Urban agglomeration has been the inevitable result of China's rapid industrialization and urbanization over the last 30 years. Since the early 2000s, urban agglomeration has become the new regional unit participating in international competition and the division of labor. China has declared urban agglomeration the main spatial component of new types of urbanization over the next decade as clarified at the first Central Urbanization Working Conference and in the National New-type Urbanization Plan (2014?2020). However, research on urban agglomeration remains weak and needs to be strengthened. From 1934 to 2013, only 19 papers published in Acta Geographica Sinica contained the theme of urban agglomeration (0.55% of the total number of articles published) and the first paper on urban agglomeration appeared less than 10 years ago. Despite a small number of divergent studies, this work has contributed to and guided the formation of the overall pattern of urban agglomeration in China. For example, spatial analyses have promoted the formation of the fundamental framework of China's urban agglomeration spatial structure and guided the National New-type Urbanization Plan; spatial identification standards and technical processes have played an important role in identifying the scope and extent of urban agglomeration; serial studies have facilitated pragmatic research; and problems with the formation and development of urban agglomeration have provided a warning for future choices and Chinese development. Future research into urban agglomeration in China should (1) review and examine new problems in China's urban agglomeration options and cultivation; (2) critically consider urban agglomeration when promoting the formation of the 5+9+6 spatial pattern; (3) rely on urban agglomeration to construct new urbanization patterns such as 'stringing the agglomerations with the axis, supporting the axis with the agglomerations'; and (4) deepen national awareness about resources, environment effects and environmental carrying capacity in high density urban agglomerations, management and government coordination innovation, the construction of public finance and fiscal reserve mechanisms, the technical regulation of urban agglomeration planning, and standards for identifying the scope and extent of urban agglomeration.

中国的城市群是近30年来伴随国家新型工业化和新型城镇化发展到较高阶段的必然产物,自21世纪初期城市群成为国家参与全球竞争与国际分工的全新地域单元之后,中国连续10年把城市群提升为推进国家新型城镇化的空间主体,首次召开的中央城镇化工作会议和《国家新型城镇化规划 (2014-2020年)》进一步明确了城市群作为推进国家新型城镇化的主体地位。然而,城市群在中国的研究目前尚处在亟待加强的薄弱环节。系统总结从1934-2013年的80年间发表在地理学报的城市群主题论文,只有不到19篇,仅占总篇数的0.55%,不仅发表篇数少,而且发表时间短,首次发表城市群研究成果不到10年,研究单位和作者群体集中,研究内容瞄准国家需求但比较发散。即便如此,仅有的城市群研究成果还是对国家城市群总体格局的形成起到了引领作用,做出了重要贡献。具体体现在,提出的城市群空间格局推动国家形成了中国城市群空间结构的基本框架,引导国家新型城镇化规划把城市群作为推进新型城镇化的主体形态,提出的城市群空间范围识别标准与技术流程对界定国家城市群范围起到了重要作用,提出的城市群系列研究领域带动城市群的研究向着纵深与实用方向拓展,提出的中国城市群形成发育中存在的问题对未来城市群的选择与发展起到了警示作用。以这些研究进展和成果为基础,未来中国城市群选择与培育的重点方向为：以问题为导向,深刻反思检讨中国城市群选择与发育中暴露出的新问题;以城市群为主体,重点推动形成“5+9+6”的中国城市群空间结构新格局;以城市群为依托,重点推动形成“以轴串群、以群托轴”的国家城镇化新格局;以国家战略需求为导向,继续深化对城市群形成发育中重大科学问题的新认知,包括深入研究城市群高密度集聚的资源环境效应,科学求解城市群高密度集聚的资源环境承载力,创新城市群形成发育的管理体制和政府协调机制,研究建立城市群公共财政制度与公共财政储备机制,研究制定城市群规划编制技术规程与城市群空间范围界定标准等。

This paper analyzed the spatial-temporal pattern of the degree of coordination between economic and environmental development in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta from 2006 to 2016 by means of entropy method, Theil index, Markov chain and spatial autocorrelation, and then explored the influencing factors with Tobit model. The results showed that: (1) The degree of coordination between economic and environmental development of the three major urban agglomerations grew continuously from 2006 to 2016. In addition, the differences between the cities gradually narrowed. (2) Path dependence played a role in the evolution of the level of economic and environmental coordination. However, the degree of coordination between economic and environmental development tended to reach a higher level with the passage of time. (3) Cities with higher administrative levels and some developed cities along rivers or the sea continued to be at a higher level of degree of coordination between economic and environmental development. (4) The spatial characteristics of the degree of coordination between economic and environmental development of the three major urban agglomerations had changed from decentralization to agglomeration. (5) Regarding the type of development, the economically developed cities tended to develop simultaneously with the environment. (6) Energy consumption, progress in science and technology, investment in fixed assets, dependence on foreign investment and ownership structure have impacts on the degree of coordination between economic and environmental development of the three urban agglomerations as a whole and each urban agglomeration, but the significant degree of the influence of each factor is different.

