化及相对分散化三个阶段,围绕世界级枢纽港形成区域集聚和群内扩散的空间格局。② 港口航运网络小世界特征得到强化,不同类型港口航线网络特性变化差异明显。枢纽港以广度上升深度下降、中转功能上升为主;大型港口变化较为复杂,超过一半的大型港口腹地引致特征明显,中转功能较弱;地方港呈现两极分化态势,大部分港口在航线网络深度、广度与辐射能力等多方面得到提升,少部分港口则明显萎缩。③ 以班轮航线为载体的物流网络推动港口区域化内在联系更加紧密,轴-辐特征得到强化,整个网络效率大为提升。从社会网络分析软件（UCINET）呈现的最强联系航线看,沿海集装箱航运网络已由局部网络转变为统一的双层轴-辐网络,全国性的港口网络联系水平大幅提升,区域航运网络与港口群存在空间错位而非一一对应。

Technology transfer is the main route of regional economic development. Cities are the center of the flow of various elements, and interactions and relationships between them is an important content of urban geography research. Therefore, in the era of knowledge economy, the mechanism of technology transfer is particularly important. Consequently, in the perspective of technology transfer and network capital and based on the patent transfer data from the State Intellectual Property Office for 2000-2015, this study explored the main structure, the sub-category model, and the spatial characteristics of the technology transfer network using Gephi, ArcGIS and Stata. The results show that: 1) Although private enterprises and universities are playing an increasingly important role in the technology transfer network in China, most of the connections are established between universities, research institutions, and their derivative enterprises, indicating that the overall connectivity is low and the network spillover effect is weak. 2) According to the patent transfer data of sub-categories, the knowledge required for innovation ability is often generated in relatively few places, and its transfer is mainly concentrated in cities, suggesting that there are some regional barriers to technology transfer between cities in China. 3) In addition, the vast majority of cities are more likely to carry out patent transfer in the same administrative area or between cities with geographical proximity or similar knowledge scale when establishing innovative ties—geographical proximity, technological proximity, and social proximity play a positive role in promoting the development of China's technology transfer network that comprises of enterprises, universities, and research institutions.

技术转移是区域经济发展的主要方式。城市作为多种要素流动的中心,彼此间的相互作用和联系状况,是城市地理研究的重要内容。因此,在知识经济时代,对技术转移的机理进行探讨尤为重要。在此背景下,论文基于国家知识产权局2000—2015年的专利转移数据,借助Gephi、ArcGIS和Stata等工具,对中国技术转移网络的主体结构、分部类模式及其空间特征进行了探究。结果表明：① 就技术转移网络的主体而言,虽然民营企业和高校的地位不断攀升,但多数联系建立在高校、科研院所与其衍生企业之间,说明网络整体连通性较低,溢出效应微弱;② 从分部类专利转移数据来看,对创新能力要求较高的知识往往在相对较少的地方产生,且其转移的空间尺度主要集中于城市内,说明中国城市间技术转移存在一定的地域阻隔;③ 对多维邻近性及其影响的回归分析表明,多数城市在建立创新联系时,更倾向与同一行政区内或地理、技术规模邻近的城市进行专利转移,即地理邻近、技术邻近、社会邻近对中国产学研合作网络的构架具有正向的促进作用。

Drug dealing is closely related with economic benefits, which brings great damage to the society. Many strict measures have been taken to crack down drug-related crimes in China, but there is a lack of research on the spatial displacement and influencing factors' changes of drug dealing after crackdown. Based on the routine activity theory, crime pattern theory and social disorganization theory, this study built negative binomial regression models before and after the "Thunder Anti-drug" operation respectively, and analyzed how the impacts of semi-public, outdoor and private spaces on drug dealing had changed in the microcosmic scale. The findings are as follows: (1) Drug dealing crimes dropped significantly immediately after the operation. (2) The impact of the semi-public space, such as hotels, stores, supermarkets and entertainment places, on drug dealing crimes decreased after the crackdown. (3) The impact of outdoor public space, such as main roads, branch lines, bus-stops and parks, on drug dealing crime strengthened after the intensified crackdown. Private space such as residential areas had significant positive influence on drug dealing crimes, and the impact strengthened after the crackdown. The results show that drug dealing crimes moved to outdoor public space and private space from semi-public space. The "Thunder Anti-drug" operation was effective to crackdown top drug traffickers and drug dealing gangs, which led to a massive decline in drug dealing crimes in 2014. The follow-up operations further improved the ability for investigating hidden drug crimes. The results show that law enforcement department must carry out sustained and targeted operations on drug related crimes, to ensure continuous effect.

