Resilience is a basic characteristic of the rural system, which plays a crucial role in rural revitalization. By the end of 2020, China had completed the mission of poverty alleviation in the new era. However, rural development in some areas is of low quality and when facing external risks and challenges, these areas have the risk of returning to poverty. Therefore it is urgent to improve rural resilience. This study selected Yangyuan County of Hebei Province in the contiguous poverty-stricken area of Yanshan-Taihang Mountains as the research object. The "Pressure-State-Response" (PSR) model was constructed to comprehensively evaluate the rural economic resilience. The study found that: 1) The average value of rural economic resilience in Yangyuan County is 0.13 (total score is 1), which indicates that the quality of rural economic development is not high. 2) The areas located near the town and township seats and close to the main traffic lines display high economic resilience. In contrast, mountainous areas and areas far from the main traffic lines display low economic resilience. 3) Low per capita income of rural households, low per capita arable land, and insufficient investment in rural fixed assets are the main constraints to economic resilience. The article proposed four aspects to improve rural resilience: establishing multi-level development system of "individual farmers-rural collectives-urban centers", strengthening the development of infrastructure such as rural transportation and communication systems, promoting farmers' skill training, and strengthening the collective economy of the villages. Developing key towns-central villages-new rural communities effectively accelerates the development of ruralization, which drives rural development together with urbanization.

韧性是乡村地域系统的基本属性,对于推进乡村振兴与高质量发展具有重要支撑作用。截至2020年底,中国如期完成了新时代脱贫攻坚目标任务,然而,一些脱贫地区乡村发展水平不高,面临外界风险与挑战冲击时存在返贫风险,亟需提升乡村韧性。论文选取燕山—太行山集中连片贫困区的阳原县为研究对象,构建了“压力—状态—响应”模型(PSR),综合评价了14个乡镇、264个行政村的经济韧性。研究发现：① 阳原县乡村经济韧性平均值为0.13 (总分为1),水平偏低,乡村经济基础薄弱、发展质量不高;② 经济韧性水平较高的村庄主要分布于邻近交通干线地区,山地区和距离交通干线较远地区的乡村经济韧性水平较低;③ 农户家庭年人均纯收入偏低、人均耕地面积较少、乡村人均固定资产投资不足是经济韧性的关键制约因素。论文指出,应构建“农户个体—乡村集体—城镇中心体”的多级发展体系,强化乡村交通、通讯等基础设施建设和农户技能培训,壮大村集体经济,推进以重点镇、中心村、新型农村社区为载体的村镇化发展,实现村镇化与城市化“双轮驱动”。

Social-Ecological System (SES) is composed of social subsystem, ecological subsystem and the interaction between them; its structure, functions, and characteristics are different from those of social subsystem or ecological subsystem alone. Relying on adaptive social mechanisms of power-sharing and decision making, the adaptive governance of SES aims to guarantee human well-being in a sustainable manner under dynamic conditions. Adaptive governance theory is influenced by "common pool resources management", "resilience" and "governance", and lays a foundation for the construction of transformative governance and collaborative governance. This theory has three main objectives: (1) understanding and coping with the multi-stability, nonlinearity, uncertainty, integrity and complexity of SES; (2) establishing non-confrontational social structure, power-sharing structure and decision-making structure, and match with social subsystem and ecological subsystem; (3) achieving sustainable management of ecosystem services through an integrated approach. Therefore, in the face of the "Anthropocene" of human-behaviour-dominant surface processes, achieving adaptive governance helps to deal with the complexity and uncertainty of SES. Given the rapid changes in China's environment and the increasingly complicated interactions between China and countries all over the world, it will be helpful for future studies to pay close attention to the following fields: (1) understand the multi-interaction processes of a coupled system, and enhance its adaptability; (2) emphasize the significance of a holistic approach of studying SES; (3) improve the ability to understand and predict system dynamics in the context of environmental change.

社会—生态系统（SES）由社会子系统、生态子系统及两者的交互作用构成,具有不同于社会系统或生态系统单独具有的结构、功能和复杂特征。社会—生态系统适应性治理旨在通过适应性的社会权利分配与行为决策机制,使社会—生态系统能够在动态条件下可持续地保障人类福祉。适应性治理理论的形成受到“公共池塘资源管理”“韧性”和“治理”3方面理论的影响,并为“转型治理”与“协作治理”提供了建构基础。该理论具有以下3个主要目的：① 理解和应对社会—生态系统多稳态、非线性、不确定性、整体性以及复杂性;② 建立非对抗性的社会结构、权利分配制度以及行为决策体系,匹配社会子系统与自然子系统;③ 通过综合方法管理生态系统,使其可持续提供生态系统服务。因此,面对人类行为主导地表过程的“人类世”,实现适应性治理有助于应对社会—生态系统的复杂性与不确定性。鉴于中国的生态环境正处于迅速变化时期,且中国与世界各国间的相互影响日益复杂,未来研究可重点关注以下3个方面：① 理解耦合系统的多元互动过程,增强适应能力;② 强调社会—生态系统的整体性研究;③ 提高环境变化背景下理解和预测系统动态的能力。

The resources and environment carrying capacity (RECC) is a barometer of the development of urban territory space, so exploring the spatial characteristics of RECC is greatly significant for optimizing the territory spatial pattern. In this context, this paper uses new urban geographic information data, such as night-time lights and atmospheric remote sensing, points of interest, historical traffic situation and social media, on the basis of relevant procedures and guidelines. Furthermore, a theoretical framework based on the covert-resilient-overt analysis of the spatial characteristics of urban RECC is proposed, and a method combining spatial autocorrelation and fractal geometry is developed for spatial characteristics mining of RECC. Taking Wuhan as an example to carry out research, the results show that: (1) The distribution of RECC in Wuhan has significant spatial heterogeneity. Areas with higher covert carrying capacity are concentrated in the Huangpi District and Xinzhou District with superior ecological environment in the northern periphery of the city, areas with high resilient carrying capacity are concentrated in the central urban area with strong comprehensive risk response capabilities, and areas with high overt carrying capacity are located in the sub-center of the city with sound basic functions. (2) The RECC in Wuhan has positive spatial aggregation, and it shows significant radius-centripetal fractal and circle characteristics. The areas of high covert carrying capacity spread radially around, and the areas with high resilient carrying capacity are concentrated in the core of the city in a centripetal shape, the areas with high overt carrying capacity are between the areas with high values of covert and resilient carrying capacity. In conclusion, the spatial characteristics analysis and mining method system of urban RECC constructed in this paper make up for the shortcomings of the low dynamics of traditional data by introducing multi-source spatial temporal data, and improves the theoretical and technical paradigm of urban RECC research. The research provides a new way of thinking for the carrying capacity of urban resources and environment.