采用熵值法、泰尔指数、空间自相关、马尔科夫链等方法,分析2006—2016年中国京津冀、长江三角洲、珠江三角洲三大城市群经济与环境协调度的时空格局特征,并运用Tobit模型探讨其影响因素。结果表明：① 研究期内三大城市群经济与环境协调度持续增长,珠三角协调度最高,长三角协调度增速最快;② 三大城市群内部城市之间的差异波动减小,珠三角城市群的减小幅度最小;③ 三大城市群经济与环境协调等级演化具有一定的路径依赖,但随时间推移有向高一级状态转移趋势;④ 行政级别较高的城市及部分沿海沿江发达城市的经济与环境协调度持续处于较高水平;⑤ 三大城市群经济与环境协调度空间特征由分散走向集聚;⑥ 经济发达的城市经济与环境趋向于“同步发展”;⑦ 能源消耗水平、科学技术水平、固定资产投资强度、外资依存度和所有制结构对三大城市群的经济与环境协调度具有影响,但各因素影响的显著程度有差异。

Resources and environment are material conditions of economic development and foundation of human survival, which can promote economy development, both hinder economy development sometimes. In the long-term practice and study, people gradually realize the importance of coordinated development relationship between economy and environment. In recent years, the Changjiang River Economic Belt (CREB) becomes national development strategy, which ought to take task of driving economic development and shoulder responsibility of ecological environment protection. In this article, we firstly evaluate space and time patterns of economic-environmental coordinated development in CREB, and then analyze industrial pollution emissions and environmental quality situation of CREB. Results show below. Economic-environmental coordinated development degree reveals spatial differences that degree of the eastern CREB is bigger than central and eastern regions, and regions along the Changjiang River is higher than other regions. Regions with high coordinated development degree are mainly located in the Changjiang River Delta and parts in the capital cities of central and eastern CREB. Otherwise, regions with low coordinated development degree mainly are located in Chongqing, central Hubei Province, the northern Anhui Province and the southwestern Yunnan Province. Industrial wastewater discharges mostly in Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou. Cities with coordinated development degree declined mainly are located in Jiangxi Province and Sichuan Province. Economic status of cities in the core of Changjiang River Delta is still prominent, but that of peripheral cities in the Changjiang River Delta is in a downward trend; and economy level rank of some cities in the central and western CREB rises significantly. Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou are the regions which discharge industrial wastewater emissions mostly. Regions with most industrial SO2 emissions reveal three concentrated areas where are “Z” glyph area in the Changjiang River Delta, southwest area and central area. Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Nantong, Xuzhou discharge industrial fumes emissions mostly. Cities with poor air quality are located in peripheral Changjiang River Delta and central and eastern CREB along the Changjiang River. Section water quality of Changjiang River upstream and downstream is poorer; nevertheless that in middle is better. Three suggestions put forward for CREB development: 1) To shoulder the dual responsibility of economic development and environmental protection and innovate system and mechanism of CREB development (e.g. green GDP). 2) To promote downstream urban economic transformation and upgrading and foster new economic growth poles in the upstream and midstream of the Changjiang River. At the same time, cities in the upstream and midstream should transfer concept of economic development from “race to bottom” to “race to up” and avoid serious pollution transfer in the industry transfer process. 3) To implement the most strict management and legal system and build demonstration belt of ecological civilization.

通过经济与环境系统的协调发展度评估,分析了长江经济带经济环境协调发展的时空演变格局,并对经济带经济发展、环境污染与环境质量的格局与态势展开探讨。研究表明：经济带协调发展度空间差异显著,东部地区明显大于中西部地区,沿江地区高于非沿江地区。高度协调型主要分布在长三角地区及少数中西部省会城市;高度失调型主要分布在重庆、皖北、滇西南、鄂中等地区;江西与四川是协调型转为失调型的集中地区。长三角核心城市经济地位依然凸显,但长三角边缘地区城市经济位序呈下降趋势,中西部地区部分城市经济位序上升明显。工业废水排放以重庆、苏州、杭州为最多,工业SO₂排放呈现3大集中地带。城市空气质量较差的是长三角边缘地区以及中西部沿江地区,城市空气质量总体上与工业SO₂排放、工业烟尘排放在空间格局上较为吻合。长江干流断面水质上游（川滇渝）与下游（苏沪）较差,一定程度上反映了沿江地区工业废水排放对长江水质的影响。最后,从树立发展与保护双重使命,创新经济带开发体制机制;推进下游城市经济转型升级,培育中上游新的经济增长极;落实最严格的管理制度,共建生态文明示范带等方面提出发展建议。

