The core objective of rural vitalization is to systemically establish a coupling pattern of various rural development elements including population, land and industry. As one of the prerequisites, land resources is required to be optimally allocated via land consolidation. Consequently, land consolidation contributes greatly in population agglomeration, industry development and resources support under the context of combating rural decline. In light of these facts, this paper conducts an elementary analysis on the connotation of land consolidation and rural vitalization in the new era, as well as their relationships. Furthermore, the issues on the alternative paths for achieving rural vitalization via land consolidation in different regions were also discussed. Main conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) It is manifested that rural vitalization in the new era can be explained as a comprehensive process of tackling the loss and decline of rural development elements through political, economic and cultural means. Most importantly, vitalizing the interior motivation and absorbing the external power are essential for the efficient reconfiguration and utilization of rural population, land and industry, thus achieving the goals of arousing rural vitality, optimizing elements structure, enhancing territorial function and restructuring rural morphology. (2) From the perspective of rural vitalization, land consolidation, which adheres to the path of connotative development, should not only target at stimulating the key elements of rural development, but also place emphasis on the coordination of material space and spirit core, so as to realize the co-prosperity of the urban and the rural areas. (3) Regional natural indigenous factors and the corresponding phases of socio-economic development should be both taken into account in the process of implementing rural land consolidation. Following the principle of adjusting measures to local conditions, appropriate paths or modes are supposed to be chosen in different regions constrained by the territorial development pattern. Finally, focusing on a series of problems and new concepts, which is aimed at achieving urban-rural integration development and boosting socio-economic growth in rural areas, we propose further discussions.

乡村振兴的核心目的是系统构建人口、土地、产业等多种发展要素的耦合格局。土地整治在乡村振兴过程中肩负着为人口集聚、产业发展提供资源支撑的基础性作用。本文基于影响乡村发展的关键要素阐释了新时代乡村振兴和土地整治的内涵及其互馈关系,剖析了乡村振兴背景下土地整治的区域实施路径。最后,就未来乡村振兴视角下土地整治的方向进行了展望与讨论。结论如下：① 乡村振兴的内涵在于为应对乡村内部要素的流失与衰退,通过经济、政治及文化建设等手段激发内部动力和吸纳外部资源来重新组合、优化配置和高效利用乡村人口、土地和产业等发展要素,从而优化要素结构、提升地域功能、重塑乡村形态,实现乡村地域经济、社会及生态的全面复兴和城乡融合发展的新格局;② 乡村振兴视角下土地整治要激活乡村人口、土地和产业等关键发展要素,统筹物质空间振兴与精神内核提升;③ 开展农村土地整治要与区域自然本底条件和社会经济发展阶段相适应,按照分区统筹、分类施策的原则在国土空间开发格局的框架下因地制宜地采取相应的模式与路径;④ 未来有必要重塑土地整治的价值取向,在统一空间规划体系下统筹土地整治规划与乡村振兴规划,大力发展土地整治与多功能农业相结合的新模式。

The rural vitalization in the new era and space development and utilization are closely related. It is meaningful to construct a theoretical system and practical path of rural vitalization based on rural spatial governance. Based on the deconstruction framework of "demand→effect→path→strategy", this paper discusses the internal logic relationship between rural vitalization and spatial governance. The results show the following: (1) The reconstruction of rural value is the key to ensure the realization of rural vitalization; rural spatial governance can be a good way to realize the rights allocation and effective control of rural space; rural spatial governance includes material spatial governance, organization spatial governance, and ownership spatial governance; through spatial governance, the structure and function of physical space can be reconstructed, the organization relationship can be reorganized, and the value distribution can be reshaped. (2) The effect of spatial governance on rural vitalization is presented from the optimization of the urban-rural interaction, as well as the stimulation and strengthening of rural endogenous power, and the capabilities of grassroots organizations. (3) Rural spatial governance is an effective path to implement rural vitalization by promoting the urban-rural integration development, activating rural endogenous development, and ensuring the organizations mechanism. (4) The rural spatial governance system combines "top-down" and "bottom-up" forms to implement rational allocation of spatial development power. The channels, capabilities, and effects of multiple subjects participating in spatial governance will promote the realization of space development and the establishment of a system with equitable rights and interests. The "right-sharing" spatial governance can implement the rural revitalization strategy in urban-rural sharing, subject and regional sharing. In summary, the research will provide references for improving the scientific system of rural spatial governance and implementing the rural revitalization strategy.

新时期乡村振兴挑战与空间利用问题密不可分,基于空间治理建构乡村振兴的理论体系和实践路径具有现实意义。本文基于“诉求→效应→路径→策略”解构方案,探讨了基于空间治理的乡村振兴可行性和内在逻辑体系。结果表明：① 乡村价值重构是确保乡村振兴目标实现的关键环节,乡村空间管控和发展权利配置可从乡村空间治理寻找突破口;乡村空间治理从物质空间治理、空间组织治理、空间权属治理入手,重构物质空间结构功能,重组空间组织关系,重塑空间价值分配体系;② 空间治理振兴乡村的效应从城乡互动关系优化、乡村内生动力激发、基层组织能力强化等层面加以呈现。③ 乡村空间治理推动城乡融合发展、激活乡村内生发展、保障组织机制,是落实乡村振兴的有效路径。④ “上下结合型”乡村空间治理有利于落实空间开发权利的合理配置;多元主体参与空间治理的渠道、能力与效应,推动空间发展目标落地和公平权益体系建设;“权利共享型”空间治理可在城乡共享、主体共享和区域共享中落实乡村振兴目标。研究结论可为完善乡村空间治理科学体系和落实乡村振兴战略提供参考。

Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered the new era. Problems such as unbalanced development between urban and rural and inadequate development in rural areas have become increasingly prominent. The implementation of the rural revitalization strategy is an inevitable requirement for resolving the contradictions between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life. With the rapid advancement of new industrialization and new urbanization, China's rural tourism has entered the era of big tourism instead of small and medium tourism. The development of rural tourism can effectively pursue the development strategy of the country in the new era, promote agricultural quality and efficiency, increase farmers' income, make the countryside prosperous and stable, and speed up the development of urban-rural integration. Therefore, it is an important way to realizing rural revitalization. This paper has reviewed the related research on rural revitalization led by rural tourism at home and abroad. In addition, it has grasped the new characteristics, new missions and new requirements of rural tourism development in the new era. Considering the basic situation of China as a developing economic power, and a large agricultural country with a large population, this paper has constructed a research framework of rural revitalization led by rural tourism in China in the new era, which integrates theories of geography, tourism, economics, sociology, management and other related disciplines. It has summarized the five key research contents of rural revitalization led by rural tourism, which contains study on theory and logic mechanism of rural revitalization led by rural tourism, study on the path of rural economy revitalization led by rural tourism, study on the path of rural ecological livability led by rural tourism, study on the path of reconstruction of rural governance system led by rural tourism and study on the policy system of rural revitalization led by rural tourism. The five key research contents cover the theoretical, practical and safeguard aspects, promote the development of urban-rural integration through interconnection, mutual influence and interaction, and ultimately realize the scientific, sustained, and healthy development of the rural revitalization strategy. In the new era, the key of rural revitalization led by rural tourism is to master and apply scientific methodology, to learn the wisdom and nutrition of scientific methodology, to construct a method system for multi-method comprehensive integration, and to ensure the authenticity of data collection and the scientificalness of data processing.