资源环境承载力是衡量城市国土空间发展状况的晴雨表,深入揭示资源环境承载力系统要素的相互作用机理对城市国土空间格局优化具有重大意义。本文在双评价指南的基础上引入夜光/大气遥感、兴趣点、交通态势、社交媒体等多源时空数据,建立了基于隐性—韧性—显性的城市资源环境承载力空间特征分析理论框架,提出了空间自相关和分形几何相结合的承载力空间特征挖掘方法。以武汉市为例开展研究,结果表明：① 武汉市资源环境承载力呈显著空间异质性,隐性承载力指数高值区分布于城市外围生态环境优越的区域,韧性承载力指数高值区集中于综合风险应对能力较强的中心城区,显性承载力指数高值区位于各项基础功能均较为健全的城市次中心一带;② 武汉市资源环境承载力存在正向空间聚集性,并呈显著半径向心分形特征,隐性承载力指数高值区呈放射状向四周扩散,韧性承载力指数高值区呈向心状聚集在城市核心圈层,显性承载力指数高值区分布于则介于二者之间。本文构建的城市资源环境承载力空间特征分析与挖掘方法体系,通过引入多源时空数据弥补了传统数据现势性的不足,完善了城市资源环境承载力研究的理论和技术范式,可为新时期城市资源环境承载力研究提供一种新思路。

Urban resilience is an emerging research topic of urban studies, and its essence is the ability of cities to resist, recover and adapt to uncertain disturbances. This paper first constructs a "Size-Density-Morphology" urban ecological resilience evaluation system, and then uses the coupling coordination degree model to measure the degree of coupling coordination between urbanization and ecological resilience in the Pearl River Delta from 2000 to 2015, and conducts an in-depth discussion on its temporal and spatial characteristics. The results show that: (1) From 2000 to 2015, the urbanization level of cities in the study area generally increased while the level of ecological resilience declined. The coupling coordination degree between the two systems decreased from basic coordination to basic imbalance. (2) In terms of spatial distribution, the coupling coordination degree between ecological resilience and urbanization of cities presented a circle pattern that centered on the cities at the mouth of the Pearl River and increased toward the periphery. (3) Ecological resilience subsystems played different roles in the coupling coordination between urbanization and ecological resilience. Specifically, size resilience mainly played a reverse blocking role; the influence of morphological resilience was mainly positive and continued to increase over time; the effect of density resilience was positive and continued to decline and further became negative after falling below zero. Leading the coordinated development of regions with new urbanization, and improving ecological resilience by strictly observing the three areas and three lines, adapting to ecological carrying capacity, and rationally arranging urban green spaces, are the main path for achieving coordinated and sustainable development of urbanization and ecological resilience in the Pearl River Delta in the future.

城市韧性是新兴的研究话题,其实质为城市面对不确定性扰动的抵抗、恢复及适应能力。本文构建“规模—密度—形态”三维城市生态韧性评价体系,借鉴物理学耦合模型测算2000—2015年珠三角城市城镇化与生态韧性的耦合协调度,并对其时空变化特征进行深入探讨。结果表明：2000—2015年珠三角各市的城镇化水平总体不断提升,生态韧性水平持续降低,两者耦合协调度总体由基本协调向基本失调下滑。在空间分布上,珠三角地区城镇化与生态韧性的耦合协调度呈现出以珠江入海口城市为中心、向外围递增的圈层式格局。从生态韧性子系统对城镇化与生态韧性耦合协调的作用来看,规模韧性主要起反向阻滞作用;形态韧性的协调影响力主要为正向,且随时间推移不断增强;密度韧性的正向协调影响力持续下降,且在低于零值后负向增长。以新型城镇化引领区域协调发展,并通过严守三区三线、适应生态承载力、合理布局城市绿地等方法提高生态韧性,是未来珠三角实现城镇化与生态韧性协调可持续发展的主要路径。

Aiming at building a safe city, this study proposed a “Size-Density-Morphology” based three-dimensional urban resilience evaluation framework according to the theories and methods of geography and landscape ecology. By using the framework, the urban resilience of each county in Dalian city during 2000-2016 was evaluated. There are three kinds of urban resilience, namely size resilience, density resilience and morphology resilience. The size resilience could be measured by ecological infrastructure tools; the density resilience could be measured by ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity; the morphology resilience could be measured by "Source-sink" landscape average distance index. In addition, this paper also analyzed the combining forms of the three types of resilience. This study demonstrates that the three-dimension evaluation framework has a unique capacity to identify the resilience characteristics of city, and it is a key bond which creates the connection of urban planning and urban resilience research. Findings are as follows: (1) The size safety is the primary constraint condition for urban spatial expansion. (2) Ecological carrying capacity is the safe threshold for urban density. (3) The spatial coupling of source and sink landscape is a basic feature of good urban morphology. (4) It is the combination of size-density-morphology resilience to determine the safety of the city rather than each single one. According to the analysis of combination characteristics of the "Size-Density-Morphology" resilience, four suggestions were put forward for the development of Dalian city in future. (1) Strictly limit the development intensity of central urban area and Jinzhou district to curb the urban sprawl trend; (2) Strictly control the development of the coastal zone and maintain the integrity of natural mountain and green vegetation patches; (3) Promote the balanced development on a whole city scale to improve the city's overall resilience; (4) Optimizing the development strategy of new urban area in order to form a good urban morphology.

