京津冀地区是中国人口和经济最密集的城市化地区,在中国区域发展战略中具有重要地位,一直受到学者的广泛关注。但受国家宏观政策等因素的影响,研究热点处于持续演化之中。为梳理京津冀研究的脉络,利用知识图谱可视化技术,对京津冀研究的文献数量特征、期刊和学科分布特征、研究机构的网络特征进行了分析,总结了不同时段的研究热点和演化过程。研究表明：① 1982年以来京津冀研究的刊文量越来越多,主要集中在经济学、地理学、社会学、环境学四大学科,其中地理学在刊文量和期刊影响因子方面排在前列;② 位于京津冀区域内的高校和科研院所是京津冀研究的主要力量,研究机构间的共现网络密度为0.0063,表明已经初步形成合作网络,但联系与合作程度依然较低,各领域研究较为独立;③ 京津冀研究经历了3个阶段,不同阶段的研究热点具有鲜明的时代特征,说明京津冀研究与国家宏观政策的联系十分紧密。2006年以来形成了京津冀一体化与产业结构调整、区域空间结构与协调发展对策、PM_2.5与大气环境3个主要的研究方向。雄安新区、城市群、新型城镇化、碳排放等成为新的研究热点。

The region "Great Bohai Sea"includudes Laoning, Hebei and Shandong Three provinces, Beijing and Tianjin two municipalities.This region is rich with natural resources and has very solid economic strength, However, there exists a series of serious problems concerning the distribution of productive fo rces, the usage of resources and the protection of envirment at the same time. The significance and chiefe schemes about carrying out a study of the integrated exploitation and administration of this region are discussed in this article.

本文将大渤海地区作为一个整体,从地理学角度论述了本地区开发的战略地位和在开发中必需注意的重大问题及要求。

The Bohai Sea Rimland is an area with strong natural resources-based industries. Boththe formation and the characteristics of its industrial structure are closely related to its resources structure,the traits of which can be briefly described as:1)a satisfactory combinationof light,heat,water and arable land resources;2) rich mineral resources which have a preferable combination and are favorable for iron and steel industry and chemistry industry;and 3)the shortage of fresh water resources, that is not an ideal combination between water andarable land and between water and mineral resources. The distinguished characteristics of theindustrial structure in the area are:1) the good foundation of the primary industry;2) thestrong secondary industry and the protruding position of the mining and raw material industries;and 3)the comparative backward of the tertiary industry. The above characteristics areamong the main factors influencing the shift of industrial structure.

环渤海地区是一个资源型产业聚集区,其产业结构的形成与特点同资源结构间有着密切的联系.本区资源结构特点可以概括为光、热、水、土资源组合较好,矿产资源丰富且矿种配套较佳、钢铁和化工工业生产条件理想,水资源不足、水土和水矿结构不尽理想.在资源结构基础上形成了本区产业结构中第一产业基础较好,第二产业强大、采掘和原材料工业突出,第三产业相对比较落后的特点.这些特点是环渤海地区今后产业结构升级转换的主要影响因素.

The Bohai Sea Rimland (BSR) includes Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities and Hebei. Liaoning and Shandong Provinces. Compared with other regions of China, this region’s comparative advantages are mainly: (1) the national political and scientific and technological center and the most important hub of information, finance and transportation and communication: (2) the superior combination of mineral resources and sound foundation of iron and steel industry, petro-chemical and saltbased chemical industry, heavy-duty machinery industry and textile industry. However, the current regional industrial structure is still in the lower stage of economic development and the industrial allocation needs to be improved by making full use of the locational advantage of coastal belt.Through a comparative analysis between Central Liaoning and East Shandong, it can be seen that the latter as the most vigorous developing area in BSR has exceeded the former in terms of total industrial output value. The main reason is that the big difference between these two region’s industrial systems has led to a different intensity of opening to the outside world and different features of external input/output linkages.The coastal belt, occupying 32% of BSR’s population, contributed 38. 6% of BSR’s GNP and 41. 2 % of the industrial output value in 1990.It is a fundamental and strategic measure to make the coastal belt of BSR an agglomerated zone with a strong economic power and a forward position in the north part of China in enhancing economic and technological exchange and cooperation with foreign countries. In the authors’ opinion.the implication of its sustainable development are: (1)to intensify the role of various levels of central cities. particularly Tianjin, Dalian and Qingdao as the most important regional economic centers with international significance, (2) to develop the economy of low-valley areas in coastal belt. mainly the Liaohe River Delta. West Coast of Bohai Sea and Yellow River delta. (3) to plan and implement the allocation of Sea-oriented industries and (4) to form a Bohai-Sea coastal industrial zone by rational use of coastal line according to marine-economic regionalization.The key points of the industrial development strategy of the BSR include: a) to Learn from the good experience of south coastal China, to increase the dynamics of the opening door policy of the coastal areas of the BSR, to develop new patterns of opening door to the outside world. b) to eastblish water-saving industrial zonesl; c) to speed up the development of marine resources and marine industrial group; d) to speed up the development of the tertiary industry. new and high-tech industries. engineering and electronics industries marinly automobiles, integrity of mechanical, electronics, and instrument-making industries including numerical controlled machine tool, precision machine tool, and automatic. intelligent apparatus and instruments. large complete sets of equipments and heavy machine making industries Concerning metallurgy. mine engineering, and petrochemical.investment-concentrated electronics industry including integrated circuit, computer, and so on.

大渤海地区整体开发的战略重点包括：产业布局重点向滨海地带推进,逐步将大渤海地区滨海地带建成我国对外经济技术交流与合作的前沿阵地和具有强大经济实力的密集产业圈；加速发展第三产业、高新技术产业和机电、轻纺工业,推动大渤海地区产业结构高层次化。

The East coastal zone is China’s most important area which engages in international competition and cooperation,and its economic development is now influenced by international factors more and more.The Bohai area,which including Beijing,TianJin,Liaoning,Shandong,and Hebei,is the north part of the east coastal zone.This paper analyses the influences of various external factors,such as geo-economies,international trade,foreign direct investment on the Bohai region’s economic development and makes some proposals of policy-making.1.Regional background and international,domestic environment.Strategic position of the Bohai Sea Rim will be improved gradually.By 2000,it will become the most important strategic economic region and its importance will be superior to the Yangtze River Delta and the south east coastal area because of the following reasons.(1)Japanese economic strategic points will be moved from north America and EEC and south east Asia,where are nowadays Japan’ most important area of investment and foreign trade,to the Bohai Region and Far east area of Russia by 2000.(2)Japanese and south Korean investors always take cities and provinces in the Bohai area as their favorable location when they evaluate the investment environment of the related provinces of China.(3)After Chinese currency(RMB)can be exchanged freely,the location choice of American investment will move from south China to north China.(4)A new way of international cooperation for the Bohai Area has been opened after DPR Korea open its door to outside in a limited way.2.The main characters and problems of international economic linkage and cooperation in the Bohai Rim are its low level of industrial structure and export-import structure.The main export products are low-value added which include textile.raw material,agricultural products,arts and crafts,mechanic and electronic products,whereas the imported products are mainly high value added products,such as mechanic equipments and electronic products.3.To improve the position of the Bohai rim in international division,following industries should be taken as the key industries to develop:communication equipments,computer and micro-electronics,motor vehicles,office equipments,chemical engineering,new energy and materials,and some others.A state export-import bank should be established to help the industries to develop.

本文对沿海地带北方区段环渤海地区的国际、国内环境及其战略地位进行了分析,并对其目前的国际贸易与国际合作现状和问题,以及加强其国际竞争地位的策略进行了重点论述。

With different criteria,inland always selects a harbour which is considered as most suituble to export its goods.The resulting economic hinterland becomes the social and economic base to realize export trade and affected harbours development.The criteria may be least-distance,least-time,least-cost,or their combination,etc,Also because of the increase or decrease of harbour's handling capacity,the extension or interruption of traffic lines at sea or at land.,the technical innovation,the variation of traffic cost,etc.,the economic hinter land is varied and changed dynamicly.