贩卖毒品是实现毒品犯罪经济利益的重要环节,是危害最为严重的毒品犯罪类型之一。现有研究主要关注毒品犯罪与建成环境之间的关系,没有顾及打击后贩卖毒品犯罪空间转移现象以及影响因素的变化。本文基于日常活动理论、犯罪模式理论和社会解组理论,以中国ZG市主城区为例,融合多源时空数据,分别对2013年8月开始的“雷霆扫毒”前后的贩卖毒品犯罪构建负二项回归模型,分析微观尺度下半公共空间、室外公共空间和室内私人空间对贩卖毒品犯罪影响的变化。研究发现“雷霆扫毒”行动后：① 贩卖毒品犯罪案件数量显著下降;② 半公共空间对贩卖毒品犯罪的影响作用减弱;③ 室外公共空间对贩卖毒品犯罪影响作用增强,室内私人空间对贩卖毒品犯罪的影响上升。结果表明：“雷霆扫毒”专项行动开展后一年,贩卖毒品犯罪的“主阵地”发生变化,由城市半公共空间逐渐向室外公共空间和室内私人空间转移。特别的是,“雷霆扫毒”对大毒枭及贩毒团伙的打击成效突出,促使2014年贩毒案件大幅度下降,实现了专项行动开展的目的。后续一系列专项行动进一步提升了对贩卖毒品犯罪的发现和查处能力,显示出专项行动对打击隐性犯罪的明显效果。研究表明公安执法部门必须对毒品贩卖犯罪进行持续的、有针对性的打击,对发生地的变动进行定期的监控,不能一蹴而就。

The paper is concerned with spatial clustering of economic activity and its relation to the spatiality of knowledge creation in interactive learning processes. It questions the view that tacit knowledge transfer is confined to local milieus whereas codified knowledge may roam the globe almost frictionlessly. The paper highlights the conditions under which both tacit and codified knowledge can be exchanged locally and globally. A distinction is made between, on the one hand, the learning processes taking place among actors embedded in a community by just being there dubbed buzz and, on the other, the knowledge attained by investing in building channels of communication called pipelines to selected providers located outside the local milieu. It is argued that the co-existence of high levels of buzz and many pipelines may provide firms located in outward-looking and lively clusters with a string of particular advantages not available to outsiders. Finally, some policy implications, stemming from this argument, are identified.

With further research on intercity knowledge networks, the underlying influencing factors and mechanisms have become important issues in urban geography and regional studies. This study constructed an intercity scientific collaboration network of the Yangtze River Delta based on the co-publication data derived from the Web of Science during 2019-2020. After an exploratory analysis of spatial patterns and topological characteristics of the intercity scientific collaboration network, valued exponential random graph models were designed to quantitatively explore the effects of variables at the city, intercity-relation, and network-structure levels on the formation of the network, and then unravel the underlying self-organizing and proximity mechanisms. The results show that: (1) The intercity scientific collaboration network of the study area results from the joint effects of endogenous forces and exogenous forces. Exogenous forces include conventional urban knowledge endowments and multi-dimensional proximities between cities, while endogenous forces are self-organizing and self-evolving forces from local structures of the network per se which is relatively under-reported. In terms of urban endowment variables, cities with more universities, more R&D investment, and larger GDP per capita are more likely to develop scientific collaboration with other cities, among which the number of universities plays the most important role. (2) In terms of intercity relational variables, organizational proximity contributes most to the formation of the intercity scientific collaboration network. The probability of scientific collaboration between cities in the same province is 3.157 times the collaboration between cities in different provinces. For every 0.1 unit increase of cognitive proximity between cities, the probability of scientific collaboration between them would be 1.981 times the previous probability. Geographical proximity and social proximity contribute little to facilitating the intercity scientific collaboration. In contrast, the impacts of institutional proximity and cultural proximity are negative due to the stronger effects of preferential attachment and weaker barriers of regional dialects. (3) In terms of network structural variables, the intercity scientific collaboration network presents significant self-organizing and self-evolving properties. The contribution of local structures, i.e., star configuration and triangle configuration, to the formation of new intercity scientific collaboration is respectively 0.875 and 0.540, suggesting that the preferential attachment effect is stronger than the triadic closure effect.