以建设安全城市为目标,依据地理学和景观生态思想方法,构建基于“规模—密度—形态”的三维城市韧性研究框架,并对2000-2016年大连市各县市区的城市韧性进行评估。其中规模韧性利用生态基础设施工具进行度量,密度韧性利用生态足迹与生态承载力工具进行度量,形态韧性基于源汇景观平均距离指数进行度量。还对各年份三类韧性的组合形式进行综合评判。本文认为,“规模—密度—形态”三位一体的韧性评估方法可有效识别城市的韧性特征,是建立城市规划与城市韧性研究之间有效联系的纽带。研究发现：① 规模安全是城市空间扩张的基本约束条件;② 生态承载力是城市密度的安全阈值;③ “源—汇”景观的空间耦合是优良城市形态的基本特征;④ 是“规模—密度—形态”三个韧性的组合状况而不是某一单项指标决定城市的安全性。基于规模、密度、形态韧性及其组合特征判定,为未来大连的城市发展提出建议：① 严格限制中心城区与金州区开发强度,遏制其蔓延式增长趋势;② 严格控制海岸带开发,维持山体和绿色植被斑块的完整性;③ 促进市域均衡开发,提升城市整体韧性;④ 优化新市区开发战略,形成良好城市形态。

It is of great significance to enhance disaster prevention and response capacity to reveal the post-disaster economic development and recovery process, and to formulate the control policies and recovery methods for post-disaster economic reconstruction according to the economic resilience. Based on the long-term socio-economic data and ARIMA model, this paper calculated the economic resilience index of severely affected area of Wenchuan earthquake, and adopted the improved Variable Return to Scale (VRS) DEA model and Malmquist productivity index to analyze the efficiency and effect of annual post-disaster recovery. The results show that: (1) The economic resilience index of earthquake severely affected area is 0.877. The earthquake caused a short-term economic recession in the affected areas, but the economy returned to its pre-quake state within two years. In addition, the industrial economy is less resilient than agriculture and service industries. (2) The comprehensive economic recovery efficiency of the disaster-stricken area in the year after the disaster is 0.603. The comprehensive efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of the plain hilly area are significantly higher than those of the plateau mountain area. (3) The annual fluctuation of total factor productivity after the disaster was strong, and the economic recovery efficiency declined significantly, resulting in a short-term economic recession. The TFP index returned to steady state after a decline of 33.7% and 15.2% in the two years after the disaster. (4) The significant decline in the post-disaster recovery efficiency is mainly caused by technological changes, and the renewal of production system is the leading factor in determining the economic resilience after the disaster. With the decline in the scale of economic recovery, the long-term economic recovery in the study areas mainly depends on pure technical efficiency, and the improvement of pure technical efficiency is the driving force to maintain the long-term growth of post-disaster economy. Therefore, in view of the differences between the reconstruction of natural conditions and the stage of economic development, the disaster-stricken areas need to change and readjust their economic structures actively. Meanwhile, we should pay attention to updating production system to enhance the level of technological progress, and give full play to the scale effect of large-scale capital, facilities, manpower and other factors investment, so as to enhance the response to the disaster impact of economic resilience and recovery efficiency.

揭示灾后经济发展状态和恢复过程,按照灾区经济韧性科学制定灾后经济重建的调控政策与恢复手段,对增强灾害防范与系统应对能力具有重要意义。以汶川地震极重灾区为案例,基于长时序社会经济面板数据与ARIMA模型,测算灾区经济韧性指数,并运用改进的规模报酬可变DEA模型、Malmquist生产率指数分析灾后年际经济恢复效率及影响效应。结果显示：① 汶川地震极重灾区经济韧性指数为0.877,地震导致灾区短期经济衰退,但2年内恢复至震前水平,工业经济韧性低于农业和服务业。② 受灾当年灾区经济恢复综合效率为0.603,其中,平原丘陵区综合效率、纯技术效率、规模效率均显著优于高原山地区。③ 灾后全要素生产率的年际波动强烈,经济恢复效率显著下降造成短期经济衰退,灾后2年TFP指数下降33.7%和15.2%后恢复至稳态。④ 灾后恢复效率显著下降主因为技术变动因素,而生产体系更新程度决定了灾后经济韧性。随着灾后经济恢复的规模收益下降,灾区经济恢复主要依赖纯技术效率,提升纯技术效率是保持灾后经济长期增长的动力。可见,针对重建自然条件和经济发展阶段的差异性,灾区当地需积极进行经济结构调整和再适应,同时,通过生产体系更新提升技术进步水平,以发挥灾后大规模资金、设施、人力等要素投入的规模效应,从而增强应对灾害冲击的经济韧性与恢复效率。

Along with the rise of trade barriers against China in recent years, the resilience of Chinese cities in the face of de-globalization era is an important topic of regional development. Existing literature generally focuses on the relationship between local industrial structure and regional resilience, but few scholars have discussed the role of export marketing structure. Based on the trade data of China's customs database from 2001 to 2016, this article explores how the related diversification of China's urban export markets affects the impacts of trade barriers on export resilience. This paper finds that: First, cities with a high degree of market-related diversification will decrease the risks at the receiving trade barriers from destination country. Second, the role of export market related variety is more obvious in cities with high FDI and economic zone. Third, trade barriers from developed countries will weaken the role of export market related variety. Based on empirical conclusions, this article believes that local governments should pay more attention to enhancing urban resilience and guide local firms to expand new markets through promoting exporters' agglomeration and attracting investment.

近年来,逆全球化趋势上升,许多国家对中国竖起贸易壁垒,在此背景下,如何提升城市的出口韧性已成为重要研究议题。现有文献普遍关注本地产业结构与区域韧性的关系,发现多样化产业结构有助于缓解贸易壁垒造成的外部冲击,但是较少探讨外部市场结构的作用。本文使用2001—2016年中国海关数据库贸易数据,引入市场关联概念,首次构建市场相关多样化指标,研究在贸易壁垒冲击下,中国城市出口市场相关多样化对城市出口韧性的影响。研究发现：① 市场相关多样化程度较高的城市,表现出更高的城市出口韧性,其可借助互补性的出口经验和风险分散的市场结构,减小贸易壁垒产生的直接和间接影响。② 外资比例较高、具有国家级经济开发区的城市,由于城市内部企业集聚程度高和信息交流频繁,更容易发挥市场相关多样化的作用。③ 城市相关多样化的市场结构很难抵抗发达国家（地区）贸易壁垒带来的冲击。本文认为地方政府应高度重视城市出口韧性,积极招商引资、申请经济开发区、保持对外联系,推动企业集聚、多举办展会以促进企业间贸易经验交流,尤其是要促进发展中国家的出口信息扩散,要积极引导本地企业利用本地已有贸易市场信息,拓展新市场。