本文利用地理信息系统网络分析的方法和技术,对大渤海圈沿岸港口外向型经济腹地的划分,进行了计算机模拟研究,给出了不同划分原则下的模拟结果,显示出计算机模拟研究方法的效能和灵活性。

根据 1 985和 1 995年 2期 TM影像资料,运用遥感影像机助解译方法、地理信息系统空间分析方法以及数理统计方法,全面分析了环渤海地区 3省 2市 1 985～ 1 995年间分类土地利用的数量变化和空间变化特征。揭示了该区各类土地利用数量变化的幅度、速度和区域差异以及土地利用空间变化的主要类型、分布特征和区域方向。

Urban-rural development transformation (URDT) is a comprehensive human process of elements transfer, strategy change and mechanism transformation between urban and rural areas in the new period of China. Under the background of coordinated industrialization, urbanization, informatization and agricultural modernization, the investigation of dynamic disciplines and spatial-temporal structure of URDT is of great importance to promote new-type urbanization and coordinated urban-rural development in China. The paper investigates the centrality, dynamics and differences of URDT in the Bohai Rim region by using the gridding and geostatistics methods, and analyzes the spatial sensibility probability of URDT based on the Logistic regression model. The results show that: (1) The centrality of URDT presents spatial difference structure with the central cities at different levels as the nucleus. In the plain areas, super city is the first-class agglomeration center, prefecture cities are the second-class agglomeration center while counties and towns are the third-class agglomeration center. The central agglomeration is not obvious in the mountainous areas. (2) The spatial expansion of URDT presents the feature of "agglomeration at small areas while dispersion at large areas". With Beijing, Tianjin, Jinan, Shenyang, Dalian, Shijiazhuang and Qingdao as the nucleuses, the urban space expands outwards. Places form as 'C' belt along the coastal lines and the harbors have fast land use conversion. These cities have become hot spots in the region. (3) Influenced by the 'point-axis-area' location elements, the spatial sensibility of URDT is of obvious regional differences and central agglomeration. Its suitable probing scale is 1200 meters. (4) The most sensitive zone of URDT in the future is the belt of Beijing-Tianjin-Binhai region. The new coordinated economic structure in the Bohai Rim region develops with Beijing and Tianjin as the core, and Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula as two wings. The Bohai Rim region is the third largest economic zone in China behind the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta. Based on the spatial centrality, dynamics and differences, urban-rural space optimization, different management and control measures should be taken to promote rational urban-rural development and layout in the Bohai Rim region in China.

城乡发展转型是城乡要素转移、战略转变、机制转换的综合人文过程。利用网格和地统计分析方法,揭示了环渤海地区城乡发展转型的中心性、动态性与差异性;利用logistic回归模型,探测了城乡发展转型的空间敏感性。研究表明：① 城乡发展转型中心性呈现以中心城市为核心的空间分异格局。平原地区逐渐形成以省会城市为一级集聚中心、地级市为二级集聚中心、县级市及县城镇为三级集聚中心的空间格局,山区城乡发展转型的中心集聚性尚不明显。② 城乡发展转型空间拓展呈现“小聚集,大分散”的结构特征。以北京、天津、济南、沈阳、大连、石家庄、青岛为主要城市扩展核心,呈空间聚核模式持续向外蔓延拓展。沿海岸线的“C”型带和港口群区域的土地快速非农化,成为城乡快速转型的热点区。③ 受点—轴—面区位要素综合影响,城乡发展转型的空间敏感性具有明显的区域差异性,其最佳探测空间尺度为1200 m。④ 未来城乡发展转型的极强敏感区以北京—天津—滨海新区为轴带,以京津为核心区,以辽东、山东半岛为两翼的环渤海区域经济协同发展格局初步形成。合理有序的城乡空间开发应以城乡发展转型空间中心性、动态性和差异性为依据,科学实施城乡空间优化与差别化管控策略。

着眼于城乡发展转型中“人口—土地—产业”非农化转型协同演化规律研究,以快速城乡转型发展的环渤海地区为典型案例区,通过构建县域层面的人口、土地、产业非农化转型指标体系,利用耦合协调模型和相关数据资料,对环渤海地区县域尺度的人口、土地、产业非农化转型耦合协调演化时空格局进行系统研究,得出以下主要结论：① 环渤海地区人口、土地、产业非农化转型耦合度和协调度空间差异显著。经济发达地区人口、土地、产业非农化转型耦合度和协调度水平高于其他地区,人口城镇化、土地城镇化、产业非农化之间转型联动一致性较强。经济欠发达地区的人口、土地、产业非农化转型耦合度偏低,协调度呈现出低非农化转型水平的一致均衡性,人口、土地、产业非农化转型之间联动和传导作用较弱。②“人口—土地”非农化转型耦合协调度普遍滞后低于“土地—产业”非农化转型耦合协调度,土地城镇化快于人口城镇化,人口城镇化与土地城镇化协同一致性失调。③伴随区域经济结构转型升级,人口、土地、产业非农化转型耦合度及协调度呈现为波状传递上升的演进时序变化特征,人口、土地、产业子系统之间联系程度和组织调控过程符合系统从低级向高级不断演进规律。④创新土地利用优化配置机制,创建土地基本制度、核心制度与保障制度相融合的多层次土地节约集约制度体系,完善基本供地机制、规划决策机制、市场配置机制、收益分配机制,是构建人口、土地、产业非农化转型耦合关联挂钩的核心途径。强化以人口、土地、产业联动三挂钩的土地利用优化配置的核心理论研究将是城乡发展转型地理学和土地资源管理学科领域关注的热点科学问题。

The agricultural regional function is an important scientific problem in agricultural geography research, and it is also the important practical issue related to the national food security and sustainable development of regional agriculture. Taking the Bohai Rim region of China as an example, this paper identified the agricultural regional function as four types including agricultural products supplying function (APF), labor employment and social security function (LEF), ecological conservation function (ECF), and cultural heritage and recreational function (CRF) and their spatial pattern and evolution process were explored. The study also identified the agricultural regional type and the impact factors affecting the four functions using cluster analysis method and spatial econometric model. The results indicate that: Firstly, the degrees of spatial concentration of the APF, LEF and CRF were low, while that of the ECF was high. The spatial distributions of the four functions presented obvious regularity. Secondly, the APF enhanced largely, its center of gravity was further concentrated in plain agricultural areas. The high value areas of the LEF shifted from inland to coastal areas. The ECF of hilly areas further highlighted. Advantage areas of the CRF were concentrating in the municipal districts and their surrounding counties. Thirdly, the leading counties of the APF were distributed in central and southern plains of Hebei province, the impact plain of northwest Shandong, the Jiaolai plain and the west of Liaohe plain. The leading counties of LEF were distributed in piedmont plain of Yanshan and coastal plain of Hebei province, Jiaodong Peninsula and the Yellow River Delta region. The leading counties of the ECF were distributed in Bashang plateau, mountainous region of Yanshan, hilly area of eastern and western Liaoning province, and the surrounding areas of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. The leading counties of the CRF were distributed in the surrounding areas of central-south Liaoning urban agglomerations, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region and Jinan metropolitan area. Comprehensive counties were distributed in the Huang-Huai plain and hilly areas of central-south of Shandong province. Fourthly, natural factors possessed a significant impact on the formation of the three functions including APF, LEF and ECF, while social and economic factors on the impact of the four functions were quite different. The study reveals the regularity and influence mechanism of the evolution of agricultural regional function, which can provide theoretical basis for scientific guidance of regional division of labor, strengthening of leading function, highlighting regional value and promoting regional coordinated development.

农业地域功能是农业地理学的重点理论问题之一,也是关乎粮食安全和区域农业可持续发展的重要实践课题。以环渤海地区为例,通过构建评价体系开展农业地域功能划分及其演进分析,利用空间计量模型诊断农业地域多功能形成的影响因素。结果表明：① 环渤海地区生态保育功能的空间集中度较高,农产品供给、就业与社会保障、文化传承与休闲功能则较低,4种功能空间格局具有显著规律性。② 农产品供给功能显著增强,主要分布区域向平原农区聚集;就业与社会保障高值区从内陆向沿海转移;山地丘陵生态保育功能有所增强;市辖区及周边的文化传承和休闲功能较显著。③ 农产品供给功能主导型县域集中于冀中南平原、鲁西北冲击平原、胶莱平原和辽河平原西部;社会保障主导型集中在燕山山麓平原、滨海平原、胶东半岛以及黄河三角洲;生态保育主导型集中在冀北坝上高原、燕山山地地区,以及辽西、辽东山地丘陵区和京津冀都市圈周边;文化传承与休闲功能集中于京津冀、辽中南和济南都市圈及周边;综合型位于鲁西南黄淮平原与鲁中南丘陵地区。④ 自然因素对农产品供给、就业与社会保障和生态保育功能的形成均具有显著影响;社会经济因素对4种功能的作用则具有较大差异。

Innovation of mechanism and regional policy are important means for adjusting and controlling the direction, goal, speed, and path of regional development. This article explored the effect of mechanism innovation and regional policy on coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The relationship between fairness and efficiency, and human and nature should be placed in an important position. According to the main tasks of the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in the near and medium terms, we put forward five key tasks of mechanism innovation and the policy support required: mitigate the non-capital function of Beijing orderly, optimize the industrial structure and spatial layout, build an integrated modern transportation network, promote equal basic public services, and strengthen environment protection. From a long-term and global perspective, we elaborated the key mechanism innovation and macro regional policies, including coordinated development of regional industry, integrative development of regional factor market, regional collaborative innovation, regional public service sharing, and regional horizontal ecological compensation. These policies could provide decision-making references for promoting the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