中国特色社会主义进入新时代,城乡发展不平衡、乡村发展不充分等问题日益突出,实施乡村振兴战略是解决人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间矛盾的必然要求。发展乡村旅游能够有力地契合和服务新时代国家发展战略,促进农业提质增效、农民增收致富、农村繁荣稳定,加快统筹城乡融合发展步伐,是实现乡村振兴的重要途径。系统梳理国内外乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的相关研究成果,针对内容深度相对薄弱、功能拓展比较泛化、时代特征不够显著等问题,把握新时代乡村旅游发展的新特点、新使命、新要求,充分考虑中国是一个发展中的经济大国、人口大国、农业大国的基本国情,构建了融合地理学、旅游学、经济学、社会学、管理学等相关学科理论的新时代中国乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的研究框架,归纳了乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的五个重点研究内容,即乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的学理和逻辑机理研究、乡村旅游引导乡村经济振兴的路径研究、乡村旅游引导乡村生态宜居的路径研究、乡村旅游引导乡村治理体系重构的路径研究、乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的政策体系研究。五个重点研究内容包括理论层面、实践层面和保障层面,在相互联系、相互影响、相互作用中共同促进城乡融合发展,实现乡村振兴的科学、持续、健康发展。掌握和运用科学的方法论,汲取科学方法论的智慧和营养,构建多方法综合集成的方法体系,确保数据采集的真实性和数据处理的科学性,是新时代乡村旅游引导乡村振兴研究的关键。

As important carriers of Chinese civilization, traditional villages are endowed with rich and diversified values. Although the government and academia have implemented lots of programmes on protections and researches, the sustainable development still has a long way to go. Therefore, it is of profound significance to establish an evaluation system for the sustainable development of Chinese traditional villages and to evaluate the sustainable development level of Chinese traditional villages. Through long-term field survey of traditional villages, this study proposes that understanding the two basic attributes of community and heritage is the key to cognizing the sustainable development of traditional villages. Then it uses the analytic hierarchy process and Delphi method to construct the index system of community development subsystem and heritage protection subsystem, and applies an expert judgment matrix and the Delphi method to determine the index weights of the subsystems at all levels, and constructs the systems of data collection, assignment, and standardization for each secondary index. The comprehensive evaluation index is used to evaluate the development level of traditional villages, and determine the criteria for ranking. In order to better evaluate the sustainable development level of traditional Chinese villages, a coupling coordination model is further introduced to construct an evaluation system. Finally, through the evaluation of 10 traditional Lingnan villages in Guangzhou, Foshan and Zhongshan cities of Guangdong province, the validity of the index system is verified and further revised. This index system can not only promote the research paradigm of traditional villages, coupling degree and sustainable development assessment, but also widely guide and apply to the protection practices of traditional villages in China.

作为中华文明重要载体的传统村落具有丰富多元的价值,虽然政府与学界进行了大量保护与研究工作,但其可持续发展之路仍任重道远。因此建立中国传统村落可持续发展评价体系,准确评估其可持续发展水平具有重要理论与现实意义。通过对传统村落的长期实地调研,本文提出社区和遗产两个基本属性间协调关系是传统村落可持续发展的关键。本文使用层次分析法和德尔菲法构建社区发展和遗产保护子系统指标体系,采用专家判断矩阵和德尔菲法确定子系统指标权重,并构建详细的数据收集、赋分与标准化方法。为了更好的评价中国传统村落可持续发展水平,在采用综合评价指数评估传统村落综合发展水平的基础上,进一步引入耦合协调度模型构建可持续发展类型评价体系。最后,通过测评广东省广州市、佛山市和中山市10个岭南传统村落,检验该套指标体系具有较好效度,并进一步对指标体系进行修正。该评价体系不仅可以推进传统村落、耦合度、可持续发展评估研究范式,也可以广泛指导与应用于中国传统村落保护实践。

National forest villages construction is an important path to promote the implementation of rural revitalization strategy and the improvement of rural living environment; however, the differentiation characteristics of forest villages at different scales and the optimization directions at the national scale are unclear. This study analyzed the characteristics in spatial pattern, quantitative scale, and internal differentiation of forest villages at national, regional, and administrative scales by using the kernel density estimation, the Lorenz curve, and the Theil index. The coupling degree between forest villages and population, and the spatial accessibility of forest villages were explored based on the coupling model and the Voronoi diagram, which provided important information for optimization zones of forest villages. The results showed that the density of forest villages in China has obvious differentiation characteristics of high density in the east and low density in the west, and the Yangtze River Delta is the largest contiguous area with high density of forest villages. There was a significant difference of provincial Theil index of forest villages based on county units. The distribution of forest villages was relatively balanced in the southeast region, whereas the difference was great in the southwest and northeast regions. Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, and the three provinces of northeast China had high Theil index values, and the forest villages in these regions showed typical characteristics of small agglomeration and large dispersion. The spatial accessibility of forest villages had a high spatial correlation with the Hu Huanyong Line (hereafter Hu Line), presenting a pattern of high in the east and low in the west bounded by the Hu Line. Although the distribution of forest villages and population density showed a similar pattern of high in the east and low in the west, the spatial heterogeneity of the coupling degrees between east and west was obviously stronger. The paper divided the whole country into five types, namely, key development areas, characteristic mining areas, agglomeration and upgrading areas, moderate guidance areas, and functional transformation areas, based on the combination analysis between coupling degree and spatial accessibility. The key optimization directions of different zones were proposed. The results would provide valuable information for the construction of national forest villages and the optimization paths under the rural revitalization strategy in China.

国家森林乡村建设是实施乡村振兴战略和改善农村人居环境的重要措施,但森林乡村在不同尺度的分异特征及优化方向尚不明晰。本文综合运用探索性空间数据分析、耦合度模型和Voronoi图分析等研究方法,从全国、区域和行政尺度分析了国家森林乡村空间格局、数量规模和内部分异特征,并基于森林乡村与人口耦合关系及乡村可达类型识别,分析了全国森林乡村的分区格局及其优化方向。结果表明：全国森林乡村密度具有明显的东高西低分异特征,长江三角洲地区是森林乡村高密度集中分布最大的连片区。基于县域单元的省域森林乡村泰尔指数差异较大,东南区域森林乡村分布相对均衡,西南和东北区域内部差异显著。森林乡村空间可达性呈现自东向西的梯度递减,森林乡村与人口密度的耦合类型分布具有较强的内部分异性。文章基于森林乡村可达类型与耦合分区的组合分析,将全国划分为重点发展区、特色挖掘区、集聚提升区、适度引导区和功能转型区五类,明确了不同类型区森林乡村建设的重点方向,将为面向乡村振兴的全国森林乡村建设与分区优化提供决策依据。

The key villages of rural tourism are typical demonstrations for promoting the high-quality development of rural tourism, which are of great significance for optimizing rural tourism supply and leading rural tourism development. The article analyzes the spatial distribution pattern and structural characteristics of 1000 key villages of rural tourism nationwide by using Nearest Neighbor Index and Kernel Density Estimation. The study further reveals spatial differentiation of the key villages of rural tourism. The main factors affecting spatial distribution of the key villages of rural tourism are analyzed by using Multiple Linear Regression, Vector Buffer Analysis and Geographic Detectors. The conclusions can be drawn as follows. Firstly, there are more key villages of rural tourism in the eastern region than in the western region of China. The inter-provincial spatial density stratification feature is obvious and the spatial distribution pattern of double core-ring core cluster-ribbon zone is unique. Secondly, the spatial distribution of key villages of rural tourism has significant positive spatial correlation. The key villages of rural tourism are spatially dispersed in cold spots and concentrated in hot spots. Thirdly, kernel density estimation shows that villages of agricultural production type have high spatial distribution density, while the others have low density. Fourthly, the spatial distribution pattern is the result of five factors: natural ecology, social economy, transportation facilities, scenic resources and policy environment. Gross domestic product per capita and household consumption expenditure have a significant positive impact, while the distance from the tourist market and the distance from transportation access are negative influencing factors. Fifthly, the driving factors for the spatial distribution of various types of villages are different and closely related to the village resource endowment and development characteristics.