With the global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the changing process of China's trade reflects the resilience of public health emergencies to global and local trade. This article draws on the theory of regional economic resilience to conduct research on China's trade resilience and its spatial pattern. This article uses China's 31 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) as the research unit and reviews the overall situation of national trade and the trade resilience pattern of all the provinces from January 2020 to December 2020. We explore the factors affecting China's trade resilience pattern under the impact of the pandemic using the model of geographic detectors. The research finds that: (1) According to the trade data compared with the same period of the previous year, China's foreign trade resilience under the COVID-19 pandemic can be clearly divided into two phases, namely, resistance period (from January to May 2020, and recovery period (after May 2020). (2) Under the influence of the pandemic, the trade resilience of various provinces varies significantly. The regions with poor trade resistance are mainly provinces with poor trade foundations, severely-affected pandemic influencing areas and border provinces, and the areas with good trade recovery are mainly inland provinces. (3) There are many factors that affect China's trade resilience under the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, the situation of COVID-19 pandemic of the biggest foreign trade partner, the number of trading partners, and local pandemic situation have the highest explanation for its trade resistance. The factors with the highest degree of explanation of trade recovery are the level of economic development and the status of the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, the interaction between the factors enhances the spatial differentiation of China's trade resistance and resilience at the provincial level. The discussion on the pattern of China's trade resilience and its influencing factors has important theoretical value for understanding the globalization process under the impact of emergency events and the assessment of regional trade resilience, and also contribute to the establishment of a "dual circulation" development pattern, in which domestic economic cycle plays a leading role while international economic cycle is still its extension and supplement.

COVID-19疫情全球爆发,成为载入史册的一次全球公共卫生事件。在此期间,中国贸易的变化反映了突发公共卫生事件对全球和地方贸易的影响,凸显了中国的贸易韧性。借鉴区域经济韧性理论开展中国贸易韧性的格局和影响因素研究,利用2020年1—12月中国31个省（自治区、直辖市）的贸易数据,对其贸易的整体状况和贸易韧性格局进行分析,并运用地理探测器的方法对疫情冲击下的中国贸易韧性格局的影响因素进行探讨。研究发现：① 根据与2019年同期比较,可将中国贸易韧性变化过程划分为两个阶段,2020年1—5月为抵抗期,2020年6—12月为恢复期。② 在疫情影响下,各省份的贸易韧性具有较大差异,贸易抵抗性较好的区域主要包括四川、陕西、江西等内陆中西部省份和河北省,较差的区域主要为对外贸易基础较差、疫情严重地区以及边境省份。而贸易恢复性较好的主要为云南、贵州等内陆省份和疫情冲击影响最严重的湖北省。③ 疫情冲击下影响中国贸易韧性的因素是多源的,整体来看最大贸易国疫情严重程度、贸易伙伴数量、本地疫情严重程度因子等对贸易抵抗性解释度最高;对贸易恢复性解释度最高的因子为地区经济发展水平和医药产业状况。除了各维度因子不同程度的影响,各因子间的交互作用均增强了贸易抵抗性与恢复性的空间分异性。关于中国贸易韧性格局及影响因素的探讨,对认识特殊事件冲击下的全球化进程和区域贸易韧性评估具有重要的理论价值,也对构建中国国内国际双循环新发展格局具有重要的实践意义。

How the regional economy resists external shocks and redevelops is a research hotspot in economic geography in recent years. Taking industrial cluster as the starting point, this paper criticizes the existing regional resilience theory based on the evolutionary economic geography, and proposes a Technology-Relation-Market trinity understanding framework which is applicable to understand the cluster resilience. Taking the D oil drilling equipment cluster in S province as a case, the process of resisting and re-development of the cluster after two external shocks was scrutinized. Through interviews with government departments, key enterprises, and analysis of various texts, it is found that cluster resilience is expressed through three ways: Technological innovation, relational governance, and market diversification. The conclusion challenges the regional resilience theory based on the evolutionary economic geography which emphasizes external technological innovation. It believes that internal technological innovation is also an important source of regional resilience. What is more, relational governance and market diversification are two other important dimensions to regional resilience.

区域经济如何抵御外部冲击并实现再发展是近年经济地理学的研究热点。以产业集群为切入点,批判基于演化经济地理学的区域韧性理解方法,并提出“技术-关系-市场”三位一体的集群韧性理解框架。以中国S省D市石油钻采设备集群为案例,研究该集群在先后两次遭受外部冲击后集群韧性反馈过程。通过访谈D市相关政府部门、集群关键企业和分析多种文本资料后发现,集群韧性通过技术创新、关系治理、市场多元化三种途径表达。研究结论对以外部技术创新为核心的区域韧性理解方法构成挑战,认为内部技术创新也是区域韧性的重要来源,同时更不能忽视关系治理、市场多元化对区域韧性的重要作用。研究结论对地方政府如何应对区域外部冲击具有一定启示意义。

This article quantitatively analyzes the economic resilience of 31 provinces of China in terms of resistance and recoverability during two economic crises: the Asian financial crisis in 1997 and the global financial crisis in 2008. Moreover, it analyzes the main factors that affected regional resilience. There are three main findings. Firstly, in the first economic cycle, the economic resistance in western region was relatively high, and the central region was low; the provinces with high economic recoverability were mainly concentrated in the central region, while those in the eastern and western regions were lower, with economic resistance and recoverability showing a certain negative correlation. All regions in second economic cycle demonstrated well resistance; those with low economic resistance were mainly located in the eastern coastal areas and along the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Thirdly, the secondary industry was stronger than the tertiary industry in terms of economic resilience during the first economic cycle, while the situation was different in the second economic cycle. Finally, the influential factors affecting economic resilience varied across the two economic cycles; location advantage, per capita fixed asset investment and per capita GDP had strong explanatory power on economic resilience, but the direction of action in the two economic cycles was different.

