一、农业区划的客观基础及其重要意义农业生产的地区差异是现实存在的,并有其客观的历史形成基础。最明显的象山地农业区与平原农业区就有着很大差别,又如棉花产区,稻麦产区及畜牧区等等也是各具特点,互不相同。因此,按农业分布的形成条件、地域特征以及它的表现形态,加以划分出不同类型和区域是完全有可能的。远溯两千多年前在我国古代名著的“禹贡”里,把全国领土分为九州,对各州土壤、物候、农产、田赋均有记载。

In the field of agriculture, physical reproduction and economic reproduction crosseach other intricately. Thus, agriculture must fundamentally adapt to tiie local condi-tions, which should be properly recognized as including not only the physical, but thesocial and economic conditions as well. In a country of vast territory like China, arealdifferentiation of local conditions is so evident that it would never be exaggeration toemphasize the importance of adaptation.On the march towards modernization, Chinese agriculture will have to undergo aperiod of strategic transferring. The adjustment applies both to the allocation and thestructure of agriculture.The guiding principles like: "reclaim those land suitable for agriculture, afforestthose suitable for forestry, and grazing those suitable for animal husbandry", and eeo-nomic crops should be"properly concentrated in distribution", etc.. are just in generalterms and cause much trouble in implementation. Here, the terms "suitable" and "pro-perly concentrated" should be defined precisely by means of a series of quantitative andqualitative criteria.Ever since ancient times, food crop has been the mainstay of Chinese agriculture.About 80% of rural labour, cultivated land and sown area are devoted to food crop cultiva-tion. However,the dogmatic demand of self-sufficiency in food supply for everywhereis impracticable in many parts of the country, such as the loess plateau and the dryfarming areas of Inner Mongolia. A proper ratio between the acreage of food cropsand economic crops and the critical limit of treple cropping (double cropping of riceplus winter wheat or rapeseeds) index in southern China are needed to be thoughtfully decided.The new guiding principle of "developing the areal predominance through promot-ing the favorable and dodging the unfavorable conditions" attracted much attentionfrom the agricultural and academic circles. The author suggests that in order to realizethe principle’s true meaning, the following view points are helpful. (l’i Areal predo-minance is a comprehensive idea, and it can only be developed under the conditions thatare physically suitable, technically practicable and economically profitable,i(’2)i In theregional system of the country, any region is not isolated, but is linked together with oneanother, just like a single piece on the chessboard. The right order of developing arealpredominance should put national first, provincial nest, and local still next. (3) Asconditions of any region are subject to change, the development of areal predominanceshould be considered with long-term sense. (4) Comparative plans for developing arealpredominance are preferred, so as to select the mostninst rational and profitable one throughteehno-economic appraisal.Through the process of developing areal predominance, areal specialization of agri-culture will gradually take shape. Chinese agriculture, on the basis of petty-peasanteconomy, asked local self-sufficiency for every thing in the past, deterred areal speciali-zation of production. There only flourished.sericulture in the deltas of the Yangtze andthe Pearl River, due to the need for de luxe clothing in the feudal times. Cotton andtobacco plantings were encouraged in the vicinities of Shanghai. Tsingtao and Hankowthrough the investment of foreign manufacturers in the semi-feudal and semi-colonialdays. It was only after liberation, new bases of commercial grains, cotton, sugar beetand tropical crops were established by the state farms in the interior and border regionsThe areal specialization of agiculture that China is going to promote is not those ofmono-cropping systems of the colonial or semi-colonial nations, but is the rational divi-sion of labour among regions under the guichnce of planning economy. It is expectedthat the potential of agricultural production will be brought into full play through theproceeding of areal specialization.