乡村旅游重点村是推进乡村旅游高质量发展的典型示范,对优化乡村旅游供给、引领乡村旅游发展具有重要意义。本文运用最邻近指数、核密度估计等方法分析了中国1000个乡村旅游重点村的空间分布格局和结构特征,揭示了乡村旅游重点村的空间分异规律。运用多元线性回归、矢量缓冲分析、地理探测器等方法剖析了影响乡村旅游重点村空间分布的主要因素。研究发现：① 乡村旅游重点村总体呈“东多西少”的空间分布格局。省际空间密度分层特征明显,“双核心—环核群—带状区”的空间分布规律突出。② 乡村旅游重点村的空间分布具有显著的空间正相关性,地域间呈冷点分散、热点集中的空间分异格局。③ 6类乡村旅游重点村的核密度呈一高五低、分异鲜明的类型特征。④ 乡村旅游重点村空间分布格局的形成是自然生态、社会经济、交通配套、景区资源、政策环境五大因素共同影响的结果。人均GDP和居民消费支出具有显著正向影响,客源市场距离及交通通达距离是负向影响因素。⑤ 各类乡村旅游重点村空间分布的驱动因素各异,与村落资源禀赋和发展特点具有密切关系。

The ancient village possesses unique regional characteristics, integrated building structure, abundant material and intangible cultural heritage, and more importantly, they are still be used today. The rapid development of urbanization brings chances for the ancient villages and also deeply affects transformation of social economic structures of ancient villages. The thesis selects some representative old villages—historical cultural villages to analyze the balanced degree of spatial distribution of ancient villages, then discusses the influencing factors and finally puts forwards strategies to keep spatial balance of ancient villages and further lead simultaneous development of all the old villages in order to promote the progress of urban and rural integration. The study shows: (1) Chinese historic cultural villages have different characteristics in spatial distribution, spatial form, river system distribution, regional culture and transportation system. The majority of these villages are distributed along the river and are cultural centers, traffic hubs and birthplace of civilization in history; the villages form three centers, three sub-centers and four transition diffusion areas, and cultivate six cultural centers. (2) Chinese historic cultural villages mainly built in the Tang, Song, Ming and Qing dynasties, have a long history. Among the villages, the Ming Dynasty dominates the number and spatial distribution. (3) The reasons for their spatial uneven distribution include the resource endowment, limited selection criteria, economic development level and regional policy making.

古村落是具有文化遗产性质的乡村聚落,选取古村落发展中最具代表性的国家级历史文化名村来分析中国古村落的空间分布特征,探讨其影响因素和分布原因,从而进一步引导中国乡村地区的同步发展,促进城乡一体化进程。研究表明:① 我国历史文化名村主要沿河流分布、多是历史上的经济文化中心、交通要塞和文明的发祥地,并形成了3 大集中区、3 大相对集中区和4 大过渡扩散区,孕育了6 个文化区;② 中国历史文化名村建造时间跨度较大,但多集中在唐宋明清4 个朝代,明朝保留下来的古村落最多,分布范围最广;③ 造成中国历史文化名村分布不均衡的主要原因有资源禀赋特点、评定标准的局限、依托腹地的经济发达程度和区域政策导向。

Rural tourism has become a dazzling focus and breakthrough point in the rural revitalization strategy. Constructing a sustainable development evaluation system for mesoscale rural tourism destinations is of great significance and value. The evaluation system needs to take into consideration both the standards and the flexibility, the theory and the practice. This study uses the "attributive analysis and system integration" logical framework to construct a sustainable development evaluation system for rural tourism destinations based on the rural revitalization strategy and long-term tracking of rural tourism destinations in multiple regions. First, the essence of rural tourism destinations is broken down into three basic attributes: community, heritage, and tourism industry, which are corresponding to the subsystems of community development, heritage protection, and tourism development, respectively. The focus of this study is to construct the tourism development subsystem, while the community development and heritage protection subsystems have been built in a previous study. Based on the tourism geographic system model, the tourism development subsystem is involving four primary indicators, namely the destination system, the source market system, the tourism channel system, and the tourism support system. The analytic hierarchy process, the Delphi method, and the expert judgment matrix are used to make a scientific indicator system, including 31 secondary indicators that focus on rural scale with strong operability. Furthermore, through the integration of basic attributes and the use of the coupling coordination model, the comprehensive evaluation index and coordinated development degree are used to evaluate the sustainable development level of rural tourism destinations. Finally, through the evaluation of 10 rural tourism destinations in Guangzhou, Foshan, and Zhongshan in Guangdong Province, we confirmed that the evaluation system had good reliability, validity, and explanatory power. The sustainable development evaluation system of rural tourism destinations constructed by this research integrates rural revitalization strategy, tourism system theory, and heritage protection policy. It can not only effectively evaluate the sustainable development level of one rural tourism destination both from the whole system or different subsystems, but also assess the level of several villages of different types in different periods, which can enable time-space tracking and comparative research from the micro to the macro, and from static to dynamic perspective.

乡村旅游已成为乡村振兴战略中耀眼的着力点和突破点,因此构建兼顾标准性和灵活性、理论性和实践性的中观尺度乡村旅游地可持续发展评价体系具有重要意义。本研究使用“属性解析-系统整合”逻辑框架构建基于乡村振兴战略的乡村旅游地可持续发展评价体系。首先,将乡村旅游地解析出社区、遗产和旅游3个基本属性,分别对应社区发展、遗产保护和旅游发展子系统。依据旅游系统模型,采用层次分析法、德尔菲法和专家判断矩阵,重点构建旅游发展子系统指标体系,涵盖目的地、客源市场、旅游通道和旅游支持系统4个一级指标和具有较强操作性、聚焦乡村尺度的31个二级指标。进而,将子系统整合并引入耦合协调发展模型,使用综合评价指数和协调发展度进行乡村旅游地可持续发展水平评价。最后,通过测评广东10个乡村旅游地,验证该体系具有较好效度和区分度。

Rurality has always been a central topic of rural studies in the West. Discussions on its definitions have been quite complex, contested and even ambivalent, reflecting recent dramatic changes occurring in rural economies, politics and social cultures. In tradition, rurality has been regarded as a given nature that is self-evident, generalized and one-dimensional. However, with the post-modern transformation of social realities and academic trends, the concept of rurality now focuses on dynamic processes through which diversified and heterogeneous meanings are produced and reproduced. Many scholars have called for a 'post-rural' context from which to understand rural reconstruction in a new era. Just as 'post-modernity' refers to the reflexivity of modernity, the concept of the 'post-rural' has been advanced not to partition phases of rural development, but to realize the reflexive turn occurring in rural studies. The 'post-rural' can be regarded as a 'complex', as multiple actors, events, discourses and practices co-exist and interplay. Hybridity refers to a process of recreation based on the integration of heterogeneous elements together with the elimination of borders between systems. Thus, hybridity is considered to be one of the most useful theoretical perspectives for understanding the essence of rurality in an increasingly complex context. Hence, based on interpretations and analyses of previous literature of the West, this paper proposes a framework on hybridity in 'post-rural' settings based on the following three aspects: (1) hybridity produced by human and non-human actors and trends of rematerialization emphasizing performances and practices in post-rural everyday life; (2) hybridity embedded in fluid networks and relations and dialectical relationships between rurality, globality, and urbanity; (3) hybridity stimulated through rural area's integration into processes of modernization and processes of negotiation occurring between the de-alienation of traditional local cultures and the alienation of modernity. Finally, considering the particularities of the context of rural China, this paper discusses ways in which the perspective of hybridity offers new insights into the studies and practices of Chinese rural reconstruction.

乡村性一直是西方乡村地理研究的核心。传统认识中的乡村性被认为是一种乡村本身既有的平面化和单向度的性质。然而,在社会现实和学术思潮的后现代转向下,乡村性被置于“后乡村”的语境中进行重新理解,强调了一种多元化和异质性意义上的不断生产和再生产的动态过程。当今,“后乡村”的重构牵涉多元主体、跨越多重尺度、交织流动关系,镶嵌于混杂的过程、话语和实践之中,“混杂性”成为理解日益复杂的乡村性的有益视角。从主体混杂与再物质化、网络混杂与关系乡村、意义混杂与融入现代性三个方面,对近年西方研究关于“后乡村”的混杂性视角进行系统评述,重新解读有关乡村性的认识,并探讨其对国内乡村研究的启示。

This paper aims to examine rural tourism preferences as an alternative niche market to mass tourism destinations. The analysis discusses the differences in perceptions and willingness to pay (WTP) for various packages of rural tourism activities in Gran Canaria Island among residents and non-residents.