从经济维持性和恢复性2个方面定量化分析中国31省（市）（未包含港澳台数据）应对1997年亚洲金融危机和2008年全球金融危机的经济韧性特征,并对其主要影响因素进行了研究。结果发现：① 在亚洲金融危机中,西部地区的经济维持性较高,中部地区的经济维持性普遍较低;经济恢复性较高的省市主要集中在中部地区,而东部和西部地区经济恢复性较低,经济维持性和经济恢复性呈现一定的负相关。② 各省（市）应对全球金融危机的经济维持性普遍较高,经济维持性较低的区域主要分在东部沿海区域和沿长江经济带地区,而经济维持性较高的区域主要集中在西部地区。③ 在亚洲金融危机中,第二产业表现出了较强的经济韧性,而在全球金融危机中第三产业经济韧性较好。④ 影响2次经济危机中韧性能力的主要因素是不同的,区位条件、人均固定资产投资额和人均GDP的解释力较强,但在2次经济周期中的作用方向不同。

Regional resilience has become a trendy research branch. However, traditional Chinese research of resilience had been limited within the equilibrium-based epistemology. This article, based on a review of international literature, clarifies different definitions of economic resilience: engineering resilience, ecological resilience, and evolutionary resilience. The article rejects equilibrium-based epistemology of resilience and argues instead the evolutionary perspective. Then, it introduces the formation mechanism of economic resilience from macro and micro aspects; and introduces quantitative measurement of network analysis. This article concludes that resilience should be extended to the economic field and evolutionary-based perspective. Chinese researchers should notice connections between three research branches — namely evolutionary economic geography, innovation geography, and regional resilience. Future research should focus on case studies of urban and regional economies. They should also explore the existing open patent data source to establish the quantitative database of industry space.

区域韧性在中国已成为新兴研究热点,然而国内学者依然将韧性研究局限于均衡论的认识论范畴内。本文首先通过回顾国际最新研究动态从认识论层面辨析均衡论和演化论这两种韧性认知视角的本质区别,由此介绍西方经济韧性的演化论转向。然后从宏观和微观角度阐述演化论视角下区域韧性的形成机制,介绍相关定量测度方法;在此基础上形成系统的西方最新有关研究经济韧性的理论分析框架。未来研究应该在演化论视角基础上强化演化经济地理、创新地理(区域知识网络)和区域韧性这三个研究分支的联系,还应该加强产业历史演化过程的案例研究,并利用专利数据等开放数据源构建产业空间基础数据库。

In the contexts of on-going global political-economic shifting and shocks of multi-scalar crises, regional economic resilience has become one of the key themes in economic geography for exploring regional development dynamics. Regional economic resilience is not only about local economic configurations and adaptability, but also related to extra-regional dynamics. Thus, it paradigmatically requires adopting a geographically multi-scalar and dynamic network perspective. This paper attempts to integrate the concept of strategic coupling from the GPN theory into the EEG-based regional economic resilience thinking, and to comparatively review the literature related to the two parts by bibliometric methods. Based on that, by focusing on different modes of evolutionary strategic coupling (including coupling, decoupling, and recoupling), the paper constructs an analytical framework of regional economic resilience from the perspective of strategic coupling in evolution. The paper concludes that: (1) any mode of strategic coupling is an agency-based process of strategic change and context-responding, which can be regarded as the core to understand the scalarity and the source of ability for regional economic resilience. (2) The two concepts come across several epistemological similarities on “connectedness”, “contextual sensitivity” and “path development”, and their integration can help to advance the understanding of regional economic resilience. (3) The agent's agency, motives, the degree of embeddedness and modes of strategic coupling are the keys to understand the ability and mechanism of regional economic resilience. This can also help to form a “local-global relational interaction” perspective to comprehensively explore the structural properties (regional advantages), processes (recovery, renewal, and reorientation), ability (recoverability, transformability, and renewal ability), and consequences (multiple development paths) of regional economic resilience. This paper argues that the perspective of strategic coupling in evolution can deconstruct the conventional “regionalism” wisdom of regional economic resilience, which can systematically help explore the causal mechanism of multi-scalarity, multi-agentic processes and multi-factor involved impacts in regional economic resilience. Moreover, this study fosters the integrative innovation between the relational and evolutionary paradigm and makes a practical contribution to corporation decision-making and regional economic development in China under the current “Double Circulation” strategy.

在全球政治经济变局和多尺度危机冲击语境下,区域经济韧性已成为当下经济地理学探究区域发展动态的核心议题。区域经济韧性不仅有关本地经济属性和适应力,更受到外部联系动态的影响,在范式上需融入多尺度网络动态观。本文将全球生产网络理论中的战略耦合概念纳入到演化经济地理学的区域经济韧性思想中,对两部分文献进行计量分析和梳理对比。在此基础上,以战略耦合不同模式（即耦合、去耦合、再耦合）为切入点,构建了一套基于“战略耦合演化”的区域经济韧性分析框架。研究结论：① 任何一种战略耦合模式,均是一种“战略性求变”和“语境应对”的能动行为过程,是理解区域经济韧性尺度性与能力来源的核心。② 两者在“连接度”“语境敏感性”“路径发展”概念上有较高的思想共性,相互融合可提升区域经济韧性的理论内涵。③ 战略耦合的能动主体、目的、嵌入性程度及方式是理解区域经济韧性特征和机制的关键,有助于从“地方-全球连接互动”的视角来综合分析区域经济韧性的初始属性（区域优势）、过程（恢复、更新和转型）、能力（恢复力、转型力和更新力）和结果（多元路径发展趋势）。本文认为战略耦合演化视角有利于破除以往“区域主义”韧性思想,能更科学地剖析区域经济韧性的多尺度语境依赖、多主体能动过程和多要素互动机制。此外,有利于推动关系与演化经济地理范式的融合创新,对“双循环”战略下中国企业决策和区域经济发展有重要现实意义。

Under the support of spatial big data, urban haze disaster resilience evaluation from the perspective of residents' activities is of great significance to effectively reduce urban haze disaster risk. Through the interpretation of haze disaster resilience and the interaction between residents' activities and built environment, an evaluation index system is constructed. Taking the main urban area of Nanjing as a case, the spatial characteristics are analyzed, and then the space problems are identified. Finally, the strategy of targeted resilience promotion is put forward. The results show that: 1) The disturbance of residents' activities, the adaptability of built environment and the haze disaster resilience are in the middle, middle and low level respectively, the effect of built environment adaptability is limited now. 2) The residents' activity disturbance and the adaptability of the built environment show the spatial characteristics of the "multi core" circle agglomeration, the "strip" agglomeration, respectively, the imbalance of spatial matching between which causes the spatial differentiation of haze disaster resilience not significant, and low level resilience in most area. 3) The disturbance of residents' activities is directly or indirectly caused by the haze severity, the adaptability of the built environment is greatly influenced by haze reduction of ecological environment and haze avoidance of infrastructure, and haze disaster resilience is more affected by residents' activities. The construction of haze disaster resilience should be targeted to enhance the adaptability of the built environment and reduce the disturbance of residents' activities, and pay attention to the matching degree of the two in the spatial optimization measures.