随着学者们对知识网络研究的深入,网络关联的影响因素和作用机制成为重要议题。本文基于2019—2020年Web of Science论文合作发表数据构建长三角城市科研合作网络,在空间和拓扑特征分析的基础上,采用加权指数随机图模型定量模拟了城市属性、城际关系和网络结构对合作网络的影响,揭示了科研合作中的邻近性和自组织性。研究发现：① 长三角城市科研合作网络是内外生动力共同作用的结果。就城市禀赋而言,高校数量、研发投入、人均GDP可促进城市的对外科研合作,其中高校数量的边际效应最大。② 就城际关系而言,组织邻近性的正向影响最强,同省城市合作的概率是跨省城市的3.157倍;认知邻近性每提高0.1,城市间的合作概率将是原先的1.981倍;而地理和社会邻近性的促进作用甚微,制度和文化邻近性影响为负,是择优偏好较强和方言壁垒有限的结果。③ 就网络结构而言,长三角城市科研合作具有自组织自演化性,局部星型结构和三角形结构对新合作关系的贡献为0.875和0.540,择优链接性强于传递闭合性。

As China enters the new normal era, the existing mode of joining into the global production network is confronted with the dual dilemma of internal dividend disappearance and external trade frictions. It is very important to explore the characteristics and driving forces of dynamic evolution of industrial linkages between China and other countries or regions in the world. Based on the world input-output table database from 1995 to 2014, this study depicts the global industrial interdependence network from the national scale using input—output analysis and social network analysis, and focuses on the evolution of China's role and position in this pattern using spatial econometric model. The main findings are as follows: China has become a bridge between East Asia and Southeast Asia and other emerging markets, thus upgrading from an "outsider" to an important hub in the industrial network linking Europe and the United States. However, from 2015 to 2019, the expansion of China's foreign industrial linkages has gradually reached a plateau. From the perspective of supply side, China's resource and manufacturing industries are constantly embedded in the supply side of the global production network. However, the overall external supply capacity of most China's service industry is relatively below global average. In terms of demand, China, as the "factory of the world" and a major country in infrastructure construction, has an increasing global influence in manufacturing and infrastructure. Nevertheless, the international influence of productive services like Transportation, Logistics and Finance has been declining since 2005. The Chinese industries obtain the local added value overall to continue to grow, but the efficiency of the added value capture is low. On this basis, this study explores the influence of multi-dimensional proximities and trade protectionism on China-global industrial linkages and their value added. Among them, the geographical and cognitive proximity has the most extensive influence, while the social and institutional proximities only promote and strengthen the intermediate production linkage with more complex forms of industrial linkages and final demand linkages. However, technical barriers and anti-dumping investigation have weakened China's foreign industrial links. The sanitary and phytosanitary measures have a significant weakening effect on the final demand linkage, but not on the intermediate product production. To sum up, the upgrading of production-oriented service industry and the efficiency of the acquisition of overall added value are the potential directions for the expansion of China's foreign industrial linkages, while the construction of domestic industrial cycle and industrial diversification are the reasonable measures for the expansion of China's foreign industrial linkages.