机制创新与区域政策是政府对区域发展的方向、目标、速度、格局和路径进行调控的政策手段。本文探讨了机制创新与区域政策在京津冀协同发展中的保障作用,强调京津冀协同发展必须正确处理好公平与效率的关系、人与自然的关系。根据京津冀协同发展近中期的主要任务,提出了当前机制创新与区域政策应重点服务于：有序疏解北京非首都功能、优化产业结构与空间布局、构建一体化的现代交通网络、促进基本公共服务均等化、加强生态环境保护五大方面;并基于长远和全局视角,阐述了京津冀协同发展的机制创新与宏观区域政策,包括：区域产业协同发展机制与政策、区域要素市场一体化机制与政策、区域协同创新机制与政策、区域公共服务共建共享机制与政策和区域横向生态补偿机制与政策。这些政策旨在为推动京津冀协同发展提供决策参考依据。

Promoting coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration is not only a major national strategy, but also a long-term complex process. It is necessary to apply scientific theories and respect the laws of nature to realize the strategic target of common prosperity, share a clean environment, share the burden of risk of development, and build a world-class metropolis for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration. This article examines the scientific foundation and patterns of coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration. Synergy theory, game theory, dissipative structure theory, and catastrophe theory are the theoretical basis of coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration. Synergy theory is the core theory for the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration. The coordinated development process of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration is a non-linear spiral progress of game, coordination, mutation, game, resynchronization, and mutation. Each game-coordination-mutation process promotes the coordinated development of the urban agglomeration to a higher level of coordination, and the progress fluctuates. This process includes eight stages: assistance phase, cooperation phase, harmonization phase, synergy phase, coordination phase, resonance phase, integration phase, and cohesion phase. Further analysis shows that the real connotation of coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration is to realize the coordination of planning, transportation, industrial development, urban and rural development, market, science and technology, finance, information, ecology, and the environment, as well as the construction of a collaborative development community. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration will achieve advanced collaboration from low-level collaborative phase through regional coordination on planning, construction of traffic network, industrial development, joint development of urban and rural areas, market consolidation, science and technology cooperation, equal development of financial services, information sharing, ecological restoration, and pollution control. This study may provide a scientific foundation and theoretical basis for the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration.

推动京津冀城市群协同发展既是一项国家重大战略,又是一个复杂的长期博弈过程,需要遵循科学理论,尊重科学规律,推动京津冀城市群实现共同繁荣昌盛、共享蓝天白云、共担发展风险、共建世界都会的战略目标。本文从理论上提出了京津冀城市群协同发展的科学理论基础与科学规律。认为推进京津冀城市群协同发展应以协同论、博弈论、耗散结构理论和突变论作为科学理论基础,其中协同论为核心理论。京津冀城市群的协同发展过程是一个博弈、协同、突变、再博弈、再协同、再突变的非线性螺旋式上升过程,每一次博弈—协同—突变过程,都将城市群的协同发展推向更高级协同阶段,并呈现出阶段性规律。具体包括协助阶段、协作阶段、协调阶段、协合阶段、协同阶段、协振阶段、一体化阶段和同城化阶段共8大阶段。进一步分析认为,京津冀城市群协同发展的真正内涵是推动城市群实现规划协同、交通协同、产业协同、城乡协同、市场协同、科技协同、金融协同、信息协同、生态协同和环境协同,建设协同发展共同体。本文成果旨在为京津冀协同发展提供科学基础和理论依据。

Research into urban expansion patterns and their driving forces is of great significance. Under the background of the integrated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) urban agglomeration, it is important to study the temporal and spatial patterns of urban land expansion and the driving forces development. This paper uses land-use data of the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration from 1990 to 2015 and reveals the multi-dimensional characteristics of the urban land expansion patterns. We then combine the urban spatial interaction and the spatial and temporal nonstationarity of the urban land expansion process and build the center of gravity-geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model by coupling the center of gravity model with the GTWR model. Using the center of gravity-GTWR model, we analyze the driving forces of urban land expansion at the city scale, and summarize the dominant mode and core driving forces of the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration. The results show that: (1) Between 1990 and 2015, the expansion intensity of the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration showed a down-up-down trend, and the peak period of expansion was in 2005-2010. Before 2005, high-speed development was seen in Beijing, Tianjin, Baoding, and Langfang, which were then followed by rapid development in Xingtai and Handan. (2) Although the center of gravity of cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration showed a divergent trend, the local interaction between cities was enhanced, and the driving forces of urban land expansion showed a characteristic of spatial spillover. (3) The spatial development mode of the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration changed from a dual-core development mode to a multi-core development mode, which was made up of three function cores: the transportation core in the northern part, the economic development core in the central part, and the investment core in the southern part. The integrated development between functional cores led to the multi-core development mode. (4) The center of gravity-GTWR model analyzes urban land expansion as a space-time dynamic system. The model proved to be feasible in the analysis of the driving forces of urban land expansion.

城镇用地扩展格局及驱动力研究对城市群发展规划与决策具有重要意义。以京津冀地区为例,基于城镇用地扩展强度指数、城镇用地扩展差异指数、分形维数、土地城镇化率和重心转移模型,多维解析了城市群城镇用地扩展格局特征,并耦合重心转移模型和时空地理加权回归（GTWR）模型构建重心-GTWR模型,在对空间格局进行长时间序列多维度指标分析的基础上,运用该模型依序对其特征进行驱动力解读,进而总结凝练京津冀区域发展的主导模式与城市核心驱动力。主要结论为：① 1990-2015年,京津冀城市群城镇用地扩展强度呈现“下降—上升—下降”的趋势,高峰时期在2005-2010年,在2005年之前高速发展城市集中在北京、天津、保定和廊坊,2005年之后集中在邢台和邯郸;② 城市群城镇用地重心虽呈现出发散态势,但城市之间的局部相互作用力逐渐增强,城镇用地扩展驱动力表现出空间溢出特征;③ 京津冀城市群空间发展模式由以北京和天津为中心的双核发展模式向多核发展模式转变,并出现北部资源运输核心、中部经济发展核心和南部投资发展核心三大功能核心组团,城市群趋向于多核功能协同发展模式;④ 重心-GTWR模型结合了时空非平稳性和城市空间相互作用,将城市群城镇用地扩展作为一个时空变化系统进行分析,经验证,该模型在城镇用地扩展格局驱动力分析研究中具有可行性。

Under the background of rapid globalization and urbanization around the world, these recent years have seen the worsening contradiction between fast-growing population and over-exploiting resources, especially in terms of increasingly deterioration of environment and ecosystem. As the main carrier of urbanization, urban agglomeration experiences the prompt socio-economy increase as well as the dramatic conflicts between human and land. It is obvious that as one of the three strongest motives of regional economy of China, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration profoundly embodies the characteristics of modern urban agglomeration development. Moreover, with the continuous strengthening of policy such as Collaborative Development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province, the spatial expansion of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration will take place in the long run unceasingly but also present a series of new features and dynamics. It is of great importance to construct the quantitative model for spatial evolution analysis and multi-scenario simulation, which contributes to diving deep into the micro mechanism of urbanization and historically spatial dynamics. Meanwhile, such model has very strong realistic and practical guiding significance in the context of Regional Collaborative Development. Therefore, after introducing urban and regional growth simulation theory as well as method with spatial-temporal dynamic characteristics, the paper collectively establishes Scenario Analysis and Simulation of Urban Agglomeration Spatial Evolution Model (SASUASE model) for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration, which is built on the basis of Constrained Cellular Automata (CC-CA). More than that, this model integrates the neighboring concept of CA, clustering analysis of geographical spatial partition, logistic regression analysis for parameter identification and iterative algorithm based on temporal evolution, which jointly build up the synthesized algorithm for SASUASE model. The result of parameter identification and model verification shows that the proposed models perform well after applying various factors such as transportation leading, socio-economy, ecological restraints and urban affective intensity into SASUASE model. To be more specific, in order to prove the effectiveness of the proposed model, the paper carries out the experimental simulation and compares the simulation and reality of 2013 from the perspective of urban construction land alone. As it shows, the simulation accuracy is 81.2% and the location precision is 72.6%, which indicates that the simulation effect is good. Also, the parameters of logistic regression analysis represent the main driving force of urban expansion both in orientation and strength. As the result shows, city arterial road and highway play significant roles in driving the development of urban agglomeration, which is followed by the socio-economy factors including per capita GDP. Therefore, the paper safely makes full use of SASUASE model in simulating the expansion of urban built-up area under multi-scenarios for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration in 2030. According to the simulated outcomes, the paper compares the changes of spatial development pattern in different scenarios respectively based on urbanization development speed, ecological protection pattern and planning policy guidance. On the whole, the amount of new urban construction land falls significantly while the increment of each city is badly differentiated, which shows the effect of capital dispersal policy is obvious. To be specific, the increment of new urban construction land is 226.5 km2/a, which is far below the average level between 2000-2013. The most obvious increase is found in Beijing and Tianjin, the total proportion falls from 42% to 26%, while Baoding and Langfang become the main force of the urban expansion. As for the layout features of urban expansion, the new urban construction land spreads mainly along the industrial development zones and urban agglomeration axis. The ecological protection pattern scenario greatly affects the development of cities with strong ecological protection constraints, while the planning policy guidance scenario mainly affects the micro spatial layout of new urban construction land. Decision-making supports for the adjustment of the current urban development direction, sustainable development and allocation of major infrastructure are expected in combination with the simulation results in different scenarios.