基于居民活动视角解读城市雾霾灾害韧性潜在的人地关系内涵,以南京市主城区进行韧性评估的实证分析,提出针对性韧性提升策略。结果表明：① 主城区雾霾灾害韧性整体处于处于低水平,现状建成环境适应性效果有限。② 居民活动扰动性、建成环境适应性分别呈现冷热“多核”圈层集聚、“带状”集聚的空间特征,两者匹配失衡导致霾灾害韧性的空间分异不显著且大部分地区水平较低。③ 居民活动扰动性主要受雾霾严重性的直接或间接影响,建成环境适应性受生态减霾性、设施避霾性影响均较大,雾霾灾害韧性则更受居民活动扰动性影响。雾霾灾害韧性的建设应针对性地提升建成环境适应性或降低居民活动扰动性,并注重两者在空间优化措施上的匹配。

As a new organizational form and research paradigm of urban spatial system, city network has been widely concerned in recent years. However, most of the studies on city networks were based on a positive perspective, while the negative effects, security, and sustainable development of city networks were rarely addressed. By reviewing the literature of city network and regional resilience, this article tentatively proposed a concept and an analytical framework of city network resilience based on evolutionary resilience theory to explore the "negative problems" of city networks. In brief, city network resilience could be comprehended as the ability of city network systems to prevent, resist, respond to, and adapt to the impact of external acute shocks and chronic pressures and recover from them or switch into another development path by means of the cooperation and complementarity of social, economic, organizational, and engineering fields among cities. Based on this concept, combining evolutionary resilience and adaptive cycle theory, a city network was regarded as a complex adaptive system with dynamic changes. Based on the social network, economic network, organizational network, and infrastructure network, considering both adaptation and adaptability, a framework of urban network resilience analysis from the perspective of resilience characteristics and resilience processes was proposed. Furthermore, the analysis and optimization methods of urban network resilience were prospected, and some core issues involved were discussed. The research aimed to provide a scientific basis for regional planning, regional policy formulation, and regional organization establishment with the goal of achieving safe development, and provide valuable references for each city node to identify its role in a region and participate in regional governance.

城市网络作为一种新的城市地域系统组织形式和研究范式被广泛关注。目前绝大多数城市网络研究都基于正面视角,对城市网络的负面效应、安全与可持续发展问题却鲜有提及。论文通过梳理城市网络与区域韧性的相关研究进展,探索性地提出一种基于演化韧性的城市网络韧性概念来探讨城市网络的“负面问题”。城市网络韧性可理解为城市网络系统借助于城市间社会、经济、工程与组织等各领域的协作和互补关系,能够预防、抵御、响应和适应外部急性冲击和慢性压力的影响并从中恢复或转换的能力。基于此概念,结合演化韧性与适应性循环理论,将城市网络视为一个动态演化的复杂适应系统,基于基础设施、组织、经济与社会等4个维度,兼顾适应性与适应能力,尝试性地提出基于韧性特征和韧性过程视角的城市网络韧性综合分析框架,并对城市网络韧性的分析方法、优化方法予以展望,对涉及的若干核心问题展开讨论。研究可为以安全发展为目标的区域规划、区域政策制定和区域组织建立提供科学依据,也可为各城市节点找准自身角色、有效参与区域治理提供有价值的参考。

With the rapid development of information technology, the interweaving physical infrastructure and virtual urban networks show more abundant connotations. As one of the most effective indicators to measure regional resilience, urban network structure resilience focuses on the capacity of the urban network system to restore, maintain, or improve the original network characteristics and important functions when faced with external acute shock and chronic pressure. Therefore, evaluating the resilience of the urban network structure is of great significance for recognizing and understanding regional resilience. Taking 346 cities of China at the prefecture level and above as the research objects, this study constructed information, transportation, economic, and comprehensive connection networks based on the Baidu index, Tencent location services, and social statistics data. The resilience of the urban network was then measured and evaluated in four aspects: hierarchy, heterogeneity, transmissibility, and diversity. The last two properties are in interrupting simulation scenarios. Accordingly, the optimization strategies and suggestions for the network structure were put forward. Based on the results, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Although China's information, transportation, economic, and comprehensive networks among the 346 prefecture-level cities and above in 2017 presented a spatial pattern of "dense in the east and sparse in the west" with "Hu Huanyong Line" as the boundary, their spatial structures exhibit their own characteristics. (2) The hierarchy of information, transportation, and economic networks from strong to weak is in the following order: economic network > information network > transportation network. Large cities and provincial capital cities have a higher hierarchy in a network because of the rapid innovation and dissemination of information technology, the high development and agglomeration of industrial economy, and the rapid allocation and improvement of traffic infrastructures. (3) The three major networks of information, transportation, and economy are all heterogeneous. In the information network, there are more opportunities for cross-regional communication between high-weighted and low-weighted nodes, thereby exhibiting the highest heterogeneous resilience. (4) The transmissibility and diversity resilience of information network was slightly higher than those of the economic network and much higher than those of the transportation network. Failures or perturbations of a city have almost the same impact on network transmissibility and diversity. Cities that have a great impact on the resilience of China's urban network structure typically exhibit high centrality and control power. These cities not only have a higher level of economic development and a relatively sound transportation hub, but also exhibit superiority with regard to their geographical conditions and distribution of natural resources.