Industrial wastewater discharge is the most important source of water pollution in China, and the water environment in humid regions has burdened heavily in the process of industrialization. This paper analyzed the discharge characteristics of industrial wastewater from 1980 to 2004 in Jiangsu Province, which is located in the eastern developed area of China, the relationship between the discharge amount and the economic growth, and the factors influencing discharge change. The result showed that because of the steady development of economic growth, the amount of industrial wastewater has increased slowly with some fluctuations since 1980, while the discharge intensity decreased. Compared to the increase rate of GDP in Jiangsu during the same period, the growth rate of wastewater was much slower. The source of industrial wastewater came mainly from both manufacturing sector and energy producing sector. Nanjing city, three cities in southern Jiangsu, and nine cities in cemtral-northery Jiangsu possessed about 1/3 of the total annual wastewater discharge of the province each.The relationship between industrial wastewater and economic growth was also simulated adopting the Environmental Kuznets Curve model. The studies argued the relationship between industrial wastewater discharge and GDP per capita was an inverted U-shaped+U-shaped model in 1980-1996, while inverted U-shaped model in 1997-2004. Simulation reveals that the discharge amount tends to climb up in a short period and then declines with the economic development. Applying decomposition analysis, factors influencing industrial wastewater discharge in the periods of 1997-2000 and 2001-2004 were decomposed into generalized technical effect (GTE), scale effect and structure effect. The result showed that GTE and scale effect were the most important factors determining discharge change, while GTE had crucial function on pollution control.Stimulation of the enterprises-induced pollution suggests that the environmental policy should place emphasis on enhancing the contribution of GTE in Jiangsu province in the future.

Based on the cross-section data of pollutant discharge and socio-economic development in 2012, by using the indicators of total discharge of COD and SO2 and various sources, the spatial differentiation and agglomeration effects of pollutant discharge are measured quantitatively in 339 cities at prefecture level or above in China. Meanwhile, the socio-economic drivers of environmental pollution are estimated through the econometric model, and some suggestions are put forward to reduce and control pollutant discharge. The results show that: (1) The regional differences of the structure of pollutant source are of great significance in China. Specifically, the types of water pollutant sources are mainly included in the region dominated by agricultural source, the region dominated by urban domestic source, and in the region jointly dominated by agricultural and urban domestic source, with the proportions of these regions being 35.40%, 33.92% and 25.66%, respectively. Among them, the discharge intensity of water pollutant is the highest in the region dominated by agricultural source, which are mainly located in North and Northeast China. Meanwhile, the types of air pollutant sources in China are mostly involved in the region absolutely dominated by industrial source, which accounts for 74.63% and is distributed in the vast area of China in addition to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. (2) Single and bivariate LISA cluster maps of total discharge and various sources indicate that the agricultural source makes contribution to the spatial agglomeration of high intensity discharge of water pollutants, while the industrial source leads to the concentrated discharge of air pollutants. Especially, in the Bohai Rim region and its economic hinterland, the structure of pollutant sources strengthens the agglomeration effects of pollutant discharge intensity. (3) By means of OLS estimation for nationwide regression model, it is demonstrated that population size, urbanization rate and economic growth are the main driving factors of environmental pollution, and population size is the key factor in China. Moreover, in terms of regression models of regional types, the economic development level makes different contributions to pollutant discharge in various regions, which shows a positive effect on the air pollutant discharge in the region dominated by industrial source, while shows a negative effect on the water pollutant discharge in the region dominated by urban domestic source. In addition, the degree of industrialization has positive influence on the air pollutant discharge in the region absolutely dominated by industrial source.

基于2012年环境污染物排放和社会经济截面数据,选取化学需氧量、二氧化硫及污染源结构指标,定量研究中国339个地级行政单元环境污染源的空间分异和集聚效应,解析环境污染源及排放空间格局的影响因素,并提出污染防控措施与综合治理建议。结果表明：① 环境污染源结构区域差异显著,水环境污染源以农业源主导型、城镇生活源主导型、城镇生活和农业源复合型为主,三者比重分别为35.40%、33.92%和25.66%,农业源主导型排放强度最高,主要分布于华北和东北地区;大气环境污染源以工业源绝对主导型为主,其比重为74.63%,分布于除青藏高原区的广大区域。② 农业源主导使水污染物集聚式排放加剧,工业源主导则促进了大气污染物集聚式排放,特别在环渤海及其经济腹地区域,污染源结构强化了污染物排放的空间集聚效应。③ 人口规模、城镇化水平和经济增长速度是污染物排放的主要驱动因素,其中以人口规模影响最为显著;经济发展水平在区域模型中呈现不同的影响效应,对工业源主导型区域的大气污染物排放呈正向影响,而对城镇生活源主导型区域的水体污染物排放具有抑制作用;工业化程度对工业源绝对主导型区域的大气污染物排放正向影响显著。