随着中国经济步入新常态,中国嵌入世界生产网络的既有模式遭遇内部红利消失与外部贸易摩擦的双重困境,探讨中国同世界其他国家/地区间的产业联系特征及其动态演化机制,对寻找中国产业对外联系的破局方向至关重要。基于1995—2014年世界投入产出表数据库,从国家尺度刻画世界产业相互依赖网络,并着重关注中国在这一格局中的角色与地位演变。研究发现：① 1995—2014年中国从世界生产联系网络的边缘国家演变成为沟通东亚、东南亚地区与其他新兴市场的桥梁,并从美欧主干联系的“局外人”升级成为链接欧美产业网络的重要枢纽。而2015—2019年中国对外产业联系拓展逐渐进入曲折发展的瓶颈期。② 从供给角度看,中国基础资源行业和制造业正不断嵌入世界生产网络的供给侧。相比之下,中国大部分服务业对世界产业网络的供给能力低于世界平均水平。③ 从需求看,中国作为“世界工厂”与基础设施建设大国,在制造业与基建方面具有世界性的影响力,然而中国的交通、物流、金融等生产型服务业的国际影响力在2005年后逐步下降。④ 中国产业获取本地附加值总体持续增长,但附加值捕获的效率较低。在此基础上,本文探讨了多维邻近性、贸易保护对中国—世界产业联系的作用,发现：中国对外产业联系的演化受地理、认知、社会与制度4个维度的邻近性影响并形成路径依赖。其中地理与认知邻近性的影响最为广泛,而社会与制度邻近性仅对产业联系形式更加复杂的中间生产联系与发展较为成熟的最终需求联系有促进作用,技术贸易壁垒与反倾销调查会削弱中国对外产业联系;卫生安全检疫措施对最终市场需求联系有显著削弱作用,而对中间产品生产联系的作用并不显著。综上所述,生产型服务业与总体附加值获取效率是中国对外产业联系拓展的潜力方向,而内销—出口平衡与多元化的产业发展策略是中国对外产业联系拓展的合理举措。

In the context of the knowledge-based economy and innovation-driven development strategy, innovation networks and their multidimensional proximity mechanisms have attracted increasing attention from governments and economic geographers. However, knowledge about their regional differences remains limited. Using Ucinet software, the authors describe the technological innovation network characteristics of the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry in China from 2009 to 2014, which corresponds to the period of rapid development of vehicle ownership. The authors use partial least squares structure equation modelling to explore the impacts of multidimensional proximities from national and regional perspectives. The study found that: (1) Unlike innovation, activities are primarily concentrated in metropolitan areas and three major urban agglomerations. The innovation networks of the NEV industry in China are primarily concentrated in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Yangtze River Delta regions; the innovation networks in the Pearl River Delta region are significantly weaker. Additionally, regions with poor innovation could achieve more innovation cooperatively. (2) For the network characteristics, the national innovation network presents a “core-edge” structure, and the State Grid is the most important innovation actor of the network. In the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, large state-owned enterprise groups control the network which has a prominent “core-edge” structure, the most active collaborative innovation, and a high degree of network extroversion. Regarding the innovation network in the Yangtze River Delta, the types of actors in the region are diversified, the “core-edge” structure is prominent, the intensity of cooperative innovation is high, and the degree of network extroversion is relatively high. In the Pearl River Delta, private enterprises are the principal actors in the network, the regional network structure is loose, cooperative innovation is limited, and the network is highly extroverted. (3) For regional proximity mechanisms in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Grid Group strongly promoted the formation of cross-regional networks. In the Yangtze River Delta, the State Grid and large regional enterprises have influenced the formation of networks, and abundant knowledge sources have promoted cooperation. In the Pearl River Delta, the impact of geographical proximity on the cooperation and innovation in private enterprises is small, and knowledge demand has promoted cross-regional cooperation. Based on these results, we present some policy recommendations in industrial and regional dimensions.