一、农业生产必须强调因地制宜 农业和国民经济其它部门有一个最大差异之点,它是自然再生产过程和经济再生产过程相交错的范畴。农业种植的作物、畜牧业饲养的牲畜,林业栽种的树木、水产业繁殖的鱼类和水生生物都是生物,都有它们本身的生长规律,都受制于自然条件,因此农业这个生产部门要特别讲究尊重自然规律和社会经济规律。

Major Function Oriented Zoning (MFOZ) is the blueprint for the future developmnt and protection pattern of China's territory, and has been raised to from major function zones planning to major function zoning strategy and major function zoning institution. From 2004 to 2014, the author organized a series of research projects to compose MFOZ for the country, studied basic theory of regional function and MFOZ technical process, and proposed that space controlling zones of national and provincial scales can be divided into four types: urbanized zones, foodstuff-security zones, ecological safety zones, cultural and natural heritage zones. On this basis, major function zones of county scale should be transferred to optimized, prioritized, restricted, and prohibited zones. In this paper, a regional function identification index system comprising nine quantitative indicators (including water resources, land resources, ecological importance, ecological fragility, environment capacity, disaster risk, economic development level, population concentration and transport superiority) and one qualitative indicator of strategic choice is developed. Based on the single index evaluation, comprehensive evaluation using regional function suitability evaluation index is conducted, aiming at testing several key parameters including lower limit of protection zones and upper limit of development zones at the provincial level. In addition, a planning-oriented zoning method of major function zones is also discussed, which has brought the first MFOZ planning in China. According to the MFOZ caliber, it is forecasted that national spatial development intensity will rise from 3.48% in 2010 to 3.91% in 2020. Furthermore, according to caliber of the provincial integrated MFOZ planning, the area of optimized, prioritized and restricted zones accounts for 1.48%, 13.60% and 84.92%, respectively, and that of urbanized, foodstuff-security and ecological safety zones accounts for 15.08%, 26.11% and 58.81%, respectively. In combination of analyses of development level, resources and environmental carrying status and quality of the people's livelihood, the main characteristics of MFOZ were identified. Through verification, MFOZ draft of national and provincial scales, which is interactively accomplished with "MFOZ Technical Process" put forward by the author, is mostly above 80% identical with what have been forecasted.

中国主体功能区划方案是刻画未来中国国土空间开发与保护格局的规划蓝图,主体功能区规划已上升为主体功能区战略和主体功能区制度。2004-2014年,笔者组织系列研究项目,配合国家编制主体功能区规划,研究地域功能基础理论和功能区划技术流程,提出国家和省区尺度进行空间管制的地域功能区域类型为城市化区域、粮食安全区域、生态安全区域、文化和自然遗产区域等4类,在此基础上转化为以县级行政区划为单元的优化开发、重点开发、限制开发和禁止开发4类主体功能区。研制了由水资源、土地资源,生态重要性、生态脆弱性、环境容量、灾害危险性、经济发展水平、人口集聚度和交通优势度等9类可定量指标及战略选择为1项定性指标构成的地域功能识别指标体系,进行了单项指标评价,开发并运用地域功能适宜程度综合评价指数进行了综合评价,测算了各省区保护类区域下限、开发类区域上限以及开发强度等关键参数;研讨了以规划为应用指向的主体功能区划分方法,形成中国首部主体功能区划方案,按照全国主体功能区规划口径,2020年与2010年相比,全国国土空间开发强度从3.48%增加到3.91%;按照省区集成的主体功能区规划口径,优化、重点、限制开发区域的土地面积比重分别为1.48%、13.60%、84.92%,城市化、粮食安全、生态安全区域的土地面积比重分别为15.08%、26.11%、58.81%。结合区域发展水平、资源环境承载状态、民生质量等相关分析,给出了主体功能区的主要特征。通过区划方案校验,国家和省区分两级采用笔者主持制定的《主体功能区划技术规程》互动完成的全国主体功能区划方案,同预判的吻合程度多为80%以上。