Industrial pollution, as one of the major issues closely related to human health, social progress and sustainable development, has drawn a great concern for global vision. This paper uses the methods of coefficient of variation, Theil index, EDSA and SDM model to analyze the spatio-temporal differentiation and the influencing factors of urban industrial pollution (UIP) in China from region-urban agglomeration-urban scales, aiming to provide reference for formulating environmental policies and promoting the development of ecological civilization. The results show that: (1) China's UIP index was declining in fluctuations in 2005-2015, but the overall inequality presented an expanding trend. The industrial pollution index respectively presented the features of "high in the east and low in the west, clustering, and grade-difference" at the regional, urban agglomeration, and urban scales, and the pollution difference of each scale was significant. The gravity center curve of UIP was biased towards the east and showed a southward shift. (2) China's UIP types had transferred from simple shift to complex shift. The pollution pattern of "Eastern>Central>Northeast>West" remained unchanged at regional scale. Urban agglomeration-scale pollution exhibited a pattern of transition from north to south and from inside to outside. Urban-scale pollution presented an evolutionary pattern of shrinking from the center to the periphery and fragmentation to concentration distribution, and it had a certain spatial dependence. (3) There were differences in the influencing factors of industrial pollution at multi-scales. Urbanization rate and industrial structure had significant effects on industrial pollution at the three scales, population density, energy intensity and environmental regulatory intensity, which all had significant impact on industrial pollution at regional and urban scales, the level of industrial development and foreign capital only had significant influence on industrial pollution at regional scale, while the level of science and technology had no significant impact on industrial pollution at the three scales. Finally, we put forward some countermeasures and suggestions to reduce the UIP emissions.

工业污染作为影响人类健康、社会进步以及可持续发展的热点问题,已引起全球视野的高度关注。采用变异系数、泰勒指数、EDSA及SDM模型等方法,从大区-城市群-城市尺度探析了中国城市工业污染的时空分异特征及影响因素,旨在为政府制定环境政策及推动生态文明建设提供参考。结果发现：① 2005—2015年中国城市工业污染指数总体呈波动下降趋势,但污染差异逐趋增大;大区、城市群、城市尺度的工业污染指数分别呈现“东高西低、集群化、级差化”特征,且各尺度污染差异显著;工业污染重心偏向东部并呈现南移态势。② 中国城市工业污染类型转移由简单转移过渡为复杂转移;大区保持“东部>中部>东北>西部”的污染格局不变;城市群污染呈现由北向南、由内向外跃迁格局;城市污染呈现由中心向外围缩减、碎片化向集中分布格局,且存在一定的空间依赖性。③ 各尺度工业污染的影响因素存在差异,城市化率与产业结构对3个尺度工业污染均有显著影响,人口密度、能源强度和环境管制强度对大区和城市尺度工业污染影响显著,工业发展水平和外资水平仅对大区尺度工业污染产生显著影响,而科技水平对3个尺度的工业污染均未产生显著影响。最后,提出了降低城市工业污染排放的对策建议。

<p>With the Environmental Kuznets Curve(EKC), the relationship between environmental pollutant emission and economic development in Shandong Province was studied in this paper. The environmental pollution indexes included the effective emissions of industrial wastewater, SO2, smokes, and industrial total solid wastes. Based on the cubic polynomial regression analysis with GDP per capita as independent variable, EKC model was established to describe the changing trend of environmental pollution indexes from 1981 to 2006. The main results are as follows: (1)The Environmental Kuznets Curves of all of the four environmental pollution indexes present an N-shaped&nbsp; pattern. (2) Emissions of industrial wastes have passed through the peak turning points of Environmental Kuznets Curves, which means environmental pollution has been improved in recent years. During the period from 2004 to 2006, the environmental pollution is situated at the valley turning point, which means the emissions of industrial waste may rebound in the future. (3) The complex interactions are determined by such two characteristics as industrial structure and environmental protection policy. For sustainable development, industrial structure should be optimized to reduce the proportion of pollution industries, meanwhile, policies in finance, taxation, and environmental protection should be improved and investment for pollution prevention should be increased.</p>

Tourism destination has both material and spiritual attributes. Compared to the material attributes of place, the spiritual attributes are more abstract, which leads to the difficulty in description and measurement for scholars. This may be the main reason for the scarcity of research in this direction. Ekinci and Hosany proposed the concept of 'tourism destination personality' and used Aaker's brand personality scale to measure destination personalities that can be viewed as a pioneering work for investigating spiritual aspects of tourism destination. However, as a new direction, most research on tourism destination personality has followed the way of brand personality research, and moreover, it has not touched some in-depth questions such as the representation and its mechanism referring to tourism destination personality. In view of this, taking urban tourism destination as an example, this paper aims to design a personality scale for urban tourism destination, and to find urban tourism destination personality traits and their landscape representation mechanism. Nanjing is selected as the case in this study. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 2015, and 789 valid questionnaires were finally collected. Machine learning, as an intelligent data analysis tool, is used in this study. By analyzing the collected data, it can be concluded that: (1) Urban tourism destination personalities can be divided into four dimensions, such as 'attitude', 'glamour', 'disposition' and 'capability'. (2) Urban cultural landscapes are important in representing urban destination personalities, and can be divided into five dimensions, i.e., 'modern space landscape', 'traditional space landscape', 'ecological landscape', 'social landscape' and 'landscape for living'. (3) The effects of urban cultural landscapes in representing urban tourism personalities are quite different. This study provides a conceptual framework and method for tourism destination personality research. The findings provide new insights for human-environment interaction from the spiritual perspectives.