随着知识经济的发展和创新驱动发展战略的实施,创新网络及其多维邻近性机制已成为政府和学者共同关注的焦点。利用Ucinet软件,从区域、主体性质等维度,刻画了2009—2014年产业快速发展时期的中国新能源汽车专利创新网络特征。运用PLS-SEM模型,探究全国及不同区域创新网络的多维邻近性影响过程及原因。研究发现：① 与中国新能源汽车产业创新活动集中在大城市和三大城市群不同,其合作创新网络主要集聚在京津冀与长三角地区,珠三角地区的创新网络明显较弱。同时,创新能力欠发达的区域出现了与其数量不匹配的合作创新规模。② 总的来看,全国创新网络呈现“核心-边缘”结构,国家电网是网络中最重要的创新主体。在京津冀,大型国企集团控制网络,“核心-边缘”结构突出,合作创新最活跃,网络外向程度高。在长三角,区域内主体类型混合多样,“核心-边缘”结构突出,合作创新活跃,网络外向程度较高。在珠三角,民营企业是网络的主要主体,区域网络结构松散,合作创新活跃度低,网络外向程度高。③ 从创新网络的多维邻近性成因看,在全国尺度,组织关系与知识搜寻是全国网络形成的两大动力。在京津冀,国电集团强有力推动跨区域网络形成。在长三角,国电系及区域大企业影响网络形成,丰富的知识源推动合作创新发生。在珠三角,地理邻近性对民营企业合作创新影响有限,知识需求推动了跨区域合作。

The study of influencing mechanisms of intercity knowledge collaboration networks is an important research topic of innovative geography. Most existing research focuses on the influence of exogenous forces (e.g., urban resources endowment, multidimensional proximity), whereas less attention has been paid to endogenous factors (e.g., preferential attachment, transitivity). This research constructs an intercity knowledge collaboration network of Chinese cities based on the co-publication data from the Web of Science, analyzes its evolving characteristics of spatial and topological structures from 2006 to 2016, and quantitatively explores the endogenous and exogenous forces underlying the network formation through exponential random graph modelling. The results show that: (1) From the spatial structure perspective, the intercity knowledge flows are dense in the eastern region but spare in the western region, which is stable during 2006-2016. The overall network has developed from a dual-core structure of Beijing and Shanghai to a polycentric structure, in which five national-level urban agglomerations have become important bases for nurturing multiple centers. The nodal regions centered on highly administrative cities have become increasingly consistent with the planned urban agglomeration, which plays the dual role of proximal spillover and remote interaction of knowledge resources. (2) From the topological structure perspective, the scale and density of intercity knowledge flows have increased significantly, and the preferential attachment to big cities is obvious. However, with the rise of multiple centers, the network polarization and disassortativity have been weakened. With the optimization of intercity knowledge collaboration paths, the network cohesion has improved, thus becoming a small-world network. (3) From the influencing mechanism perspective, self-evolution and preferential attachment are important driving forces of knowledge collaboration networks, showing an overlapping effect with urban hierarchy. The positive impact of urban knowledge-related attributes on intercity flows is weaker than multidimensional proximity and path dependence. The presence of high-speed railways promotes knowledge collaboration, while the influence of geographic distance is not significant.

城市知识合作网络的影响机制是创新地理的重要研究议题，已有研究大多关注外生动力（城市资源禀赋、多维邻近性等）的影响，而较少关注内生动力因素（择优链接、传递性等）。基于“Web of Science”中的论文合作发表数据构建中国城市知识合作网络，分析其2006—2016年空间结构和拓扑结构的演化特征，并通过加权随机指数图模型（ERGM）定量揭示内生和外生动力对该网络形成的影响。结果显示：① 从空间结构看，东密西疏的格局比较稳定，但整体由北京—上海双核结构向多中心发展，五大国家级城市群成为孕育多极的重要空间。以高能级城市为核心形成的节点区域愈发与规划的城市群范围一致，其发挥着知识资源邻近溢出和远程交互的双重作用。② 从拓扑结构看，知识合作的规模和密度显著增加，对大城市的择优选择效应明显。但随着多中心崛起，网络极化程度和异配性均在弱化；随着城际合作路径不断优化，网络聚合性提升，成为小世界网络。③ 从影响机制看，自演化与择优链接是知识网络的重要驱动力，其作用与城市等级效应相重叠；城市知识规模属性对知识流动的正向影响弱于多维邻近性和路径依赖性；高铁的存在有利于促进知识合作，而地理距离的影响不显著。