随着城市间关系趋向于网络化发展以及外部急性冲击和慢性压力的增加,城市网络结构韧性作为衡量区域韧性的重要手段,致力于评估城市网络系统在面对突发故障或扰动时,能够抵御、吸收和恢复原有网络特征和重要功能的能力。以中国346个地级及以上城市为研究对象,采用2017年百度指数、腾讯人口迁徙大数据等,在构建信息、交通、经济和综合城市联系网络的基础上,从城市节点和网络层面对其层级性和匹配性进行测度,并对中断场景下网络的传输性和多样性进行分析,进而针对各网络从不同视角提出网络结构优化策略和建议。结果表明：① 2017年中国346个地级及以上城市的信息、交通、经济和综合联系网络整体上呈现以“胡焕庸线”为界的“东密西疏”的分布格局,但空间结构各有特点。② 信息、交通和经济三大网络的层级性排名依次为经济>信息>交通网络。大城市及省会城市因其信息技术的快速创新与传播、产业经济的高度发展与集聚及交通基础设施的快速配备与完善在网络中具有更高的层级。③ 信息、交通、经济三大网络均具有异配性特征。信息网络中高权重节点与低权重节点间的跨区域交流机会更多,因而具有最高的异配韧性。④ 信息网络的传输与多样韧性稍高于经济网络,远高于交通网络。同一城市节点的故障或中断在影响网络传输性的同时,也会累及网络的多样性。

Patterns of continuity and change in competence and resilience over the transition to adulthood were examined in relation to adversity and psychosocial resources, with a focus on adaptive resources that may be particularly important for this transition. Variable-focused and person-focused analyses drew on data from the Project Competence longitudinal study of a school cohort followed over 20 years from childhood through emerging adulthood (EA) into the young adulthood (YA) years with excellent retention (90%). Success in age-salient and emerging developmental tasks from EA to YA was examined in a sample of 173 of the original participants with complete data on adversity, competence, and key resources. Regressions and extreme-group analyses indicated striking continuity in competence and resilience, yet also predictable change. Success in developmental tasks in EA and YA was related to core resources originating in childhood (IQ, parenting quality, socioeconomic status) and also to a set of EA adaptive resources that included planfulness/future motivation, autonomy, adult support, and coping skills. EA adaptive resources had unique predictive significance for successful transitions to adulthood, both overall and for the small group of individuals whose pattern of adaptation changed dramatically from maladaptive to resilient over the transition. Results are discussed in relation to the possibility that the transition to adulthood is a window of opportunity for changing the life course.

Pluralism drawing on core social scientific concepts would facilitate integrated sustainability research.

This special issue results from a call for papers to address the connection between resilience and sustainability, and stems from the fact that the ecological concept of resilience has been exercising an increasing influence on the economics of development. Resilience is interpreted in two different ways by ecologists: one capturing the speed of return to equilibrium following perturbation (Pimm, 1984), the other capturing the size of a disturbance needed to dislodge a system from its stability domain (Holling, 1973). The latter may be interpreted as the conditional probability that a system in one stability domain will flip into another stability domain given its current state and the disturbance regime (Perrings, 1998). The relevance of this concept for the problem of sustainable economic development has been recognized for at least fifteen years (Common and Perrings, 1992). Indeed, Levin et al. (1998) claimed that resilience is the preferred way to think about sustainability in social as well as natural systems, and a research network – the Resilience Alliance – has subsequently developed around the idea.

How can a city survive and keep its vitality in facing to various disasters and crises altogether is an urgent issue to deal with nowadays. In this context, the concept of resilience is increasingly getting more and more attentions worldwide. This paper firstly summarizes the four major research areas in the current studies on resilience, i.e. ecological, engineering, economic and social resilience, as well as their respective connotations and representative scholars. Based on this summary, the paper secondly reviews on the resilient city studies overseas from the similar four areas and their research focuses. Thirdly, the paper points out the possible future research trends in resilient city studies, which include: (1) how to promote equity in pursuit of resilience; (2) how to promote resilience through applying the technique innovations; (3) how to build a resilient city through the cooperation and integration of different disciplines. Given the wide disparity of development process and spatial outcome in China, a Chinese oriented resilient city study is badly needed. Maybe a more resilient consideration needs to be introduced in research on resilient city.

Infrastructure are at the center of three trends: accelerating human activities, increasing uncertainty in social, technological, and climatological factors, and increasing complexity of the systems themselves and environments in which they operate. Resilience theory can help infrastructure managers navigate increasing complexity. Engineering framings of resilience will need to evolve beyond robustness to consider adaptation and transformation, and the ability to handle surprise. Agility and flexibility in both physical assets and governance will need to be emphasized, and sensemaking capabilities will need to be reoriented. Transforming infrastructure is necessary to ensuring that core systems keep pace with a changing world.

To manage the current epidemic, policymakers need tools that help them in evidence-based decision making. In particular, decision support is needed to assess policy measures by their ability to enforce social distancing. A solution is offered by our work: We use mobility data derived from telecommunication metadata as a proxy for social distancing, and, based on this, we demonstrate how the effect of policy measures can be monitored in a nationwide setting. Compared to the status quo, this provides a clear benefit: Monitoring policy measures through case counts has a substantial time lag, whereas our approach allows for monitoring in near real time.

The world has suffered from the COVID-19 pandemic. While it is expected that societies will learn lessons from this experience, knowledge about how people responded to the pandemic in its early stages is very limited. With the aim of urgently providing policymakers with scientific evidence about how to better inform the public about fighting against COVID-19, this study made an initial attempt to assess how people responded to the COVID-19 outbreak during its early stages. Based on a life-oriented approach, this study collected data on a large set of behaviors and attitudes through a nationwide retrospective panel survey conducted in Japan at the end of March 2020, when the country had 1953 confirmed infection cases in total. Valid data were collected from 1052 residents from the whole of Japan, taking into account a balanced population distribution in terms of age, gender, and region. Respondents were asked to report changes in their daily activity-travel behavior, long-distance trips, and other life activities caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors (information reliability, risk perception, attitudes about policy-making and communications with the public, etc.). Results of both aggregate and modeling analyses (using a structural equation model and a data mining approach) indicate that poor communication with the public may have been closely related to the spread of COVID-19 in Japan, and that effective interventions should be made by focusing on interactions between target persons and close members of their social networks. It is also revealed that differentiated communications are necessary to encourage different types of behavioral changes. Risk communication should be better designed to encourage people to voluntarily modify their needs in life [L] and perform the needed activities [A] at places with sufficient spaces [S] and proper duration of time and at the proper timing [TING]. Such a LASTING approach may be crucial to enhance the effects of massive public involvement in mitigating the spread of COVID-19. The findings from this study are not only useful to tackle the current pandemic, but also have a long-term value for addressing future pandemics.