旅游地具有物质和精神双重属性。鉴于旅游地精神属性在量化表达和测量方面的困难,以往旅游地研究较少涉及。旅游地个性概念的提出为旅游地精神属性研究打开了思路。由于开展时间不长,当前旅游地个性研究大多基于营销学中的品牌个性研究思路展开,缺乏对地方适用性的考量,且尚未深入到对个性表征形式及表征机制的探讨。基于此,从地理学视角出发,选取城市旅游地作为研究对象,着眼地方特性,系统构建城市旅游地个性量表,在此基础上,开展针对案例地城市南京的个性测量和分析,并以城市文化景观作为表征媒介,深入探究城市旅游地个性的景观表征形式及表征机制。研究发现：城市旅游地个性主要包含态度、气质、性格、能力四大特征;城市文化景观是城市旅游地个性的重要表征媒介,包含现代空间景观、传统空间景观、生态景观、生活景观、社会景观五大维度;以上景观维度及其所辖景观元素在表征城市旅游地个性方面发挥不同作用。研究过程及结论为包括旅游地在内的地方精神属性研究提供了一种概念框架和方法体系,是对精神层面人地关系认识上的丰富。机器学习这一智能化探索型数据分析手段的运用为处理地理学中普遍存在的高维非线性噪声数据提供了有力的方法支撑。

Based on the data of 286 cities at or above the prefecture level in China from 2003 to 2016, the evolutionary characteristics and internal relations of industrial pollution and spatial distribution of labor force were studied, and then the regional income level and industrial agglomeration were taken as threshold variables to study the impact of industrial pollution on labor force agglomeration. The results show that: 1) The center of gravity of industrial pollution and labor force moves backwards in the direction of movement, the center of gravity of industrial pollution moves northward as a whole, and the center of gravity of labor force moves southward as a whole. 2) Industrial pollution emissions will lead to the reduction of labor concentration level, with the increase of regional income level, high pollution level leads to the decline of labor concentration level is more obvious. 3) When industrial agglomeration is taken as the threshold variable, the impact of industrial pollution on labor agglomeration has obvious regional differences. The labor agglomeration level in China and the eastern region first decreases and then increases. The central region has a positive effect of gradual increase, while the western region has a negative effect of gradual decrease.

基于2003~2016年中国286个地级及以上城市数据,研究工业污染和劳动力空间分布的演化特征及内在联系,继而将地区收入水平和工业集聚作为门槛变量研究工业污染对劳动力集聚影响。结果表明：①工业污染和劳动力的重心在移动方向上背向而驰,工业污染重心整体向北移动,劳动力重心整体向南移动,工业污染与劳动力的空间分布演化特征与二者相应的重心移动轨迹相契合。②工业污染会造成劳动力集聚水平降低,且随着地区收入水平的提高,高污染水平导致劳动力集聚水平下降的现象愈发明显。③以工业集聚作为门槛变量时,工业污染对劳动力集聚的影响存在明显的区域差异性,全国和东部地区劳动力集聚水平呈现出先降低后升高特征,中部地区为逐步升高的正向效应,西部地区则是逐步降低的负向效应。

The allometric scaling analysis in urban studies originated from biology and general system theory.At first,it was employed to analyze the allometric relation between urban and rural population associated with urbanization.Before long,the studies on the scaling relation between urban area and population became the mainstream of the allometric analysis.The chief aim is to reveal the relationship between size and shape of cities.But a dimension conundrum arose.Urban area can be regarded as a 2-D measurement,and urban population used to be treated as a 3-D measurement.Thus,according to the principle of dimensional consistency,the scaling exponent of urban area and population should be 2/3. However,it does not conform to reality.Then,urban population was treated as a 2-D measurement.If this was true,the allometric scaling exponent should equal 1.However,this does not yet tally with the actual situation.Geographers and city scientists were placed in a dilemma whether to treat urban population size as a 2-D or a 3-D measurement because the observed scaling exponent values always come between 2/3 and 1.The geographical students failed to extricate themselves from the theoretical predicament before the introduction of the concept of fractional dimension.The rapid rise of fractal geometry and complexity theory results in the rejuvenation of alloemetric analysis of cities associated with scaling law.Now, allometry has been applied to urban form,urban ecology,urbanism,urban dynamics,and urban systems.All of the applications are the bases of studies on urbanization.One of the most significant research directions of allometry in urban studies in future may be the allometric scaling analysis in urbanization.