京津冀城市群是中国经济发展三大引擎之一,随着京津冀协同战略的深入推进,其空间拓展呈现出新趋势与新动力。首先,集成约束性元胞自动机、空间聚类、Logistic回归、时间迭代等算法,构建出以地理分区、宏观预测和微观分配为核心的多情景空间演化模型。然后,利用京津冀2000-2013年及规划预测的用地、交通、城镇、生态和社会经济等数据,进行模型参数识别与模拟效果验证,并从交通引导、城镇辐射、经济发展等定量揭示城市群地域空间演化的动力机制。最后,从城镇化发展速度、生态保护格局和规划政策引导三大角度进行多情景模拟,总体呈现城镇扩展速度减缓、京津用地疏解效应明显和交通引导趋势加强等特点,且主要沿京津、京保石、京唐秦和京张四条发展轴扩展。2014-2030年新增城镇建设用地共3851 km²,年均增长量226.5 km²,远低于2000-2013年的339.7 km²;其中,京津两地新增用地占比由42%下降到26%,保定和廊坊则成为未来城镇扩展的主力军,四市总增量占比达56%。

In order to predict future urban layout in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region (JJJ), we developed a BUDEM-JJJ model on the basis of the Beijing urban development model (BUDEM). BUDEM, based on prevalent urban growth theory and constrained cellular automatic, was developed in 2008 for analyzing and simulating urban growth for the Beijing Metropolitan Area(BMA). It is proved that the model is capable of analyzing historical urban growth mechanisms and predicting future urban growth for metropolitan areas in China. In this research, we extended the study of BUDEM from the BMA to the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region (JJJ), via replacing the datasets of the model and making necessary adjustments to the parameters. In BUDEM-JJJ, the parameters include minimum distance to the center of Beijing (f_ctr_bj), minimum distance to the centers of Tianjin and Shijiazhuang (f_ctr_tjsjz), minimum distance to the centers of prefecture-level cities of Hebei province (f_ctr_other), minimum distance to the centers of other urban areas (f_ctr_cty), minimum distance to railways (f_rail), minimum distance to highways (f_r_hig), minimum distance to national roads (f_r_nat), minimum distance to provincial roads (f_r_pro), location in or outside areas prohibited for construction (constrain), and neighborhood development intensity (neighbor). The model BUDEM-JJJ was used to identify urban growth mechanisms in two historical phases from 2000 to 2005 and from 2005 to 2010, to simulate urban growth scenarios for 2049. Six urban growth scenarios were put forward, including the base (business as usual) scenario, high-speed growth scenario, low-speed growth scenario, highway finger-shaped growth scenario, small cities and towns promoting growth scenario, and transportation-led growth scenario. BUDEM-JJJ considers the heterogeneity of driving force and model parameters, and fulfills accurate simulation in large-scale. Using the model urban layout can be predicted for each scenario. From the number of increased cellular and the occupation of farmland, grassland, forestland, and unused land, we found that the different scenarios have different effects on the environment. BUDEM-JJJ is the first applicable urban growth model in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. These scenarios can be applied in several planning projects and also can be used to evaluate the present urban growth rate.

准确把握城镇扩张过程中空间形态的变化规律对城镇规划水平的提高具有重要的现实意义。当前,京津冀的协同发展已上升为国家战略,为了对京津冀远景的城镇增长进行预测,本文将北京城市空间发展分析模型(BUDEM)扩展到京津冀(JJJ)区域,构建了京津冀城镇空间发展分析模型(BUDEM-JJJ)。该模型以城市增长理论和约束性元胞自动机(Constrained Cellular Automata, Constrained CA)模型为基础,以京津冀区域为研究对象,以Logistic回归和单一参数循环方法(Monoloop)为模型参数识别方法,利用2000-2005年和2005-2010年两个历史阶段的城镇建设用地数据对模型进行了参数识别,并进行了模型验证。在此基础上,对京津冀区域2049年的城镇形态进行了多种情景模拟,分析了不同发展情景(Scenario)下京津冀地区城镇空间发展格局的变化,可为当前京津冀城镇发展方向的调整和下一轮的城镇规划提供参考。

In this article, we examine the economic linkage and competition among cities in the great metropolitan region of Jing-Jin-Ji. Specifically we demonstrate that Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province have developed their unique industry structures and gained corresponding comparative advantages since the beginning of the reform and opening up. Accordingly, we propose the function orientation of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province based on their industrial characteristics and the principle of strategic interest of the country.

本文回顾了京津冀大城市群内部各组成部分的经济联系与利益矛盾。阐述了改革开放以来,京津两市和河北省的经济发展特点及已形成的优势。根据各自的特点、优势和符合国家战略利益的原则,提出了京津冀大城市群中北京、天津、河北省的功能定位。

Air pollution is now the most serious environmental problem in China, especially for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) urban agglomeration. Under the background of Jing-Jin-Ji integrated development, it is of great importance to study the spatio-temporal distribution and its influencing factors. This paper firstly analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristics of PM2.5 concentration in 202 counties of Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration using spatial analysis and visualization. Then we quantified the effect degree of different natural and human factors and the spatial spillover effect of these factors using Spatial Durbin Model (SDM). The results are as follows: (1) The PM2.5 concentration was on the rise as a whole from 2000-2014, and it was high in autumn and winter, while low in spring and summer. Seen from spatial distribution, the PM2.5 concentration was high in the southeast, while low in the northwest of the study area, and the concentration in urban built-up area was 10-20 μg/m3 higher than that of its surrounding suburban and rural areas. (2) The counties, whose PM2.5 concentration was below 35 μg/m3, only accounted for 13.9% in 2014. There were significant spatial agglomeration and diffusivity of PM2.5, and the mean distance interacting among the cities was 200 km. The PM2.5 of a city increased by more than 0.5% for every 1% increase in the average PM2.5 of neighboring cities. (3) Socio-economic factors have positive impact on PM2.5, and most of natural factors have negative impact. (4) Among the influencing factors, contributions to local atmospheric pollution with direct effect are: mean wind speed > annual mean temperature > population density > relief amplitude > the secondary industry share of GDP > energy consumption > vegetation coverage; however, per capita GDP, annual precipitation, and relative humidity have no significant effect on local pollution. (5) Contributions to neighborhood atmospheric pollution with spatial spillover effect are: vegetation coverage > relief amplitude > population density. The findings suggest that we should adopt the adaptation strategies for natural factors and control strategies for human factors. A coordinated and strengthened cooperation between local governments should be established for air pollution control, and environmental planning and legislation should be strengthened in a new round of urban agglomeration planning in China.