The land resources security appraisal of the post-earthquake reconstruction area is one of the fundamental tasks for resource-environment carrying capacity assessment. It could provide scientific reference for post-earthquake reconstruction. This paper takes Lushan earthquake as a case and identifies 3 factor groups including geological conditions and disaster risks, water and land resources conditions, and eco-environment as well as 8 factors. The appraisal model of land resources security in Lushan post-earthquake reconstruction area is constructed, and the land resources security at grid and administrative scales is analyzed with the aid of GIS spatial analysis technique. The results show that: the area of high safe class amounts to 2409.30 km2, accounting for 5.63% of the total land area, and it is mainly distributed on the eastern piedmont plains, which should be regarded as the first choice for reconstruction site selection; the middle safe class could be the supplementary choice of high safe class, and the low safe class needs to be selected for reconstruction with concrete protection measures; only 6 out of 21 counties in the stricken area have the land resource security index above 0.60, and all of them are located on the eastern piedmont plains; in the 6 hard-hit counties, only Mingshan has relatively high land resource security index (0.76), with 468.33 km2 available land for reconstruction and relatively high available land for reconstruction per capita; Mingshan should be regarded as the preferred region for large-scale population aggregation, urbanization and industrialization development for the relocation settlements of hard-hit areas. The appraisal model developed in this study is applicable to the regions with similar geological disasters, and it could also provide reference for the studies on the regions with similar geological, topographic, resources, and environmental conditions.

地震灾后恢复重建的土地资源安全评价是资源环境承载能力评价的基础性工作之一,为灾后恢复重建工作的开展提供科学依据。针对灾后重建地区土地资源安全评价的特殊性,本文以芦山地震灾后重建地区为例,综合考虑地质条件与灾害危险性、水土资源条件、生态环境等3大类要素及8个评价因子,构建了芦山地震灾后重建地区土地资源安全评价模型,并利用GIS空间分析方法对栅格单元和行政单元的土地资源安全进行了评价和分级。结果表明：属于安全类的土地面积为2409.30 km²,占灾区土地总面积的5.63%,主要分布于灾区东部的山前平原区,这类区域应该被视为灾后重建选址的首选区域,较安全类可以作为安全类区域的补充选择,而一般安全类在作为灾后重建选址的备选区域时应做好充分的防护措施;灾区21县中仅有6个县的土地资源安全指数大于0.60,它们均位于灾区东部的山前平原区;在属于极重灾区和重灾区的6县中,只有名山区具有较高的土地资源安全指数（0.76）,可重建土地面积为468.33 km²,且其人均可重建土地面积也相对较高,应作为极重灾区和重灾区灾后异地重建进行大规模人口集聚、城市建设和产业发展的首选区域。本研究提出的评价模型适应于具有同类地质灾害的研究区域,也可以为具有相似地质、地形和资源环境条件的区域开展研究提供参考。

The study area is mainly covered by montane coniferous forests, alpine scrubs and meadows. It is the most humid region in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. In general, four types of the altitudinal belt, all pertaining to the oceanic system, may be recognized.The differentiation of the altitudinal belts is correlated with the basal belt. Prom southeastern margin to the interior of the study area, with increasing altitude, in addi-tion to differences of the basal belt there is a decrease in number of altitudinal belts and a simplification of spectra. The regional variation of zonal structures and their al-titudinal limits is conspicuous. Compared with other parts of the world, the upper for-est limit in the eastern Tibet is the highest.A number of dry valleys located in the gorge ’bottoms is one of the striking geo-ecologieal phenomena. The extent, distribution and upper limit of the dry valleys as well as their relationship to the horizontal zonation are discussed.Altitudinal belts of the study area are economically important in providing different areas for agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fuel supply and others. The long-term’ results of human impacts on fragile mountain environments may be summarized as the expansion of scrubs belt of the dry valley, the lowering of upper forest limits, de-forestations, and dramatical acceleration of soil erosions.Although the population pressure is one of the underlying causes of environmental and natural resource problems in the mountainous areas, the deforestation and misma-nagement of forests are directly responsible for ensuing environmental problems.