Based on a review on urban allometric equation, this paper analyzes the allometric growth relationship between urban area and urban population in China by using the data of the urban built-up area and the total population of cities and towns in 1990, 2000 and 2005. After an in-depth discussion of the standard value of the scaling factor, the paper concludes that urban growth in China is negative allometry in 1990 and positive one in 2000 and 2005. Sample cities in the eastern and western China also show the same law. In contrast to this, cities in central China maintain the original proportion of built-up land growth with population growth; however, they show positive allometry in 2005 because of the promotion policy for central China. The conclusion is closely related to the changes in migrant population, housing system reform and the rapid expansion of development zones.

With the acceleration of urbanization,the evolution of the urban systems tends to be more complicated.Working on a major database of regional non-agricultural population,built-up land acreage of cities and counties in Jiangsu over 1996-2008,the study uses methods of rank-size rule,law of allometric growth and its multi-fractal property to analyze the fractal feature of city-size distribution,structural capacity,index scale and degeneration of population-area allometric growth.The results indicate that urban system of Jiangsu Province is now in good gear,its rank-size structure is experiencing a mutation from centralization to decentralization,large and medium-sized cities are the main supporting space for urbanization process.The allometric growth relationship between land and population is in trends of degeneration at provincial level,which turns negative to positive after 2001.Scale factors of allometric growth of Nanjing,Suzhou and Xuzhou have a mark significantly higher than those of other cities,indicating a faster spatial expansion compared with population growth in these cities.In the meantime,relationship between land and population needs further discussion.Complex patterns resulting from evolution of the urban system make higher demands for developing a new-type urbanization with its own characteristics in Jiangsu.

1. Ecologists use statistical models for both explanation and prediction, and need techniques that are flexible enough to express typical features of their data, such as nonlinearities and interactions. 2. This study provides a working guide to boosted regression trees (BRT), an ensemble method for fitting statistical models that differs fundamentally from conventional techniques that aim to fit a single parsimonious model. Boosted regression trees combine the strengths of two algorithms: regression trees (models that relate a response to their predictors by recursive binary splits) and boosting (an adaptive method for combining many simple models to give improved predictive performance). The final BRT model can be understood as an additive regression model in which individual terms are simple trees, fitted in a forward, stagewise fashion. 3. Boosted regression trees incorporate important advantages of tree-based methods, handling different types of predictor variables and accommodating missing data. They have no need for prior data transformation or elimination of outliers, can fit complex nonlinear relationships, and automatically handle interaction effects between predictors. Fitting multiple trees in BRT overcomes the biggest drawback of single tree models: their relatively poor predictive performance. Although BRT models are complex, they can be summarized in ways that give powerful ecological insight, and their predictive performance is superior to most traditional modelling methods. 4. The unique features of BRT raise a number of practical issues in model fitting. We demonstrate the practicalities and advantages of using BRT through a distributional analysis of the short-finned eel (Anguilla australis Richardson), a native freshwater fish of New Zealand. We use a data set of over 13 000 sites to illustrate effects of several settings, and then fit and interpret a model using a subset of the data. We provide code and a tutorial to enable the wider use of BRT by ecologists.

The housing price-to-income ratio is an important index to measure the health status of real estate and to evaluate residents' housing affordability. Taking 307 districts and counties in the Yangtze River Delta from 2008 to 2018 as research units, this paper explores the overall distribution characteristics of the housing price-to-income ratio by using the numerical-rank rule and trend surface analysis, and uses LISA time path to analyze the spatial and temporal dynamic characteristics of the housing price-to-income ratio, and tests the convergence of the regional housing price-to-income ratio. The results show that: (1) The housing price-to-income ratio in the study area is on the rise in general, that is, the growth rate of urban residents’ income level is much lower than that of residential prices, and the housing price-to-income ratio is spatially high in the east and low in the west, and high in the south and low in the north, while Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Anhui are decreasing in turn. (2) The spatial structure of housing price-to-income ratio in Shanghai and southern Zhejiang is more dynamic, while that in Jiangsu and Anhui is more stable; the spatial evolution of housing price-to-income ratio has a strong spatial locking effect and spatial integration as a whole. (3) There is no σ convergence in the housing price-to-income ratio, but there is a significant absolute β convergence in each time period, and there is also a club convergence phenomenon in all the provinces in the study delta. The rate of convergence slows down over time, and the regional difference in the rate of convergence is positively correlated with the level of housing price-to-income ratio. The change of housing price-to-income ratio in urban agglomerations plays an important indicative role in the flow of residents, and has diffusion effect and siphon effect. The government should guide the reasonable housing demand and consumption mode, improve the income distribution system and narrow the income gap among residents, so as to realize the goal of "the residents have their own homes, and the residents can live in peace". Strengthening the integration of real estate market in urban agglomerations will help promote the process of regional economic integration, and it is an effective way to promote the development of regional integration of urban agglomerations.