京津冀城市群是中国雾霾最严重的区域,在京津冀协同发展背景下,探究该地区大气污染的时空分布和影响因素具有重要意义。运用空间自相关分析和三种空间计量模型,分析了京津冀202个区县PM_2.5的时空分异特征,创新性地对自然与人文影响因素贡献及其空间溢出效应进行系统地甄别和量化。结果表明：2000-2014年来京津冀城市群PM_2.5浓度整体呈上升趋势,季节上呈秋冬高、春夏低,空间上呈东南高、西北低的特点,且城市建成区PM_2.5浓度比周围郊区和农村平均高10~20 μg/m³;2014年仅有13.9%的区县空气质量达标,PM_2.5浓度存在显著的空间集聚性与扩散性,城市间交互影响距离平均为200 km,邻近地区的PM_2.5每升高1%,将导致本地PM_2.5至少升高0.5%;社会经济内因对PM_2.5主要是正向影响,自然外因主要是负向影响;影响因素中对本地大气污染的直接效应贡献强度依次是：年均风速>年均气温>人口密度>地形起伏度>第二产业占比>能源消费>植被覆盖度,人均GDP、年降水量和相对湿度对本地PM_2.5没有显著影响;对邻近地区大气污染具有显著空间溢出效应的因素排序是：植被覆盖度>地形起伏度>能源消费>人口密度;对于自然和人文影响因素应分别采取针对性的适应策略和调控策略,加强区域间联防联控与合作治理,在城市群规划中注重环保规划与立法。

Studies showed that ecosystem services are closely related to land utilization. Human activities have been relentlessly developing and using the land, causing serious exhaustion of land resources and making ecological environment change from bad to worse, which in turn poses severe threat to the sustainable utilization of ecosystem services. For sustainable land use and human well-being promotion, it is important to integrate ecosystem service into the land use decision-making process. Creating partitions based on different ecosystem services is of great significance for land use and management of ecosystem services. Taking Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei as a case area, the study in this report assessed the ecosystem service value of each unit based on IGBP land use data from 2001 to 2009. Regionalization of ecosystem service was created by SOFM Neural Network. In order to recognize the main ecosystem services of each region, the study calculated the hot spots of ecosystem service by ArcGIS. Combined with national major function oriented zoning, the study put forward proposals for making the policies on the future land development. The results indicated that Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area can be divided into four regions based on ecosystem service values: Ⅰ. Bashang Plateau and northwest Hebei mountain region, Ⅱ. Yanshan and Taihang Mountains region, Ⅲ. Central and southern Hebei Plain region, and Ⅳ. Bohai Sea coastal area. The ecosystem service value of Bohai Sea coastal area continued to rise while that of the other areas decreased to different degrees: Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ. Wind and spring floods eroded soils in region Ⅰ and the soil are quite fragile. In order to conserve water and soil, proper land-use policies should be made for region Ⅰ. The key restoration measures include improvement of rangeland management, financial incentives to elimination of overstocking, and re-vegetation with appropriate rest periods during which grazing should be banned. Most of the hot spots of biodiversity service are distributed in region Ⅱ, but the value goes down with each passing year. Therefore, policy makers should pay more attention to biodiversity conversation in this region. As part of rapid urbanization efforts, the type of ecosystem service in region Ⅲ is quite simple. Food production is the dominant service while other services are quite low especially for water conservation and soil formation. On the premise of guaranteeing food production, proper policies should be made to adjust the proportion of urban land use to increase other ecosystem service such as carbon sink and pollination services. The resources of beach soils of region Ⅳ are rich, but the utilization ratio is low because of serious soil salinization. It is urgent for decision makers to provide guidance for salinization control, such as promoting water saving agricultural techniques and reducing artificial recharge of groundwater, to limit the increase of salinity. In addition, region Ⅳ should make full use of wetland because wetland can provide many services such as water conservation. The results indicated that SOFM Neural Network has strong advantage in objectivity and clear classification and is of great importance as a supplement to ecosystem service regionalization. The dividing method of GIS and SOFM clustering can identify regional differences and similarities of ecosystem services value and works well on ecosystem services regionalization.

生态系统服务与土地利用之间有密切关联,生态系统服务分区对区域生态系统服务的管理和土地利用政策的制定有重要意义。本文以京津冀地区为研究区,依据IGBP2001-2009年间的土地利用数据,在对谢高地等制定的中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值系数进行校正的基础上,核算了区域内各县(市)级行政单元单位面积生态系统服务的价值量,构建自组织特征映射网络(SOFM)对京津冀的生态系统服务进行分区,并用ArcGIS识别了不同服务类型的热点区,归纳和总结了每个分区的主导服务类型,并结合全国功能主体区划对该区域未来的发展重点和土地利用政策提出建议。依据分类结果,可将京津冀地区分为4 个区域:Ⅰ. 坝上高原和冀西北山区;Ⅱ. 燕山和太行山地;Ⅲ. 冀中南平原区;Ⅳ. 环渤海滨海区。2001-2009年间,除Ⅳ区的生态系统服务价值呈现增加趋势外,其他区域均有不同程度的减少,减少程度依次为Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ。Ⅰ区域发展重点为防风固沙和水源涵养;Ⅱ区域为生物多样性重点保护区域;Ⅲ区域应重点调整城镇用地的比例,适当增加其他生态系统服务;Ⅳ区域应增加水源涵养价值,治理土壤盐渍化。

本文基于地级行政单元的水污染物排放和社会经济截面数据,分析环渤海地区水污染物排放的流域特征与时空分异,定量解析环渤海地区及高强度排放聚集区内水污染物排放的驱动因素。研究结果表明：①海河流域是环渤海地区纳污量最大、增量最突出的流域,其化学需氧量和氨氮排放分别占区域排放总量的38.94%、39.23%。②2005年以来,环渤海地区水污染物高排放区从零星分布向连片分布转变,京津冀、山东半岛、辽中南已成为水污染物高排放区的叠加区域。③环渤海地区水污染物排放具有显著空间溢出效应,且空间关联程度呈增大趋势,水污染排放热度呈沿海向内陆递减态势,海河流域热度显著高于其他流域,沿海合作区显著高于内陆协作区;京津冀长期处于热点区和次热区,热区覆盖范围由海河向淮河流域拓展。④不同水污染物排放的驱动因素差异显著,对化学需氧量排放而言,经济增长速度、固定资产投资因素呈较强的正向带动,而城镇化水平和工业化程度表现出显著负向影响;对氨氮排放来说,人口规模呈正向带动,固定资产投资和外商直接投资亦有一定正向影响,经济发展水平则呈现显著的抑制作用。

Establishing the monitoring and early-warning mechanism of resource and environmental carrying capacity is an innovative work of comprehensive and deepening reforms of China. This research proposed an evaluation model of environmental carrying capacity based on environmental quality standards. This model measures the carrying capacity of atmospheric, water, and the whole environment through calculating the exceeding standard value index of pollutant concentration, and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was used as the pilot study area. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The evaluation results of the pilot study area show that 99% of the districts were in the status of overloading. (2) With regard to atmospheric environmental carrying capacity, 98% of the districts were in the status of overloading with PM10 and PM2.5 as the main pollutants. The concentrations of O3 and NO2 also seriously exceeded the values specified in the standards—87% and 72% of the districts were in the status of overloading with these two pollutants, respectively. (3) With respect to water environmental carrying capacity, all 108 districts were in the status of overloading with TN, DO, NH3-N, and TP as the main pollutants. This evaluation model objectively reflects the state of environmental carrying capacity based on the environmental quality. It can potentially be widely applied to the evaluation of environmental carrying capacity in different regions.

Based on the evaluation index system established for measuring the resource environmental bearing capacity (REBC), this paper measured the REBC of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region by applying the state space model and analyzed their driving factors by using the Tobit model. The results showed that the REBC of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was in the available state and at the rising stage as well during 2000-2012. The social economic growth had great pressure on the resources and environment. The bearing ratios of the REBCs of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei all presented a U curve and located at low levels, which meant that there was high REBC potential in these regions. Both of the permanent population and the urban residents 'Engel' s coefficient were the influence factors of the REBC of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The population problem was likely to become the bottleneck to restrict the regional social and economic development, and also threaten the resources and environment. The specific driving factors of the REBC were different in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. For example, energy consumption per unit of GDP only had significant impact on Tianjin. At last, the paper proposed that the three regions should complement each other in resources and environment, social development, and economic structure, also the REBC should be taken a reference in decision and policy making.

Based on the national needs for resources and environment carrying capacity monitoring and early-warning, this article addresses the definition of ecological carrying capacity and its evaluation method for early-warning. A case study was carried out for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The article concludes that ecological carrying capacity refers to the ability of ecosystems in providing ecosystem services, preventing ecological problems, and ensuring ecological security. Ecological carrying capacity evaluation for early-warning is to examine the extent of human disturbances that affect ecosystem services supply with regard to water retention, soil retention, sandstorm prevention; produce ecological problems; and affect regional and national ecological security. The main procedures involve indicator and evaluation method selection, threshold identification, status and trend analysis of ecological carrying capacity with reference to early-warning threshold, and cause analysis. The method and case study of ecological carrying capacity evaluation for early-warning proposed in this study can serve as a basis for regional and national assessment.