Traditional villages are the best witness of the process of agriculture civilization, with rich material and intangible culture heritage. However, under the influence of rapid urbanization, industrialization and globalization, the development of traditional villages is faced with dilemmas such as the decline of material space, the inactivation of cultural space and the hollowing of social space. Scientifically guiding the function renewal and spatial adaptive transformation of traditional villages is not only the practical needs of their protection and development, but also an important topic of rural development and planning research in China. Taking the national traditional village Maihuayucun Village in Huangshan City as an example, on the basis of field investigation, combined with the relevant literature review, and based on the perspective of "ternary dialectics" of space production, this paper analyzes the spatial transformation process, characteristics and driving mechanism of traditional villages from the three dimensions of material space, social space and institutional space. The results show that: (1) Since the reform and opening up, Maihuayucun Village has gradually evolved from a traditional agricultural village to an industrial village characterized with bonsai industry, which has experienced three stages: endogenous slow transformation and development, exogenous space rapid expansion and orderly space quality improvement. (2) The spatial transformation of traditional villages is characterized by the functional differentiation and remodeling of material space, the disintegration and reconstruction of social space, and the gradual improvement of institutional space. The space function has gradually changed from the traditional production and living function to multiple composite functions such as ecological leisure, characteristic bonsai planting, commercial operation and service, and cultural inheritance and display. The livelihood of villagers has been diversified, from the traditional single agricultural planting industry to the diversified livelihood methods such as bonsai management, farmhouse entertainment, and tourism services, and the social relations have changed from closed tradition to open and modern. And the subject of institutional space has changed from the dual subject of village committee and villagers to the multiple subject of government, village committee, villagers, capital and tourists. (3) The changes of social relations, capital investment and power intervention are the main driving forces for the spatial production of Maihuayucun Village. The three forces interact and promote the interactive evolution of social space, material space and institutional space, and jointly promote the spatial transformation. With the disintegration of traditional agricultural economy and the growth of bonsai industry, the growing demand for production and residence of villagers has promoted the continuous expansion and transformation of village material space. Driven by bonsai industry and rural tourism, the exogenous construction of villages has developed rapidly, and the support of a large amount of external capital has provided a strong driving force for the spatial transformation of villages. A series of rural development policies and measures issued by the state, especially the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, provide strategic guidance and policy guarantee for the protection, development and spatial transformation of traditional villages. In the context of rural revitalization and integrated rural and urban development in the new era, and the increasingly complex relationship between man and land in rural areas, it is particularly important to explore the differentiated and distinctive path of China's rural transformation and development. And the research on the temporal and spatial characteristics and mechanism of rural spatial transformation of different types and different spatial scales needs to be further broken through. This paper can provide reference for relevant researches in terms of research perspective, research ideas and research spatial scale, and provide guidance for the protection, development and planning of traditional villages

基于空间生产的“三元辩证法”视角，以黄山市歙县卖花渔村为例，从物质空间、社会空间和制度空间3个维度分析传统村落空间转型过程、特征及驱动机制。结果表明：1）改革开放以来卖花渔村空间转型经历了内生性缓慢转型发展、外源性空间快速扩展、有序化空间品质提升3个阶段。2）随着盆景产业复兴和乡村旅游业兴起，传统村落物质空间分化重塑、社会空间解体重构、制度空间日趋完善，呈现出空间功能复合化、社会关系开放化、空间主体多元化的空间转型特征。3）在社会关系变迁、资本投入、权力干预等共同作用下，社会空间、物质空间及制度空间互动演进，共同推动了传统村落空间转型过程。

Under the background of new urbanization, the human settlement environment in Chinese traditional villages is facing a rigorous crisis of the human-land relationship, and the organic renewal of it is particularly important. Based on the scientific connotation of the organic renewal and the evolution characteristics of the human settlement environment in Chinese traditional villages, this paper analyzed the theoretical cognition of the organic renewal of the human settlement environment in traditional villages, and constructed the path mechanism of the organic renewal of the human settlement environment in traditional villages on this basis. The results show that: (1) By summarizing the problems faced by the human settlement environment in traditional villages, the dilemma is classified as material space, cultural space and social space, and the theoretical cognition of the organic renewal is proposed with living-production-ecological space as the spatial carrier, the landscape gene as the cultural core, and the social field as the basic context. (2) Focusing on the renewal and optimization of material space, cultural space and social space, the three-dimensional path mechanism of "material-culture-society" for the organic renewal of the human settlement environment in traditional villages is constructed, including the renewal of the material space: the optimization of dominant functions and the reshaping of living-production-ecological space; the renewal of the cultural space: the repair of recessive genes and the repair of dominant genes; the renewal of the social space: the darning of relationship networks and the reconstruction of social order. In order to realize the sustainable development of the human settlement environment in traditional villages, the theoretical cognition and practical path of the organic renewal are discussed in depth, and have been established as a "multi-dimensional optimization, and multi-objective overall planning" mechanism, to provide scientific and practical reference for the organic renewal of the human settlement environment in Chinese traditional villages.

新型城镇化背景下,中国传统村落人居环境面临着严重的人地关系危机,对其进行有机更新显得尤为重要。立足于有机更新的科学内涵及传统村落人居环境系统的演变特征,辨析了传统村落人居环境有机更新的理论认知,进而构建了传统村落人居环境有机更新的路径机制。研究结果表明：① 将传统村落人居环境系统的问题困境归类为物质空间、文化空间与社会空间,提出以三生空间为空间载体、景观基因为文化核心、社会场域为基础脉络的传统村落人居环境有机更新理论认知。② 以更新优化物质空间、文化空间与社会空间为着力点,构建了传统村落人居环境有机更新“物质-文化-社会”三维路径机制,包括物质空间更新：主导功能优化与三生空间重塑;文化空间更新：隐性基因修复与显性基因修补;社会空间更新：关系网络织补与社会秩序重构。以实现传统村落人居环境可持续发展为目标,通过建立“多维度优化-多目标统筹”的传统村落人居环境有机更新理论与路径,以期为中国传统村落人居环境有机更新提供科学参考与实践借鉴。

Place names refer to proper terms of both physical and human geographic entities in certain spaces. Village names, as an important part of cultural landscape, are carriers of multicultural information and collective memories. The research on the spatial patterns, generative mechanism and protective strategies of village names is of profound significance to inheritance of native culture. Taking villages in Xiahe county, Gannan Tibetan autonomous prefecture as examples and applying to GIS kernel density estimation, this paper describes the spatial patterns of Tibetan village names and interprets their classification and generative mechanism from the perspective of culture landscape. The research suggests the three categories constitute the basic paradigm of Tibetan village name system, with the names of nature as the major part, the names of culture as the minor part and the names of mixed mode as supplements, which reflects some essential features of cultural landscape such as the feature of nature, the feature of topophilia, the feature of description and the feature of interrelationship. It is also shown that the environment orientation, ethnic inheritance, belief identity and interregional blending are the driving forces for the genesis of Tibetan village names. To protect Tibetan village names, the top priorities are making a dictionary of protection and establishing an identification system of place names.

地名是特定空间上自然或人文地理实体的专有名称。村落地名作为文化景观的重要组成部分,记录着多元文化信息,也是集体记忆的重要载体。研究村落地名的空间格局、生成机制与保护策略,对于传承乡土文脉具有深远的价值。以甘南州夏河县藏族村落为例,应用GIS核密度估计法刻画了地名的空间格局,从文化景观视角出发解读了藏族村落地名的类型和生成机制。研究表明：以文化型为主、自然型为辅、复合型补充的地名体系是藏族村落命名的基本范式;映射出深厚的自然性基因、恋地性基因、记述性基因和关系性基因等文化景观特质;环境指向、族源沿袭、信仰认同和区际交融是藏族村落地名生成的源发力量。制定地名保护名录、建立地名标识系统是藏族村落地名保护的当务之急。