房价收入比是衡量房地产健康状况和探测居民住房支付能力的重要指标。以2008—2018年长三角307个区县为研究单元,运用数值-位序法则和趋势面分析对房价收入比的总体分布特征进行探究,利用LISA时间路径分析房价收入比的时空动态性特征,并检验区域房价收入比的收敛性。结果表明： ① 长三角房价收入比总体上呈上升趋势,空间上表现为东高西低、南高北低的格局,上海、浙江、江苏和安徽依次降低。② 上海和浙江南部房价收入比的空间结构更具动态性,而江苏和安徽更加稳定;长三角房价收入比的空间演化整体上具有较强的空间锁定效应和空间整合性。③ 长三角区县房价收入比整体上不存在σ收敛,但各时间段上均存在显著的绝对β收敛,且各省份内部也均存在着俱乐部收敛现象。城市群房价收入比的变动对居民的流动有着重要的指示作用,并具有扩散效应和虹吸效应。加强城市群房地产市场一体化建设,是促进城市群区域一体化发展的有效途径。

Looking back on the 40 years of reform and opening-up, Chinese industry has achieved rapid growth and development, and Chinese industrial geography has been profoundly reshaped under the profound institutional evolution environment. Chinese industry has undergone a process of spreading in the inland to agglomeration in the coastal areas and then dispersion towards the inland again. However, the geographical pattern of different types of industries is influenced by different forces, leading to differences in the spatial restructuring process. Since the beginning of reform and opening-up in 1978, Chinese industries have been increasingly more agglomerated at different geographical scales, but still much lower than the European Union and the United States. Industrial agglomeration and decentralization drive industrial migration at different scales. In spite of the heterogeneity of industries, industrial migration has generally changed from a scattered layout to an agglomeration pattern in coastal areas; and in recent years, industrial migration has gradually shifted from developed eastern provinces to central provinces, indicating a new round of industrial migration. Remarkable regional industrial entries and exits have promoted the evolution and diversification of local industries. Overall, Chinese industrial space tends to be more complex and concentrated, the links between industries are further strengthened with a more obvious "path dependence" characteristics of industrial evolution in coastal areas. Theoretically, Chinese economic reform is not only the reform of development mode, but also the reform of institutions in essence. The fundamental triple process of marketization, globalization and decentralization has introduced market forces, local forces, and global forces to reshape Chinese industrial geography. And for the study of Chinese industrial geography, besides continuing to summarize patterns and dynamics from multiple perspectives, it is necessary to reveal the deep-level mechanism of the evolution of industrial geography pattern through phenomena, and evaluate the multiple effects of the reshaping of industrial geographical pattern systematically.

回顾改革开放40年,在深刻的制度变革环境下,中国工业实现快速发展,中国工业地理格局也在经济转型中得到重塑。中国工业总体上经历了从内陆扩散到沿海地区集聚,再向内陆转移的过程。但不同类型产业地理格局及变化受制于不同力量,显现出一定的行业差异性。与改革开放之初相比,中国工业在不同地理尺度上呈现出明显的集聚趋势,但集聚程度较欧盟和美国低。产业的聚集与分散驱动不同尺度下的产业迁移,导致区域产业频繁进入和退出,促使地方产业呈现多样化态势,推动中国工业地理格局演变。从经济转型的视角出发,改革开放可概括为市场化、全球化和分权化三个过程,这些过程创造市场力量,激活地方力量,引入全球力量,共同重塑了中国工业地理格局。

As one of the important paradigms for regional cooperation, regional integration has been receiving extensive attention from scholars, especially in the field of geography. In today’s globalizing world, regional integration is one of the driving forces that reshape the world’s politics and economies. Especially, a considerable amount of research interest has been focused on how the emergence of regional integration after the World War Ⅱ has affected, and will continue to affect, the global economy. However, it is widely accepted that regionalism is not just a recent phenomenon. There have arisen at least four waves of regionalism since the 19th century, along with the trend of globalization. The first wave occurred during the second half of the 19th century and was characterized by colonization. After World War Ⅱ, regionalism demonstrated some new traits and began to pave a peaceful path. Soon after that, a plethora of regional trade blocs formed against the backdrop of the Cold War. With the advent of the 21th century, the most recent wave of regionalism has arisen in a more globalized context than the earlier ones. Because the current regionalism creates the new forms of regional organization, co-existing with traditional forms of state-led governance at the national level, not only the forces driving the current regionalism but also the context and features of the new regional integration are radically different. Consequently, with the“new regionalism”wave, regional integration has become a multidimensional process with implications for bilateral/multilateral trade liberalization as well as the dimensions of politics, security, culture and institutions. In the meantime, theoretical framework used to analyze the political and economic impact of the implementation of regional integration have been systematically improved; new regionalism, new economic geographies and new institutional economics have been introduced to the analysis of regional governance, spatial equilibrium and institutional construction of regional cooperation. This transformation greatly contributes to diversification of the implications of regional integration, including its agents, content of cooperation and organizational mechanism. Nevertheless, there are some issues to be further studied in future. Based on the development process of regional integration, this paper first differentiates regional integration from other related concepts, and then reviews the developmental path of regionalism in the context of globalization in which regionalism has gone through four stages. At last, by summarizing important economic and political theories about regional integration in the literature, which provide reference and inspiration for the regional study, this paper makes a brief comment on the strengths or weaknesses of those established theories, and raises several questions for the current research on regional integration.