本文针对国家资源环境承载能力监测预警评估中生态承载力评估的需求,探讨了生态承载力及预警的定义与内涵,从预警角度提出区域生态承载力评价的内容与方法,并以京津冀地区为例开展了案例研究。主要结论为：生态承载力是指生态系统提供服务功能、预防生态问题、保障区域生态安全的能力。生态承载力预警评估的实质是评估人类活动是否及在多大程度上影响生态系统在水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙等主要服务功能的提供,是否产生了生态环境问题,是否影响到区域的生态安全。其评价流程主要包括：区域生态承载力评价指标选取及评价方法和阈值的确定、生态承载力预警状况及变化趋势分析、成因解析等内容。本文提出的生态承载力预警评价的方法及案例,可为全国及区域生态承载力的评估提供基础。

区域的产业结构优化是人文—经济地理学的经典问题,也是政府宏观调控经济与资源环境协调发展的重要抓手,更是经济新常态下中国新型城镇化面临的现实问题。以京津冀城市群为案例区,采用投入产出分析,构建能源—环境—就业三重约束下的线性规划模型,纳入产业间要素流动,系统分析京津冀地区的产业结构整体优度及优化路径。研究表明：① 在能源约束情景与综合约束情景下,天津市和河北省的能源约束相对于环境约束和就业约束更加严格。② 在就业约束情景方案中,北京产业结构优化的方向为高端服务业,天津市应主要发展现代工业,河北省则应聚焦于发展现代工业和传统服务业。③ 在环境约束情景方案中,三地产业结构的调整应立足于降低高污染高排放的产业。④ 综合考虑以上约束条件的情景模拟,京津冀三地应根据各地经济发展优势,统筹目前各地的产业发展目标。北京应重点发展高端服务业、高新技术产业,同时转移不适宜本地发展的第一、第二产业;天津应坚持第二、第三产业并重,寻求自身优势产业;河北应改善高污染、高能耗的传统工业,完善配套的生产性服务业。

区域人居环境质量对于区域社会经济发展具有重要意义。本文以京津冀地区为例,基于人居自然要素指数（地形起伏度、气候指数、水文指数和植被指数）和人文要素指数（夜间灯光指数、空气质量指数和交通通达指数）构建了人居环境质量综合指数（HSCI）,分析了2010年其空间分异规律,并探讨了人口分布与人居环境质量的相关性。主要结论为：① 人居自然环境受距渤海距离和太行山脉的影响较为明显,呈现由东南向西北递减的空间分异规律。其中,紧邻渤海的天津市和沧州市最好,太行山西侧的张家口市和承德市最差。② 人居人文环境在城市地区明显优于非城市地区,并表现出与行政级别相一致的层级结构。同时由于南部空气质量较差,其人文环境整体劣于北部。其中,北京市人文环境最优,衡水市最差。③ 人居环境质量综合指数既表现出由东南向西北依次递减的规律,又表现出城市地区向非城市地区依次递减的圈层结构,以及高级别行政区优于低级别行政区的层级结构。其中,天津市和唐山市人居环境质量最优,张家口市和承德市最差。④ 京津冀地区人口并非在人居环境最好的地方分布最多,而是在人居环境中等的地方分布最多,二者呈正态分布规律。整体来看,人居环境质量综合指数大于0.6的土地约占35%,却聚集了约40%的人口,说明该区充分利用了高人居环境质量的土地,人口与人居环境质量分布较为协调。

Urban human settlement environment plays a very important role in the life quality and satisfaction of urban residents. This study employed descriptive statistics and GIS mapping methods to analyze the spatial heterogeneity and socioeconomic influencing factors of human settlement environment in the Bohai Rim area. The conclusions are as follows. There are significant spatial heterogeneities in "hard" human settlement environment index (HHI), "soft" human settlement environment index (SHI), and human settlement environment quality composite index (HSCI). The quality of human settlement environment in coastal cities is significantly higher than that in inland cities. For the provincial administrative units, Liaoning has the highest HSCI; HSCI in Tianjin is the lowest. The correlation analysis between socioeconomic factors and HSCI further shows that there is no significant positive correlation between the HSCI values and the level of economic development and urbanization in the Bohai Rim area—more prosperous economy and higher urbanization rate cannot bring in higher quality of human settlement environment; but there is a significant negative correlation between the HSCI and population in the Bohai Rim area. Therefore the control of urban population in the region will be helpful for improving the quality of human settlement environment.

城市人居环境是城市居民生活质量和满意度的重要内容。本文以环渤海地区44个城市为例,从人居硬环境和软环境两方面评价人居环境指数,运用描述统计和GIS制图方法,分析环渤海地区城市人居环境综合质量空间差异及其影响因素,研究发现：①人居环境综合指数存在显著空间差异,沿海城市的人居环境质量明显高于内陆城市;在省级行政单元中,辽宁省人居环境综合指数最高,天津最低。②环渤海地区城市人居环境指数与经济发展水平和城镇化水平不存在显著的正相关关系,但与人口规模存在显著的负相关关系,表明仅提升经济发展水平和城市化率并不能提升城市人居环境质量,但合理控制城市人口规模则可有助于提升城市人居环境质量。

To develop Xiong'an New Area (XNA) is one of the major national strategies and seen as the "new millennium project" in China. Sixteen experts from geography and human habitat sciences have made a thorough discussion on how to ensure Xiong'an to be built into an ecological and innovation city as a response to the implementation of the CPC Central Committee's requirements. Several key principles have been suggested as follows for the construction of Xiong'an: (1) Livability security. Specific policies should be made to optimize regional resources and environmental carrying capacity, put the safety in the first place, and effectively prevent flooding, atmospheric and other disasters, with the goal of human habitat environment favorable to live, work and play, in order to build a livable city. (2) Eco-city. Low-carbon technologies should be actively applied to organically shape the urban and regional ecological system and spatial structure. A green infrastructure system should be built. (3) Innovation. All-round innovation such as technological, cultural and management innovation should be promoted to build a new generation of sustainable development of science and technology innovation capital. (4) Regional coordination. XNA development actions should be coordinated with regional integration, as well as water system and environmental protection, through the solid regional cooperation to achieve reciprocal development. (5) Cultural city. The protection of traditional culture and the development of urban culture and arts should be attached great importance, cultural inclusiion and harmony should be advocated to explore the characteristics of a new type of urban culture with Chinese characteristics of humanities and ecology. (6) Comprehensive quality development. Emphasis should be placed on comprehensive development of urban ecology, economy and society. The concept of comprehensive high-quality and high-standard development should be highlighted to establish an international-leading-quality standard system and quality supervision should be comprehensively strengthened. Advanced social public facilities and security system should be constructed. (7) Pilot and demonstration. Xiong'an should be built into a successful model city in ecological innovation and new urbanization.

建设雄安新区,是千年大计、国家大事。为落实中央决策,我们突出强调将雄安建设成为生态与创新之都。来自地理学及人居环境科学领域的16位专家,以笔谈方式,对此开展了深入讨论。认为雄安新区的发展,应该坚持和秉承以下观念。一是宜居安全观,需要优化调控区域资源环境承载力,突出安全第一,切实防范洪涝灾害、环境污染等风险,以创建宜居宜业宜游的城市为目标,走全面宜居城市之路。二是生态城市观,应积极采用低碳生态技术,有机组织城市区域生态系统与空间布局,建设绿色基础设施系统,保证城市生态系统良性循环,走系统化的生态城市之路。三是创新核心观,应该以科技文化为灵魂,推进科技创新、文化创新与管理创新等全面创新,突出科技创新核心,建设新一代可持续发展的科技创新之都。四是区域统筹观,应从流域视角、区域一体化视角,统筹新区建设,注重区域协作,共享共生,互动互补,带动区域转型新型发展,走区域深度协同发展之路。五是文化城市观,重视历史文化保护与城市文化艺术发展,倡导文化包容与和谐,探索中华人文生态特色新型城市风貌,走文化特色城市发展之路。六是综合品质观,强调城市生态经济社会全面高水平发展,突出全面高质量与高标准发展理念,建立国际领先的质量标准体系与规范体系,发展智慧城市,全面加强综合质量监测评价与督察,结合文化品质追求,配套先进的社会公共设施与保障系统,走综合高品质发展之路。七是典型示范观,努力将雄安新区打造成生态创新的城市示范区和新型城市化的样板城市,促进京津冀建设生态与创新型世界城市群。

Xiong'an New Area is considered as a special new area with national significance after Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and Shanghai Pudong New Area. Its establishment is also a major strategic decision under the cooperation and development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, following the planning and construction of Beijing city deputy center. Currently, most researches focus on the strategic significance of Xiong'an New Area and interpretation or discussion on the objective of its development and construction, but the general idea and challenges of planning and construction on Xiong'an New Area need to be carefully and deeply analyzed and thought about. The paper makes some views and suggestions on strategic significance, the orientation of urban development, the planning of industry and land use, the innovation of institutional mechanism as well as some problems such as the administrative and land management model and ecological protection of Xiong'an New Area by four geographers, who have long been studying the development and planning of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the Yangtze River economic zone. The purpose of this paper is to promote the further study of geographers, and to provide the advice and suggestions for the planning and construction of Xiong'an New Area. Moreover, the further study of Xiong'an New Area is of great value to the theoretical study of regional integration in China.