Scientific determination of rural settlement system is one of the keys to implement the strategy of rural revitalization and promote the modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Meanwhile, understanding the distribution law of rural settlement size is helpful for the optimization of rural settlements. In order to provide a reliable theoretical basis for the study of rural settlement size distribution and the optimization of rural settlement system, this article took the Hehuang area as an example, and explored a more accurate expression and law of Rank Cumulative Size Model based on the original Rank Cumulative Size Model. Then we examined the applicability and accuracy of the model in rural settlement size distribution compared with the Rural Rank-Size Rule. We also studied the characteristics and evolution law of rural settlement size distribution in the study area. The results show that: (1) Rank Cumulative Size Model is a monotonously increasing concave function (P ≥ 1), and its expression varies with the change of the Pareto coefficient of rural settlements. When 1 ≤ P < 1.20225, Si = aln(Ni) + b, there is a positive correlation between the fitting coefficient a and the size of first settlements. When P ≥ 1.20225, $S_i=be^{aln(N_i)}$ the coefficient of variation of settlement size and the size of the first settlements are negatively correlated with the fitting coefficient a, and positively correlated with the fitting coefficient b. (2) Rank Cumulative Size Model is more suitable for the study of rural settlement size distribution in Hehuang as it has better applicability and accuracy; while the Rural Rank-size Rule is not applicable. (3) The rural settlement size in Hehuang nearly shows the equilibrium distribution pattern of Pareto coefficient 2 and tends to be more concentrated. In the future, the rural settlements should be concentrated in areas with superior natural and socio-economic conditions, and the layout of regional rural settlements and villages should be planned reasonably. Based on this, we can develop a rural revitalization path with the harmonious coexistence between human and nature, as well as between urban and rural development.

科学确定乡村聚落体系是落实乡村振兴战略和促进农业农村现代化的关键之一,研究乡村聚落规模分布规律有助于乡村聚落体系优化。基于理论假设推导出了位序累计规模模型的准确表达及其规律,在此基础上,比较研究了位序累计规模模型和乡村位序—规模法则在河湟地区的适用性和准确性,厘清了河湟地区乡村聚落规模分布的特征和演变规律。研究显示：① 位序累积规模模型是一个单调递增的凹函数（P ≥ 1）,函数表达式随着聚落规模分布的帕累托系数变化而变化。当1 ≤ P&lt;1.20225时,S_i=aln(N_i)+b,拟合系数a与首位聚落规模呈正相关;当P ≥ 1.20225时,$S_i=be^{aln(N_i)}$,聚落规模变异系数和首位聚落规模与拟合系数a呈负相关关系,而与拟合系数b则呈正相关关系。② 位序累积规模模型在河湟地区乡村聚落规模分布研究中具有良好的适用性和准确性,而乡村位序—规模法则不适用。③ 河湟地区乡村聚落规模分布为接近于帕累托系数为2的均衡分布且总体趋于集聚。未来河湟地区应有序推进乡村聚落向自然和社会经济条件较为优越区域适度集聚,合理制定区域乡村聚落布点规划和实用性村庄规划,走人与自然和谐共生、城乡融合发展的具有河湟地区特色的乡村振兴道路。

The ancient village possesses unique regional characteristics, integrated building structure, abundant material and intangible cultural heritage, and more importantly, they are still be used today. The rapid development of urbanization brings chances for the ancient villages and also deeply affects transformation of social economic structures of ancient villages. The thesis selects some representative old villages&mdash;historical cultural villages to analyze the balanced degree of spatial distribution of ancient villages, then discusses the influencing factors and finally puts forwards strategies to keep spatial balance of ancient villages and further lead simultaneous development of all the old villages in order to promote the progress of urban and rural integration. The study shows: (1) Chinese historic cultural villages have different characteristics in spatial distribution, spatial form, river system distribution, regional culture and transportation system. The majority of these villages are distributed along the river and are cultural centers, traffic hubs and birthplace of civilization in history; the villages form three centers, three sub-centers and four transition diffusion areas, and cultivate six cultural centers. (2) Chinese historic cultural villages mainly built in the Tang, Song, Ming and Qing dynasties, have a long history. Among the villages, the Ming Dynasty dominates the number and spatial distribution. (3) The reasons for their spatial uneven distribution include the resource endowment, limited selection criteria, economic development level and regional policy making.

古村落是具有文化遗产性质的乡村聚落,选取古村落发展中最具代表性的国家级历史文化名村来分析中国古村落的空间分布特征,探讨其影响因素和分布原因,从而进一步引导中国乡村地区的同步发展,促进城乡一体化进程。研究表明:① 我国历史文化名村主要沿河流分布、多是历史上的经济文化中心、交通要塞和文明的发祥地,并形成了3 大集中区、3 大相对集中区和4 大过渡扩散区,孕育了6 个文化区;② 中国历史文化名村建造时间跨度较大,但多集中在唐宋明清4 个朝代,明朝保留下来的古村落最多,分布范围最广;③ 造成中国历史文化名村分布不均衡的主要原因有资源禀赋特点、评定标准的局限、依托腹地的经济发达程度和区域政策导向。

This contribution focuses on tourists’ usage behaviour of Location-Based Services (LBS) during their vacation. LBS represents technologies that localise a user’s mobile device (Turowski &amp; Pousttchi 2004: 73) to offer services and content based on the user’s current geographical location (Egger &amp; Jooss 2010: 21; Frey et al. 2015: 124). In vacation spots tourists find themselves in a situation characterised by increased information and service needs (Link &amp; Seidl 2008: 56). Given that, LBS are considered to be promising services in the tourist industry (Egger &amp; Jooss 2010: 21). In order to make use of the entire potential of LBS in tourism, the following key question needs to be answered: Which factors influence tourists’ usage behaviour of LBS and which possibilities can be derived for tourism providers and destinations? To answer its research question, this empirical study follows a deductive approach using UTAUT2, a popular technology acceptance model. The findings show a high usage rate of LBS in vacation and indicate that especially performance expectancy, effort expectancy as well as hedonic motivation influence the rate of usage. Considering these main causes, we derive theoretical implications as well as valuable clues for tourism management in practice.

The continuous remote sensing monitoring of land use/cover change at the national scale is of great scientific significance for land spatial planning and blueprint drawing of "Beautiful China" in the new era. Landsat 8 OLI, GF-2 and other satellite remote sensing data were used to develop the data of land use change across China during 2015-2020 and China Land Use/Cover Dataset in 2020 (CLUD 2020) by integrating remote sensing big data and expert knowledge-assisted human-computer interaction interpretation methods. Long time series land use dynamic database at a 30-m resolution in China was established at 5-year interval in the end of 1980s-2020. On this basis, the general trend, regional differences and main characteristics of land use change in 2015-2020 were revealed from national and regional scales. The research indicated that integrating vegetation cover change at a 30-m resolution and land change information generated by remotely sensed big-data cloud calculation into the expert human-computer interaction interpretation can effectively improve the efficiency of mapping and the accuracy of land use change detection. The overall accuracy of CLUD 2020 first-level type mapping reaches 95%. In general, the intensity of territorial development entered a stable state compared with 2010-2015. During the period, the cropland continued to decrease. Nationwide farmland was encroached by urban development and construction, paddy fields in Northeast China continued to decrease, and cultivated land in Xinjiang was reclaimed in the south and abandoned in the north. The built-up land continued to increase, showing a spatial pattern that "the expansion of built-up land changed from the agglomeration of coastal areas and mega and large cities in 2010-2015 to the surrounding sprawl of large, medium and small towns in the central and western regions in 2015-2020". Although the area of natural ecological land for forest and grass continued to decrease nationwide, the intensity decreased compared with 2010-2015. Under the continuous impact of climate change, the area of water in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau increased significantly. The pattern of land use change is closely related to the national macro strategy for high-quality development during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period (2016-2020) and ecological civilization construction, as well as the impact of climate change.