Producer service, as one of the important urban functions, reflects the urban ability to serve other cities in the networked urban system. Correspondingly, the urban producer service functions can be influenced by the relationships, particularly distance between these cities. Previous research paid little attention to the role which distance between cities plays in network externalities, and focused more on the positive effects of network externalities stemming from synergy, which derives from cooperation between cities, while neglecting the negative ones caused by intercity market competition. To further explore the relationship between urban functions, geographical distance and network externalities, this paper builds a theoretical city-cluster model with core-periphery spatial structure. This model hypothesizes that the impact of network externalities on the producer service functions depends on the trade-off between synergy effect and competition effect, which are closely related to the spatial relationships, or distances, between cities. Employing data of 12 city clusters in China from 2013 to 2016, and applying the employment ratio of the producer service sector to the manufacturing sector to measure the intensity of urban producer service functions, we examine the effects of geographical distance on urban producer service functions. The results reveal that: (1) the intensity of urban producer service functions increases with distance from the core city. In addition, internet penetration rate and transportation network centrality significantly reinforce this effect. (2) The mechanism is based on the difference in sensitivity to geographical distance between the competition effect and synergy effect. Seemingly, the competition effect decays more quickly with distance than the synergy effect. Thus producer service functions of the cities which are close to the core city tend to suffer the "agglomeration shadow" effect resulted from competition, while producer service functions of the cities which are further away tend to benefit from the synergy effect. The findings of this paper demonstrate that in the context of urban networks, geographical distance (urban location) still plays an essential role in the regional labor division. It also provides important insights for the promotion of the urban functional specialization and regional integration within city clusters. Cities near the core city could choose to actively undertake complementary functions of the core city; conversely, carrying out synergetic functions with the core city is a better choice for cities far away from the core city.

以往研究对于距离在网络外部性影响城市功能过程中的作用所知甚少,而且多关注城市网络外部性的正面效应,对城市间竞争以及由此所带来的网络外部性的负效应缺少分析。为了弥补已有研究的不足,本文采用空间的视角,以城市群内的城市生产性服务功能为例,建立一个核心-外围的空间结构来揭示城市生产性服务功能、网络外部性与地理距离之间的关系。研究发现：① 城市生产性服务功能强度随着远离城市群核心城市而上升,互联网渗透率和列车网络中心度会显著地强化这一效应;② 城市生产性服务功能随距离变化的机制在于竞争效应比协同效应对地理距离更加敏感,从而衰减更快,因而靠近核心城市的城市在生产性服务功能上遭受了“集聚阴影”,而远离核心城市的城市在功能上更多的受到了协同作用的支撑。本文结论为推进城市群内的分工协作与一体化发展提供了重要启示。

Agglomeration economy theory has been intrinsically linked to urban economic growth since its inception. This article systematically reviewed the origin and development of agglomeration economy theory, summarized the core ideas of agglomeration economy in explaining the formation and development of urban space, and suggested that agglomeration economy and urban economic growth are intrinsically related. In addition, this article reviewed the impact of agglomeration economy on urban economic growth, and found that the agglomeration economy represented by increasing population density can significantly promote urban economic growth, and the explanatory mechanism of urban agglomeration economy effect can be explored from two perspectives: macro-processes and micro-processes. This article is not only a review of the literature on agglomeration economy theory and urban economic growth, but also a reference for empirical analysis of the impact of agglomeration economy on urban economic growth in China.

集聚经济理论自诞生之日起便与城市经济增长存在着本源联系。论文系统梳理集聚经济理论的起源与发展,归纳集聚经济阐释城市空间形成与发展的核心思想,明确集聚经济与城市经济增长之间是具有本源联系的。进一步回顾集聚经济影响城市经济增长的程度与机制,发现以人口密度等指标为代表的集聚经济能够显著促进城市经济的增长,可从“宏观过程”与“微观过程”两大视角探寻城市集聚经济影响城市经济增长的解释机制。这一工作不仅是以往集聚经济与城市经济增长相关文献回顾的一个延续,也为后续集聚经济影响中国城市经济增长的实证研究提供了一个参照。