继深圳经济特区和上海浦东新区之后,雄安新区的设立被认为是又一具有全国意义的新区,其设立也是继规划建设北京城市副中心后又一京津冀协同发展的重大战略决策。相关研究重点集中在其战略意义及开发建设目标的一般性解读与探讨,有关雄安新区规划建设的总体思路与面临的挑战还需深入分析与冷静思考。集中四位对京津冀协同发展与长江经济带长期研究的地理学者就雄安新区的战略意义、城市发展定位、产业与土地利用规划、体制机制创新以及面临的行政与土地管理模式与生态保护等问题的观点与建议,抛砖引玉,希望引起地理学者进一步深入思考,为雄安新区的规划建设提供咨询与建议,为中国区域一体化理论研究的完善进行新探索。

Urban agglomeration is not only the main form of new urbanization, but also the incubator of innovation. Theoretically, there is a complex interaction between urbanization subsystem and innovation subsystem in urban agglomeration. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration is a national-level urban agglomeration designated by the national new urbanization planning, and it takes "the new engine of national innovation-driven economic growth" as its core function positioning. Therefore, exploring the coupling relationship between urbanization process and innovation and development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration is beneficial to understand the relationship between urbanization and innovation and the development of this urban agglomeration. The comprehensive evaluation index system of urbanization and innovation is constructed by combing the internal theoretical relationship between two subsystems of urbanization and innovation. With the help of coupling coordination degree model and geo-detector factor detection method, this paper analyzes the evolution process and mechanism of coupling coordination relationship between urbanization and innovation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. The findings: (1) The comprehensive level of urbanization and innovation in the study area presents a trend of steady growth, and the coupling and coordination relationship between urbanization and innovation also develops in a good direction on the whole, but the comprehensive level and coupling relationship are different in space. Specifically, the gap between the high level of Beijing and Tianjin and the overall low level of 11 cities in Hebei is obvious. (2) The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration has been characterized by the coupling coordination type of innovation lag since 2007. Moreover, most of the cities in recent years show the type of coupling coordination of innovation lag, which can be clearly concluded that the main reason for the coupling coordination level of this urban agglomeration in the past period of time is that the innovation level is relatively inadequate to support the urbanization. (3) The interaction between urbanization and innovation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration is very significant, especially the impact of economic urbanization and social urbanization on innovation, and the impact of innovation resources on urbanization is more prominent. It is also found that the role of innovation ability in promoting urbanization is relatively inadequate during the study period. In the future, the key direction of promoting the coordination level of urbanization and innovation coupling in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration is to accelerate the improvement of urban agglomeration and the comprehensive level of innovation in each city.

城市群是国家新型城镇化的主体形态,也是创新的孵化器;城市群区域的城镇化子系统与创新子系统之间理论上存在复杂交互关系。京津冀城市群是国家新型城镇化规划确定的国家级城市群,并将“全国创新驱动经济增长新引擎”作为其核心功能定位,因此有必要探索京津冀城市群的城镇化过程与创新发展之间的耦合关系,这对理解城镇化与创新之间的关系和京津冀城市群的发展问题都有裨益。通过梳理城镇化与创新两个子系统之间的内在理论关系,构建城镇化与创新的综合评价指标体系,借助耦合协调度模型和地理探测器因子探测方法,分析京津冀城市群城镇化与创新两子系统之间的耦合协调关系演变过程及作用机理。研究发现：① 京津冀城市群城镇化和创新的综合水平都呈现稳步增长的趋势,城镇化与创新的耦合协调关系总体向好的方向发展,但综合水平和耦合关系的空间差异都较大;② 创新滞后是京津冀城市群城镇化与创新耦合协调水平提升的关键阻力,近年京津冀城市群地区及多数城市表现为创新滞后的耦合协调类型;③ 京津冀城市群城镇化与创新的交互影响非常显著,特别是经济城镇化和社会城镇化对创新的影响、创新资源对城镇化的影响表现比较突出。

Based on the modified Gravity Model, SNA method, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model and Tobit model, this article analyzes the effect of spatial structure of the innovation linkage network on the innovation efficiency in cities. The main findings of this study are drawn as follows: 1) The innovation linkage showed a radial expansion with the core of Beijing-Tianjin in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), and a diamond-shaped structure in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), the innovation linkage presented a spatial pattern with the cities on both sides of the Pearl River estuary as the core and other cities as important nodes. 2) The innovation linkage network had a polar core development and the innovation linkage highly depended on the core cities in the BTH, but in the YRD and the PRD, the innovation linkage network showed the balanced development from single-center driving to multi-center driving. In addition, the innovation linkage networks in the BTH and PRD were characterized by the ‘small world’. 3) Tobit regression results showed that the central position, betweenness position, occupying capacity of structural holes and agglomeration had different effects on the innovation efficiency in the three urban agglomerations.

引入修正引力模型、社会网络分析方法、DEA模型以及Tobit模型,探讨2001—2015年京津冀、长三角、珠三角三大城市群的创新联系网络结构对创新效率的影响。研究表明：① 创新联系格局方面,京津冀城市群呈现以“京津”为核心的放射状发展特征,长三角城市群呈现以“Z”字形为主轴的类钻石型空间格局,珠三角城市群形成了以珠江口两侧城市为核心、其他城市为重要节点的空间格局；② 在创新联系网络结构特征方面,京津冀城市群呈极核式发展,群内创新联系高度依赖于核心城市,长三角和珠三角城市群由单中心驱动转变为多中心驱动,呈均衡发展特征,京津冀和珠三角城市群创新联系网络具有“小世界”网络特征；③ Tobit模型回归结果显示,三大城市群中,城市节点在城市群创新联系网络中的中心位置、中介地位、对结构洞的运用能力和集聚程度对其创新效率的影响存在差异。

The urban agglomeration has become an important carrier of gathering element resources and innovation activities because of its strong ability to integrate resources, make up for insufficient innovation ability of a single city and overall location advantage. As innovation space has changed from "local space" to "mobile space", the innovation has changed from linear mode to network mode. A city does not innovate alone, but through a series of complex interactions with regional and cross-regional cities. Therefore, regional and interregional innovation networks of urban agglomeration are important aspects of the process of innovation. The rise of network approach endows innovation with new perspective of multi-scale spatial coupling and enriches the connotation of regional innovation model. In this article, theoretical analysis framework is constructed from three dimensions of geographical opening, regional coordination and innovation ability based on the network perspective. We depict the characteristics of regional innovation and classify the regional innovation model of China’s ten major urban agglomerations into eight types. The result shows that there are significant differences in the regional innovation model of urban agglomerations. The urban agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the Pearl River Delta has a good foundation. The Haixi urban agglomeration lacks high level internal coordination, the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Chengdu-Chongqing rely heavily on the external connections. The Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration has an obvious core-edge internal network structure, and the Hachang, Zhongyuan and Guanzhong urban agglomeration is not good in each dimension evaluation, this regional innovation model is the worst. Accurate judgement of the development status and regional types of urban agglomeration is very important for promoting and directing regional development. The conclusions of this study give specific policy guidelines for the future development of different types of urban agglomerations in China. The Yangtze River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration has good foundation. But, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration should strengthen their internal relations except Beijing and Tianjin, and the external relations of the urban agglomeration in the Pearl River Delta should be further complemented; The Haixi urban agglomeration should actively promote its internal linkages between inland cities and coastal cities to promote the level of coordination. The promotion of technology transfer and diffusion in this region would accelerated the completion of the fourth largest urban agglomeration in China; The urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, Chengdu-Chongqing and Beibu Gulf have different outstanding advantages and disadvantages, these regions should base on their own reality, avoid the shortcoming and break through the higher form of the current path to the urban agglomeration. The Ha Chang, Zhongyuan and Guanzhong urban agglomeration although adjacent to each other in space, there is no close relationship between them for various reasons. Construction of regional innovation system of these urban agglomerations focus on planning and designing, fostering at the present stage is early in fashion. Actually, this article is not involve the mechanism of network effects on urban agglomeration innovation mode. Therefore, we would combine qualitative analysis to explore in future.