区域一体化作为重要的区域发展模式, 历来是地理学者关注的焦点。本文通过对区域一体化相关概念的辨析, 回顾区域主义发展历程, 并概括全球化赋予区域一体化的新内涵, 提出目前区域一体化研究的不足之处, 以期为区域经济发展研究提供有益的启示。区域主义与全球化是塑造当今世界经济格局的两种重要的力量, 自19世纪以来, 区域主义就伴随着全球化的趋势产生了4 次思想浪潮的变革;与此同时, 区域一体化的理论趋于系统化, 从早期的关税同盟理论、自由区贸易理论、大市场理论等以国际贸易为重点, 转而向空间、制度等方面扩展, 引入了新区域主义、新经济地理理论和新制度经济学等研究视角。随着区域行为主体的多元化、合作领域的深化、组织机制的复杂化, 形成了全球化背景下区域一体化新的内涵。根据国外的研究进展和国内区域一体化的现实需求, 未来应该对主权国家内部跨界一体化理论、内涵等方面加强研究。

Since the market-oriented reform of the housing system, China's urban housing prices have risen rapidly, and regional differentiation intensifies. Although the Chinese government has repeatedly emphasized that "housing is for living, not for speculation" the trend of rising prices in cities has not been suppressed, and the spatial differentiation of regional urban housing prices has become highlighted. Spatial differentiation of housing prices is a comprehensive reflection of the urban development gap, or a materialized expression of the differences in urban resource allocation abilities. Taking the integrated region of the Yangtze River Delta as an example, and based on the average urban housing price data of prefecture-level cities, districts, and counties between 2008 and 2018 provided by China Housing Prices, we found that the housing prices experienced three stages, namely, "fast growth", "relatively stable", and "faster growth". When the prices grew, the gap of prices between cities, especially between districts and counties, also grew, that is, integrated development did not bring about the convergence of regional housing prices. The housing prices in core and central cities, like Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hangzhou, grew more quickly, and the gaps between Zhejiang/Southern Jiangsu and Anhui/Northern Jiangsu became more obvious. Similarly, there was a huge gap in the housing prices of different districts and counties in a city. Out of consideration for reducing data error and raising analytical accuracy, and based on clarifying the pattern of spatial differentiation of urban housing prices, this paper mainly takes district and county as analysis units, and discusses the growth of housing prices in different types of districts and counties. According to the characteristics of housing price growth, city level, and location, this paper divides the 327 districts and counties of the Yangtze River Delta into six types: urban areas of core cities, urban areas of central cities, urban areas of developed cities, urban areas of other cities, counties and cities in the core circle, and counties and cities in the peripheral regions. It also discovers that, in the process of regional integration, resources flow more quickly, and high-end elements gather towards a small number of superstar cities. This means that the integrated region presents a faster price growth, a larger gap between core-edge housing prices, and the stronger convergence of similar city clubs. On this basis, we identify the mutual feedback effect of the urban economic and social differences in the integrated region, the flow of resource elements like industry and population, and the spatial differentiation of urban housing prices. The increased difference in regional housing prices will result in the forced upgrade of industries in cities with high housing prices, the loss of low-end manufacturing posts, and the concentration of social wealth to "superstar cities". Finally, in combination with the requirement for high-quality integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, and the judgment on the rationality of regional urban housing price differentiation, this paper proposes pertinent suggestions to the adjustment and control of urban housing prices.

城市住房制度市场化改革以来,中国城市房价整体快速上涨,区域房价分异加剧。区域内部房价空间分异是城市发展差距的综合反映,即城市资源要素综合配置能力差异的物化表达。基于中国房价行情平台提供的2008—2018年地级城市和区县尺度城市房价数据,分析长三角一体化区域房价增长与分异过程,发现区域整体房价呈现快速上涨、相对平稳和再度快速上涨3个阶段,区域房价差异随房价上涨而扩大,上海、杭州和南京等城市房价增长更快,浙江、苏南地区与安徽、苏北地区的房价差距拉大。根据房价增长、城市等级与区位特征,将长三角327个区县划分为核心城市城区、中心城市城区、发达城市城区、其他城市城区、核心圈层县市和外围地区县市6种类型,提出一体化区域城市房价表现为整体上涨相对更快、不同类型区县间差异拉大、同类区县间存在“俱乐部收敛”等增长与分异模式。区域城市房价快速上涨与过度分异,驱使高端产业、人口等资源要素向少数“超级明星城市”集聚,加剧区域不平衡,不利于长三角地区实现更高质量一体化发展。