持续地开展国家尺度土地利用/覆盖变化遥感监测对于新时代国土空间规划和&#x0201c;美丽中国&#x0201d;蓝图绘制具有重要的科学价值。本文采用Landsat 8 OLI、GF-2等卫星遥感数据,融合遥感大数据云计算和专家知识辅助人机交互解译方法,研发了中国土地利用变化（2015&#x02014;2020年）和2020年土地利用现状矢量数据（CLUD 2020）,建立了完整的30 a（20世纪80年代末&#x02014;2020年）每隔5 a的30 m分辨率中国土地利用动态数据库。基于CLUD 2020数据,从全国和区域两个尺度揭示了2015&#x02014;2020年中国土地利用变化的总体规律、区域分异和主要特征。研究表明：将遥感大数据云计算生成的30 m分辨率植被覆盖变化和地表类型变化检测信息融入到人机交互遥感解译方法,可有效地提高大范围土地利用变化遥感制图的效率和变化图斑辨识的准确性;精度评价表明,CLUD 2020一级类型制图的综合精度达95%。总体上,全国范围内国土空间开发强度与2010&#x02014;2015年比较进入相对稳定状态。期间全国耕地面积仍保持减少态势,空间分异特征为耕地南减北增,东北松嫩平原及其与三江平原交界区大规模的旱地向水田转移,西北新疆南部开垦和北部退耕/撂荒并存;全国城乡建设用地持续增加,空间分异特征表现为由以往的沿海地区和超大、大城市集聚转向中西部地区的大中小城镇周边蔓延为主。全国范围的林草自然生态用地面积持续减少,但强度与2010&#x02014;2015年比较有所下降;受气候变化的持续影响,青藏高原地区的河流湖泊等水域面积显著增加。以上土地利用变化格局与&#x0201c;十三五&#x0201d;期间国家高质量发展、生态文明建设宏观战略和气候变化的影响密切相关。

A consistently processed annual global nighttime lights time series (2012–2019) was produced using monthly cloud-free radiance averages made from low light imaging day/night band (DNB) data collected by the NASA/NOAA Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The processing steps are modified from the original methods developed to produce annual nighttime lights products from nightly data. Only two years of VIIRS nighttime lights (VNL) were produced with the V.1 methods: 2015 and 2016. Here we report on methods used to produce a V.2 VNL time series from the monthly averages with filtering to remove extraneous features such as biomass burning, aurora, and background. In this case, outlier removal is achieved with a twelve-month median, which discards high and low radiance outliers, thus isolating the background to a narrow range of radiances under 1 nW/cm2/sr. Background areas with no detectable lighting are further isolated using a statistical measure of texture, 3 × 3 data range (DR). The DR threshold for zeroing out background rises as the number of cloud-free observations falls. The V.2 method extends the temporal leverage in the noise filtering by developing the DR threshold from a multiyear maximum DR and a multiyear percent cloud-free grid. Additional noise filtering is achieved by zeroing out grid cells that have low average radiances (&lt;0.6 nW/cm2/sr) and detection in only one or two years out of eight. The spatial extent and average radiance levels are compared for the V.1 and V.2 2015 VNL. For the vast majority of grid cells, the average radiances are nearly the same in the two products. However, the V.2 product has more areas of dim lighting detected. The key advantages of the V.2 time series include consistent processing and threshold levels across all years, thus optimizing the set for change detection analyses.

Development zones are important growth poles for promoting regional economic development. However, the spatiotemporal relationship between development zone construction and urban land growth is still unclear. This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal changes of national-level development zones (NDZs), approximately 219 national economic development zones, and 156 high-tech development zones during 1990-2018 in China. The impact of development zone establishment on the growth of surrounding urban land was quantitatively explored using circle buffering analysis and time series comparative analysis. The results show that China’s NDZs spread from the southeast coast to the inland area from 1990 to 2018, and the establishment of the development zones has an obvious promoting effect on the surrounding urban land growth. The scope and intensity of influences of the development zone established in different periods present distinct nonstationarity in space and time. Overall, the impact on urban land (IU) of China’s NDZs established in different years was mostly highest at the 100 m buffer zone radius, while the slope of the IU was mostly negative, which meant that the 100 m buffer zone radius of the development zone center was the most efficient scale to promote urban land growth. In the meantime, the curve of IU of NDZs established before 1990, during 1996-2000 and 2001-2005 has a clear inflection point, which indicates that the most efficient scales of NDZs established before 1990, during 1996-2000, and 2001-2005 are 1300 m, 900-1000 m, and 800 m, respectively. NDZs established in other periods do not have the most obvious efficient scale. The development zone played the greatest role in promoting urban land growth from 2000 to 2010. Three association modes, including post-growth, pre-growth and steady-growth, were identified based on the differences in geographical location, establishment time, and type of development zones. We quantitatively identify the impact of the growth pole of NDZs on urban land growth from the perspective of spatiotemporal evolution. The findings would provide decision-making support for optimizing the spatial relationship between development zone construction and urban land growth.

The potential of rural homestead withdrawal, with typical characteristics of regional differentiation and spatial association, is the basis for the stratified implementation of rural homestead system reform. This study analyzed the logical relationship of rural homestead withdrawal based on the theoretical potential, willingness potential, and real potential. A hierarchical collaborative zoning method of potential of rural homestead withdrawal is proposed by combining the analysis of space combination with the coupling model. We took Yicheng City in Hubei Province as an example to carry out the empirical research. The differentiation and coupling relationship of the three types of potentials of rural homestead withdrawal were well revealed in Yicheng City. The zoning of rural homestead withdrawal and the optimization direction for different zones were identified. The results show that: (1) The theoretical potential of rural homestead withdrawal in Yicheng is widely distributed, while the willingness potential and real potential show a typical core-periphery feature, which means that the willingness potential and real potential in the central plain area is significantly higher than those in the surrounding hilly areas. The proportion of migrant workers is an important factor affecting the areal proportion of willingness to withdraw from homesteads. (2) The combination analysis of the three types of potentials shows that more than half of the villages (communities) exhibit hierarchical consistency, while the three types of potentials within the non-consistent areas of the hierarchical combination are mainly low level coupling. (3) The rural homestead withdrawal area of Yicheng City is divided into five zones, including priority withdrawal area, key withdrawal area, general withdrawal area, elastic withdrawal area, and willingness limit area. Among them, the priority withdrawal area is the key site to implement rural homestead withdrawal reform pilot projects. The government should construct a differentiated zoning withdrawal mechanism centered on farmers’ interests and a protection mechanism of farmers’ long-term benefits based on clarifying the direction of rural homestead withdrawal and transformative development.

农村宅基地退出潜力具有典型的地域分异性和空间关联性特征,是分类实施农村宅基地制度改革的基础。本文基于理论潜力、意愿潜力和现实潜力3个层次,深入探讨农村宅基地退出的内在逻辑关系,运用空间组合分析和耦合度模型,提出一种农村宅基地退出潜力分层协同分区方法,以湖北省宜城市为例揭示3类农村宅基地退出潜力的分异特征和耦合关系,识别农村宅基地退出的分区类型及其优化方向。结果表明：①宜城市农村宅基地退出理论潜力分布广泛,意愿潜力和现实潜力呈现出典型的&#x0201c;中心-边缘&#x0201d;特征,外出务工人数占比是影响农村宅基地退出意愿潜力的重要因子;②3类退出潜力的组合分析显示超过一半的村（社区）具有分级一致性,而分级组合非一致区的3类潜力以低水平耦合为主;③宜城市农村宅基地退出可划分为5个区,包括优先退出区、重点退出区、一般退出区、弹性退出区和意愿限制区;其中,优先退出区是推进农村宅基地退出改革试点的重点。政府应在明确农村宅基地退出与转型发展方向的基础上,构建以农户利益为中心的差异化分区退出机制和农户长久利益保障机制。

Spatial stratified heterogeneity is the spatial expression of natural and socio-economic process, which is an important approach for human to recognize nature since Aristotle. Geodetector is a new statistical method to detect spatial stratified heterogeneity and reveal the driving factors behind it. This method with no linear hypothesis has elegant form and definite physical meaning. Here is the basic idea behind Geodetector: assuming that the study area is divided into several subareas. The study area is characterized by spatial stratified heterogeneity if the sum of the variance of subareas is less than the regional total variance; and if the spatial distribution of the two variables tends to be consistent, there is statistical correlation between them. Q-statistic in Geodetector has already been applied in many fields of natural and social sciences which can be used to measure spatial stratified heterogeneity, detect explanatory factors and analyze the interactive relationship between variables. In this paper, the authors will illustrate the principle of Geodetector and summarize the characteristics and applications in order to facilitate the using of Geodetector and help readers to recognize, mine and utilize spatial stratified heterogeneity.