Residential locations, the jobs-housing relationship, and commuting patterns are key elements to understand urban spatial structure and how city dwellers live. Their successive interaction is important for various fields including urban planning, transport, intraurban migration studies, and social science. However, understanding of the long-term trajectories of workplace and home location, and the resulting commuting patterns, is still limited due to lack of year-to-year data tracking individual behavior. With a 7-y transit smartcard dataset, this paper traces individual trajectories of residences and workplaces. Based on in-metro travel times before and after job and/or home moves, we find that 45 min is an inflection point where the behavioral preference changes. Commuters whose travel time exceeds the point prefer to shorten commutes via moves, while others with shorter commutes tend to increase travel time for better jobs and/or residences. Moreover, we capture four mobility groups: home mover, job hopper, job-and-residence switcher, and stayer. This paper studies how these groups trade off travel time and housing expenditure with their job and housing patterns. Stayers with high job and housing stability tend to be home (apartment unit) owners subject to middle- to high-income groups. Home movers work at places similar to stayers, while they may upgrade from tenancy to ownership. Switchers increase commute time as well as housing expenditure via job and home moves, as they pay for better residences and work farther from home. Job hoppers mainly reside in the suburbs, suffer from long commutes, change jobs frequently, and are likely to be low-income migrants.Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

To better understand how public transport use varied during the first year of COVID-19, we define and measure travel behavior resilience. With trip records between November 2019 and September 2020 in Kunming, China, we identify people who relied on traveling by subway both before and after the first pandemic wave. We investigate whether and how travelers recover to their pre-pandemic mobility level. We find that public transport use recovered slowly, as urban mobility is a result of urban functionality, transport supply, social context, and inter-personal differences. In general, urban mobility represents a strengthened revisiting tendency during COVID-19, as individual’s trips occur within a more limited space. We confirm that travel behavior resilience differs by groups. Commuters recover travel frequency and length, while older people decrease frequency but retain activity space. The study suggests that policymakers take group heterogeneity and travel behavior resilience into account for transport management and city restoration.

Urban transport is a complex system phenomenon of ‘society-technology-nature’. The coordinated development between urban transport and land use subsystem is the basis of reducing transport problems, one of the core theoretical problems of urban geography, and one of the key contents of urban and regional planning. Simulation and prediction of the interaction between urban transport and land use is a key point in scientific regulation of their relationship. However, there is a lack of discussions on key technologies of the integrated model of urban transport and land use. According to the microscopic location choice based on the theory of land rent and the macroscopic dynamic interaction theory of land use and transport system, the development process of the integrated models of urban transport and land use and the classification characteristics are reviewed. The tradeoff between travel cost and location decision is the basic micro mechanism for the formation of travel demand and its spatial distribution (origin and destination). Land use and traffic flow are the aggregate manifestation of individual micro location choice and travel behavior of enterprises and residents. There is a dynamic interaction process between land use and transport system. Land use affects travel demand and its layout, and then affects traffic flow. Transport facilities and traffic flow affect the accessibility and congestion of the region, thus affecting location choice and urban land use. The advantages and disadvantages of spatial interaction and gravity model, spatial economics model, stochastic utility and discrete selection model and behavior based micro model are systematically analyzed. The analysis shows that the research of the integrated model with reasonable theoretical basis, scientific data processing, high model accuracy and certain applicability of policy evaluation still has a large development space. In recent years, the research of western scholars on the integrated model tends to be micro, integrated and simplified. In western countries, integrated models of urban transport and land use are often developed for urban reality analysis and policy evaluation, while domestic researches mainly focus on the interaction and coordination analysis between transport system and land use. The development of domestic integration model is relatively lagging behind, which requires the further breakthrough of model theory and comprehensive empirical development. Especially in the context of new data, new transport technology and territorial space planning system, the integrated model of urban transport and land use will change from ‘spatial’ model to ‘time-space’ model, from ‘macroscopic’ aggregate model to ‘microscopic’ behavior model, from ‘transport-land use’ model to ‘integrated system’ model, from “sample data” model to ‘big data’ model, from the application of ‘transport planning’ to the application of ‘territorial space planning’. In order to promote the research and development of the integrated model in China, this paper analyzes the general structure, principle types, current problems and challenges of the integrated model of urban transport and land use. It has certain theoretical significance and practical value for quantitatively exploring the interaction between urban transport and land use and developing the integrated model of urban transport and land use in China.

城市交通与土地利用间的协调发展是科学调控城市发展的重要环节。在基于地租理论的微观区位决策与土地利用与交通系统宏观动态交互理论基础上,回顾了城市交通与土地利用一体化模型的发展过程及不同依据下的分类特征,对空间相互作用和重力模型理论模型、空间经济学理论模型、随机效用和离散选择模型和基于行为的微观模型4类一体化模型的优劣进行了系统梳理分析。分析表明,具有合理理论基础、科学数据处理方法、较高模型精度和政策评估适用性的一体化模型仍存在巨大发展空间。近年来西方学者研究趋向微观化、综合化和简约化,而国内一体化模型发展相对滞后,要求模型理论与综合实证开发的进一步突破。特别是在新数据、新交通技术、国土空间规划体系背景下,城市交通与土地利用一体化模型将从“空间”模型向“时空间”模型转变;从“宏观”集计模型向“微观”行为模型转变;从“交通-土地”模型向“综合系统”模型转变;从“样本数据”模型向“大数据”模型转变;从“交通规划”应用向“国土空间规划”应用转变。旨在对城市交通与土地利用一体化模型的一般结构、原理类型、当前面临的问题和挑战进行深入剖析,以推进一体化模型在中国的研究与开发。