青藏高原东南部包括横断山脉中北段及雅鲁藏布江流域东端的林芝、波密一带,行政区划上主要指西藏东部、四川西部及滇西北地区,是青藏高原上的一个自然区域——藏东川西山地针叶林地带。

退耕还林还草是目前黄土高原整治生态环境和控制水土流失的主体政策.为使生态退耕政策得到有效落实,本文基于WIN-YIELD软件,以延安燕沟流域为例,利用2006年延安站的逐日气象数据和燕沟流域地貌、土壤及土地利用等资料,模拟分析了不同地形高程、坡度和坡向条件下坡耕地种植苜蓿的秸秆干物质产量、水土流失量及其地形分异特征.结果表明:在黄土高原,地形坡度是影响苜蓿秸秆干物质产量和泥沙流失的重要因素,苜蓿秸秆产量模拟值随地形坡度的增大而减小,泥沙流失的模拟值随地形坡度的增大而增大;地形高程1000 m以下的地域种植苜蓿其产量明显高于1000 m以上的地域,坡耕地苜蓿产生径流和泥沙随地形高程的变化不显著;地形坡向对苜蓿秸秆产量和水土流失量的影响不大.

Urban planning construction land standard is the technical specification for allocating various types of urban construction land scientifically, and is the basis for drawing up and revising the overall urban planning as well. In view of China's current urban planning construction land standard, there are many problems such as the big gap of land use control threshold, the lack of regional differences in climate revision, and ignorance of the topographical and geomorphological factors. To solve these problems, this paper proposed a step-by-step process framework and quantitative calculation method for the establishment and revision of standards in accordance with the principle of "total-structure" control. Through the setting of conditions, a universal basic standard for construction land was established. Then quantitative analysis was made for the relations between each index and the basic standard with the selected key indicators such as urban population size, sunshine spacing coefficient, valley area (intermountain basin) width and terrain slope. Finally we formed a revision standard for climate, topography and geomorphology which is matched with the basic standard. The main results are as follows: (1) The per capita construction land area of 95 m 2/person can be used as the total indicator for the basic standard of urban planning in China. The percentage of corresponding per capita for each type of construction land is 32.5% for residential land, 7.42% for public administration and public service land, 22.5% for industrial land, 17.5% for transport facilities, 12.5% of green land, and 7.58% of other types of land. The results of revision value of urban population scale shows that the impact of population size difference on the per capita construction land is relatively weak. (2) The climate revision results of per capita residential land and per capita construction land in major cities show that the climate revision value varies greatly between northern and southern China. The climate revision value of the per capita area of construction land varies by latitude as follows: the figure for 20° north latitude is 93 m 2/person; the figure for 30° north latitude is 97 m 2/person; the figure for 40° north latitude is 103 m 2/person; and the figure for 50° north latitude is 115 m 2/person. The basic standard value of 95 m 2/person is roughly distributed along the Xiamen - Guilin - Kunming line. (3) The cities located in mountainous areas, hilly valleys or intermontane basins can reduce the allocation of community parks and comprehensive parks when the average width of river valley or intermontane basin is less than 2 km. When the average width of the valley or intermontane basins is between 2 km and 4 km, the allocation of the comprehensive parks can be reduced. The revised results of per capita land for construction use on slopes indicate that the terrain slope has a great impact on the revised value of per capita construction land. The revised value at 3° is 3.68% higher than the baseline value, and the increases of 8°, 15° and 25° are 11.25%, 26.49% and 68.47%, respectively.

城市规划建设用地标准是科学配置城市各类建设用地的技术规范和编制、修订城市总体规划的基础。针对中国现行城市规划建设用地标准存在的用地指标控制阈值高低差距较大、气候修订缺乏地域分异和地形地貌因素缺失等问题,本文按照“总量—结构”控制的建标思路,提出了标准建立、修订的分步式流程框架和定量测算方法,通过条件设定建立了普适性的建设用地基础标准,进而选择城市人口规模、日照间距系数、河谷地（山间盆地）宽度、地形坡度等关键指标,定量分析了各指标与基础标准之间的关系,形成与基础标准配套的气候和地形地貌修订标准。主要研究结果包括：确定了设定条件下适用于全国不同地区的由人均建设用地面积和人均单项用地类型结构控制的建设用地基础标准;按城市人口规模等级对基础标准进行了量化修订;定量测算了人均居住用地面积随日照间距系数变化的情况,提出了按纬度方向变化的人均建设用地气候修订标准;阐释了河谷地（山间盆地）宽度变化与公园绿地的配置,量化分析了地形坡度与人均建设用地面积变化的关系,建立了针对山地、丘陵地区城市规划建设用地的地形地貌修订标准。