空间分异是自然和社会经济过程的空间表现,也是自亚里士多德以来人类认识自然的重要途径。地理探测器是探测空间分异性,以及揭示其背后驱动因子的一种新的统计学方法,此方法无线性假设,具有优雅的形式和明确的物理含义。基本思想是：假设研究区分为若干子区域,如果子区域的方差之和小于区域总方差,则存在空间分异性;如果两变量的空间分布趋于一致,则两者存在统计关联性。地理探测器q统计量,可用以度量空间分异性、探测解释因子、分析变量之间交互关系,已经在自然和社会科学多领域应用。本文阐述地理探测器的原理,并对其特点及应用进行了归纳总结,以利于读者方便灵活地使用地理探测器来认识、挖掘和利用空间分异性。

Rural revitalization strategy is the general starting point for China's agriculture, rural areas and farmers in the new era. Because of the significant differences in rural areas in China, it is necessary to promote rural revitalization strategy according to local conditions, regional guidance and classification. Based on the theory of regional system of human-land relationship, this study constructs a comprehensive index system and measurement model to measure the level of rural development from the perspectives of resource endowments, geographical environment, humanistic elements and economic level, divides the areal types in rural China, and suggests the regional development ways. The results show that the level of rural comprehensive development in China varies significantly from east to west and that level in the eastern region is generally higher than that in the central and western regions. China's rural areal types can be divided into 11 first-class zones and 45 second-class zones, and there are distinct regional differences among different types. Geographical environment is the decisive factor for the differentiation of rural areal types, and resource endowment or resource type is the key factor for rural regional differentiation, and human and economic factors play an important role in the transformation and development of rural areal system. The connotation of rural areal differentiation lies in the difference of development level and industrial structure. The difference of rural development level is the comprehensive reflection of the interaction of many factors such as resource endowment, function orientation, location condition, national or regional policy, and historical background. From the perspective of human-land relationship, this study analyzes the characteristics, problems and development strategies in different types of rural areas so as to provide theoretical basis and decision-making guidance for the smooth promotion of the rural revitalization strategy in the new period.

由于我国乡村地域差异显著,乡村振兴需分类有序推进。本研究立足于人地关系地域系统理论,从资源、环境、人文、经济等维度构建了度量乡村综合发展水平的指标体系和计量模型,划分了乡村地域类型,明确了分区发展途径。结果表明,我国乡村综合发展水平区域差异显著,呈现明显的自东向西递减规律;全国乡村地域类型可以划分为11个一级区和45个二级区,不同类型区制约因子各异;乡村发展水平差异是资源禀赋、功能定位、区位条件、政策文化等因子交互作用的综合体现。地理环境是乡村地域类型分异的决定性因素,资源禀赋状况是乡村地域分异的关键因子,人文和经济因素在乡村系统转型发展中扮演着重要作用。通过对乡村地域类型、特征及其分异机制的研究,为乡村振兴战略的顺利推进提供了理论依据。

This study constructs a conceptual research framework for the protection of traditional villages, and focuses on the macro perspective of regional protection level and its influencing factors with geographic analysis techniques. The conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The conceptual research framework includes models of evaluation system and influencing factors. The evaluation system model includes three levels from macro to micro, namely, the spatial and temporal distribution, the overall protection level, and the single attribute. The evaluation of overall protection level is divided into the macroscopic regional protection and the microscopic community protection. Retention rates and distribution densities are the two important dimensions to evaluate the level of regional protection. The influencing factors model includes two types of basic analysis based on time, space, and the classification. (2) The regional protection levels of traditional villages in Southwest China show significant spatial differences, and five hotspots are formed in the boundary area of administrative divisions. (3) The geographical factors that affect the regional protection level of traditional villages in Southwest China are terrain, river system, central city, and arterial roads. Among the economic and social factors, the scale of intangible cultural heritage is the most important one. There are significant spatial differences in the correlation coefficients of population density, economic development, traffic construction, traffic flow, and the scale of intangible cultural heritage. Urbanization rate and industrial structure have no significant influence on the regional protection level. This research enriches the theoretical system for the protection of traditional villages from individual cases to an integrated study, from micro to macro, from scattered to systematic, from single to multiple methods, which has important theoretical and practical value.

本文在理论层面构建传统村落保护研究模型,并以西南地区为例,分析宏观视角下传统村落区域保护水平及影响因素。结论显示：① 传统村落保护研究模型涵盖评价体系和影响因素两个子模型。评价体系模型包含从宏观到微观的传统村落时空分布、整体保护水平和单一属性3个层次,其中整体保护水平分为宏观区域和微观社区两个亚层,保存率和分布密度是评价区域保护水平的简易方法;影响因素模型包含基于时间、空间和类型划分的两类基本分析模型。② 西南地区传统村落区域保护水平呈现显著空间分异,在行政区划边界地区形成5个热点集聚区,丽江市传统村落保存率最高,黔东南州分布密度最高。③ 影响西南地区传统村落宏观保护水平的地理区位因素为海拔、水系、中心城市和交通干道。经济社会因素中,非遗规模是最重要的影响因素,人口密度、经济发展、交通建设、交通流动和非遗规模的相关系数存在显著空间分异,城镇化率、产业结构对于区域保护水平无显著影响。本文是对传统村落保护理论体系由个案向整体、由微观向宏观、由零散向系统、由单一向多元方法的推进,具有重要理论和实践价值。

The integration of culture and tourism is conductive to the realization of the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization. Taking 16 typical traditional villages in Beijing as cases, this study proposes the evaluation system and influencing factor model of the integration of culture and tourism of traditional villages. Based on the TOPSIS model supported by entropy method, it analyzes the level of the integration of culture and tourism of traditional villages. Moreover, we discuss the main influencing factors and their paths of the integration of culture and tourism of traditional villages by using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fs/QCA). The results can be concluded as follows: (1) The integration of culture and tourism of traditional villages is a dynamic process that continues to promote the comprehensive revitalization by deepening resource integration, advancing product cultivation and strengthening industry functions. (2) There are obvious differences in the development level of the integration of culture and tourism of case villages. Specifically, the level of each village in the four dimensions presents the characteristic of differentiation and imbalance. (3) None of single factors can constitute the necessary and sufficient conditions of the integration development of culture and tourism. (4) There are three influencing paths of the integration of culture and tourism of traditional villages, namely, mature development path, rapid development path and progressive development path, which correspond to their respective combinations of influencing factors. This study could provide theoretical inspiration and scientific guidance for the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization of traditional villages from the perspective of the integration of culture and tourism.

文旅融合发展有助于推动城乡融合发展与乡村全面振兴。以北京市16个典型传统村落为研究对象，在探讨传统村落文旅融合发展理论框架的基础上，使用层次分析法构建传统村落文旅融合发展水平指标体系，运用加权TOPSIS模型进行传统村落文旅融合发展水平评价分析，采用模糊定性分析法（fs/QCA）解析传统村落文旅融合发展的主要影响因素及其组合路径。结果表明：① 传统村落文旅融合发展是一个沿着“文旅资源深度融合—文旅产品体系培育—文旅产业功能提升”脉络，持续向传统村落地域系统释放综合效益，进而推动传统村落全面振兴的动态过程。② 案例村落的文旅融合发展水平整体差异较大，不同效益维度呈现梯级分化的典型特征，各村自身在4个效益维度上的水平具有非均衡性。③ 单因素必要性分析中，所有单变量因素均无法单独成为传统村落文旅融合发展的必要条件。④ 传统村落文旅融合发展的影响因素组合路径共有3种类型，即成熟发展路径、快速发展路径及渐进发展路径，分别对应着不同的影响要素组合。本文从文旅融合视角为传统村落全面振兴与城乡融合发展提供了理论基础和科技支撑。

The creative utilization of resources is an important foundation and key driving force for rural tourism to promote common prosperity, as well as a major scientific issue and practical demand. The interview shows that rural tourism is developing vigorously, but there are still some practical problems such as insufficient understanding, unclear mechanisms and limited promotion effect. Given that the weaknesses and potential of common prosperity are all in the countryside, we should continue to pay attention to them from different perspectives. To solve the above problems, we should clarify the connotation and driving logic of the theory of rural tourism promoting common prosperity, innovate the rural tourism industry system, and build a model and realization mechanism for promoting common prosperity based on the practice of villagers' participation mechanism and endogenous power cultivation, cultural resources protection and inheritance and the promotion mechanism for common prosperity of spiritual life, digital empowerment mechanism and path, tourism income distribution system reform, spatial effect and land use optimization; and we also should promote balanced, coordinated and inclusive development. This paper aims to provide theoretical support and application basis for the creative use of rural tourism resources and the promotion of common prosperity.

资源创造性利用是乡村旅游促进共同富裕的重要基础和关键动力，也是重大科学问题和现实需求。访谈表明：乡村旅游蓬勃发展，但仍存在认识不足、机理不清、促进效应有限等现实问题。鉴于共同富裕短板、弱项、潜力均在乡村，要从不同视角持续关注。紧扣这一问题，要厘清乡村旅游促进共同富裕的理论内涵与驱动逻辑、创新乡村旅游产业体系、构建促进共同富裕模式与实现机制等；还要落脚于村民参与机制与内生动力培育、文化资源保护传承及对精神生活共同富裕促进机制、数字赋能机制与路径、旅游收入分配制度改革、空间效应与土地利用优化等实践中，并促进平衡性、协调性、包容性发展等。以便为乡村旅游资源创造性利用、促进共同富裕提供理论支撑和应用依据。

China is a large agricultural country, and issues concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers are closely related to national economic and social development. To achieve the "Two Centenary Goals", rural revitalization strategy has become the choice to resolve unbalanced urban-rural development and inadequate rural development in China. Rural development is a comprehensive process of cycle accumulation and dynamic evolution of rural regional system. Thus, it is of great significance to systematically analyze the process and regional pattern of rural development to scientifically promote the implementation of rural revitalization strategy in the new era. Based on the theory of human-earth areal system and human-earth system science, this study examines the process and features of rural development in China from 1978 to 2050, discusses the internal relationship between rural transformation and rural revitalization, reveals the spatial pattern of the level of county rural revitalization in 2017, and finally puts forward the key problems and countermeasures for rural revitalization in the new era. Results show that the evolution of China's rural development in the period of 1978-2050 can be divided into three stages, i.e. solving the problem of food and clothing (1978-2005), building a well-off society (2005-2020) and realizing prosperity (2020-2050). In general, it is a dynamic and continuous process from low-level and basic-type to high-quality and innovation-type. Rural revitalization is a special stage of rural transformation, and a strategic choice to solve the prominent problem in rural development when it has evolved to a certain stage, thus boosting rural development to a higher stage. In 2017, when rural revitalization strategy was initiated, the level of rural revitalization in 57.3% of the counties in China was between 0.40 and 0.50, and there was an obvious gradient differentiation from the east to the west, with significant clustering characteristics and positive correlation. Specifically, the counties featured by "high-high (H-H)" clustering were mainly distributed in the third step of the terrain and the middle of Sichuan Basin; while the counties featured by "low-low (L-L)" clustering were concentrated in western China except Sichuan Basin, the eastern part of Inner Mongolia and the north of Tianshan Mountains. Due to the regionalism, stage and the difference in constraints of rural development, the focuses of rural revitalization in the new era lie in scientifically identifying the targeting areas of rural revitalization, comprehensively judging the trends of rural development, and systematically diagnosing the dominant constraints of different types of rural areas, so as to take targeted measures to make up for the shortcomings of the modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Besides, it is necessary to fully understand the interactions between urban and rural areas, thus promoting urban-rural integrated development.

乡村发展是乡村地域系统循环累积与动态演化的结果,全面梳理乡村发展历史脉络与地域分异格局,对于科学推动新时代乡村振兴战略落实具有重要意义。基于人地关系地域系统理论和人地系统科学认知,本文解析了1978—2050年中国乡村发展演化进程,探讨了乡村转型发展与乡村振兴的内在逻辑,揭示了中国县域乡村振兴水平的空间格局,进而提出了新时代乡村振兴的关键问题及其路径对策。研究表明：① 中国1978—2050年的乡村发展可划分为解决温饱、小康建设和实现富裕三个主要阶段,是一个由低水平、基础型向高质量、创新型不断发展的过程;② 乡村振兴本质上是乡村转型发展的一个特殊阶段,是乡村发展演化到一定阶段后,为解决其面临的突出问题以向更高层次迈进的战略选择;③ 2017年中国57.3%的县域乡村振兴综合水平介于0.40~0.50之间,在空间上呈现出明显的东中西地域分异,并具有显著的聚集特征和正相关性;④ 新时代乡村振兴战略的落实重在科学识别乡村振兴的瞄准区域,综合研判乡村发展演化的趋势,系统诊断乡村地域类型的主导制约因素,全面认知城乡耦合互动的逻辑关系,进而采取针对性措施推进农业农村现代化。

Based on the five lists of traditional villages published by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (China) and the poverty-stricken villages in poverty alleviation for a whole village during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015), this paper analyzes the distribution pattern and spatial correlation of Chinese traditional villages and poverty-stricken villages, and discusses the relationship between the spatial correlation and regional natural environment and socio-economic factors. The results show that: (1) In terms of the spatial distribution relationship between traditional villages and poor villages, the regions with high-density traditional villages and high-density poor villages are mainly distributed in provincial-level regions of Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, the border of Guangxi, the north of Shanxi, which are mostly contiguous poverty-stricken mountainous areas. Regions with low-density traditional villages and low-density poor villages (low-low type) are generally located in coastal and border areas, while low-high type areas are generally located in provincial border areas; the villages of high-low type are mainly distributed in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces with high economic development level. (2) Taking the low-low type regions as the reference, the low-high type areas are significantly negatively correlated with transport accessibility and regional economic development, and positively correlated with population, temperature, elevation and slope, which indicates that the risk of poverty is higher in areas with larger population and worse natural conditions (higher temperature, gradient and elevation). (3) Compared with low-low type areas, high-low type areas have a significant positive correlation with urbanization rate, which indicates that areas with higher density of traditional villages tend to have higher urbanization rate, and the urbanization process has no serious impact on the protection of traditional villages. There is a significant negative correlation between transport accessibility, population and high-high type areas. (4) The influence of different slope, temperature and precipitation areas on the spatial correlation of traditional villages and poor villages is different. It is necessary to make strategies for poverty alleviation and development of traditional villages according to local conditions. This paper aims to provide some guidance and support for China's poverty alleviation and rural revitalization based on the protection and development of traditional villages.

以住房和城乡建设部公布的五批传统村落及&#x0201C;十二五&#x0201D;期间&#x0201C;整村推进&#x0201D;贫困村为对象,分析中国传统村落和贫困村的空间相关性,并探讨其与区域自然环境和社会经济因素之间的关系。研究发现：（1）传统村落与贫困村的空间相关性方面,传统村落密度高—贫困村密度高的聚类区域主要分布在湖北、湖南、贵州以及广西的交界、山西北部,集中在连片特困山区。低—低类型区域主要集中在东北沿边、西北以及部分沿海地区,低—高类型区域集中在省际边界地区,高—低类型区域则主要分布在经济发展水平较高的浙江和福建。（2）将传统村落密度低—贫困村密度低类作为参照,低—高类区域与交通可达性水平、地区经济发展显著负相关,与人口、气温、高程、坡度这几个变量显著正相关;说明传统村落密度低的区域,人口更多、交通可达性水平差、地区经济发展更差、自然条件更为恶劣（气温变化、坡度和高程增加,降水量少）地区,陷入贫困的风险也更高。（3）相对低—低类型区域,城镇化率与高—低类型区域显著正相关,说明当同时位于低密度贫困村区域时,传统村落密度更好的地区其城镇化率也更高,城镇化进程没有严重冲击传统村落的保护;高—高类区域与交通可达性水平、人口呈显著负相关。（4）不同坡度、气温、降水量对传统村落与贫困村分布空间相关性的影响情况均有所不同,因此有必要因地制宜制定传统村落扶贫开发策略。研究成果可为我国基于传统村落保护和开发的乡村振兴提供一定的对象指引支撑。