从地理开放、区域协同和创新能力3个维度构建理论分析框架,基于网络视角刻画2015年中国十大城市群的区域创新特点,并据此划分城市群的区域创新模式。研究表明,中国十大城市群的区域创新模式存在显著差异。长三角、京津冀和珠三角城市群已具有较好基础,海西城市群缺乏高水平的内部协同,长江中游和成渝城市群过度依赖外部联系,北部湾城市群拥有较明显的核心-边缘内部网络结构,哈长、中原和关中城市群各维度评价均不高,区域创新模式最差。

Collaborative innovation is one of the core issues of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration and coordinated development. This study constructed a collaborative innovation index of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region for narrowing the gap of innovative level and promoting innovation cooperation among different regions and actors. From 2010 to 2014, while the overall innovation ability of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has improved significantly, notable differences within the region remain and innovative collaboration among different regions and actors is still at a low level. In terms of the differences within the region, Beijing is far ahead in the fields of innovation investment, output, and environment. Tianjin is making rapid progress in innovation investment and high-tech industry development. Hebei has shown rapid growth in high-tech industry investment but slow progress in innovation output and environment. In terms of regional innovative collaboration among key actors, the role of enterprises is lagging far behind the developed regions. Although universities and research institutions have abundant research results, many of them remain unapplied. Lastly, in terms of the ability for cross-region innovative cooperation, Beijing has shown a "jumpy" diffusion pattern with much stronger influence and collaboration with faraway regions than its immediate neighboring areas of Tianjin and Hebei. The article concludes with recommendations on how to further clear the orientation and function division of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, create a better collaborative innovation market environment, make an industry-university-research institute system, and deepen the reform of the science and technology innovation system.

协同创新是京津冀协同发展的核心议题之一,本文从缩小京津冀三地间创新水平差距和推动跨地区、跨主体的创新协作两个视角构建了协同创新指数,对京津冀协同创新水平进行测度评价。测度结果为：2010-2014年期间,京津冀整体的创新能力有了明显提升,但不同地区间、不同主体间的协同创新水平仍然较低。从综合创新水平来看,北京在创新的投入、产出和环境方面都遥遥领先,天津在创新投入和产业创新产出方面进步很快,河北在产业创新产出方面也有较快增长,但创新环境进步缓慢。从主体间协同创新水平来看,企业的主体地位较低,高校和研究机构的知识创新产出丰富但产业化程度较低。从区域间的协同创新水平来看,北京技术转移在全国范围内呈现“跳跃式”扩散特征,但对津冀主要产业的创新带动贡献不大。最后,提出了促进创新要素特别是人才要素的流动、构建官产学研多元主体协同创新模式、加强创新链与产业链对接等政策建议。

The rational space division of producer services in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region plays an extremely important role in promoting coordinated and integrated regional development. In this research, we use the prefecture-level panel data of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region for the period of 2003-2012 to estimate the spatial characteristics and industrial features of the producer service division in the region. We also estimate the spatial spillover effects of various producer service industries among the cities on the basis of a spatial panel econometric model. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) Beijing and Tianjin exhibit diversification in the division system of their producer services, whereas 11 cities in Hebei Province show specialization, mostly focusing on the development of their financial service and transportation sectors. (2) The division index of the producer services between Beijing and Tianjin is relatively low, and the producer service structures of these cities show a convergence trend. (3) The division indexes of the financial, business, and information service sectors in the region are relatively high, whereas those of the technology and real estate service sectors are significantly low. (4) The spillover effects of the real estate and technology service sectors with a low division index are remarkable. However, as a result of the limitation of transaction cost and the demand for "face-to-face" contact, the spatial spillovers perform best at a distance of around 150 km. When the distance goes beyond this specified range, the spatial spillovers are evidently reduced. The spillover effects of the transportation, finance service, and business service sectors with a high division index are not significant and should improve the industrial linkage between cities in the future. The scope of the spatial effect of the information service sector is exceedingly limited, as it only reflects the correlation among neighboring cities. Results of this study demonstrate that spatial spillover performs satisfactorily, whereas the localization of the service sector is poor.

生产性服务业在京津冀地区的合理分工对于实现京津冀地区空间协调发展具有非常重要的推动作用。利用2003-2012年京津冀地区13个地级城市面板数据,测算了京津冀生产性服务业分工的空间特征与行业特征,并基于空间面板计量模型,实证检验了生产性服务业各行业在京津冀地区城市之间的空间外溢效应。主要结论：① 北京和天津在京津冀生产性服务业分工体系中都呈现出多样化的特征,而河北省11个城市则呈现出专业化特征,大多专注于金融服务业和交通运输业的发展;② 北京与天津之间的生产性服务业分工程度相对较低,并且从动态上两个城市的生产性服务业结构呈现趋同的趋势;③ 金融服务业、商务服务业、信服务业和交通运输业在京津冀地区的地方化程度较高,而科技服务业和房地产服务业的地方化程度则明显偏低。④ 地方化程度较低的科技服务业和房地产服务业在京津冀地区各城市间的空间外溢效应显著,但受交易成本和对“面对面”接触需求的影响,空间溢出效应随距离增加而衰减,在150 km范围内的空间溢出效应最强;而地方化程度相对较高的交通运输业、金融服务业和商务服务业的空间外溢效应则不显著。信息服务业在京津冀地区城市间的溢出仅体现在相邻城市之间。实证结果一定程度上反映生产性服务业各行业的地方化程度越低,城市之间的空间溢出越易实现。

In the process of promoting the coordinated development of high-tech parks in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, the extent of integration of high-tech parks in this region decides the quality and depth of collaborative development. In the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, 10 high-tech parks in Tianjin and Hebei have signed intergovernmental cooperation agreements with the Zhongguancun Science Park. The cooperative industries are primarily electronic information industry, advanced manufacturing industry, new energy and energy saving industry, environmental protection industry, and biological medicine industry, which are also the five leading industries of the Zhongguancun Science Park in terms of revenue and share. The dynamic mechanism of coordinated development of high-tech parks in the region can be divided into hierarchical industrial transfer mechanism, market demand driven mechanism, science and technology industry incubation and transformation mechanism, government guidance driven mechanism, and market cooperation driven mechanism. The collaborative development models can be divided into the Zhongguancun Haidian-Qinhuangdao High-tech Park model that was mostly driven by the government, the Gu'an Industrial Park’s industrial town model that was mostly driven by market cooperation, and the Baoding-Zhongguancun Innovation Center model that was mostly driven by science and technology industry incubation and transformation.

在推进京津冀城市群高科技园区的协同发展进程中,三地园区之间是否深度融合,决定京津冀协同发展的质量和深度。目前京津冀城市群的天津与河北高科技园区与中关村科技园签有政府间合作协议的有10家,其对接的产业类型依次为电子信息、先进制造、新能源与节能、环境保护、生物医药产业,与中关村科技园总收入占比居前5位的产业类别恰好相对应。三地园区协同发展动力机制可分为产业梯度转移机制、市场需求吸引机制、科技产业孵化转化机制、政府引导驱动机制、市场合作驱动机制5类。合作共建模式主要有：政府引导驱动机制为主的中关村海淀园秦皇岛分园模式、市场合作驱动的类似于固安工业园的产业新城模式、科技产业孵化转化机制为主的保定中关村创新中心模式等。

从中国近代交通发展之初到高速交通网络化时代,京津冀地区陆路交通发展一直占据全国领先地位,为探究其长期演化的特征,以百年时间尺度系统梳理了京津冀地区陆路交通网络发展过程,并以13个地市为中心,采用考虑跳跃式交通运输方式的时间距离计算模型探讨了其可达性演变过程。研究表明：① 京津冀地区陆路交通网络发展经历了交通近代化起步时期（1881-1937年）—交通发展停滞时期（1937-1949年）—路网拓展时期（1949-1980年）—主干构筑时期（1980-1995年）—高速交通网络发展时期（1995-至今）五个阶段,以北京为中心的路网结构早在近代交通发展之初就已形成;② 京津冀地区区域可达性空间格局从沿交通廊道拓展向同心圆结构演变,中心城市交通圈层结构逐渐形成连片发展格局;③ 中心城市的交通圈层结构具有明显的等级差异,北京一直具有最高的地位,而张家口的地位自新中国成立后明显下降。京津地区一直是短时交通圈最先形成的区域,而处于区域腹心的冀中地区交通区位优势一直不突出。

The interaction of production factors among cities plays a significant role in the spatial expansion of urban agglomerations. Meanwhile, it drives the change of urban agglomerations from a single-level flat regional space into a multi-level network system. The shift of Chinese urban agglomerations from segregated regions to spatial networks has become the focus of academic research in recent years. Studies have advanced an argument that the relations of traffic and industry between each city-pair not only provide internal dynamics for the spatial expansion and hierarchical organization of urban agglomeration, but also describe the development state of urban agglomeration. Based on the perspective of coupling relationship between traffic and industry, this study identified the multi-level spatial structure and development scope of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration by spatial network analysis, gravity model, and Multi-level Spatial Structure Tree (MSS-Tree), using socioeconomic data, traffic volume data, and enterprise network data. We first selected the municipal districts of Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and Tangshan cities as four radiation centers based on the result of comprehensive strength calculated by factor analysis. Then we combined the gravity model with the MSS-Tree algorithm, and the result shows that continuity, hierarchy, and difference coexist in the theoretical spatial structure of the urban agglomeration. Meanwhile, we applied traffic volume data and enterprise network data to the MSS-Tree algorithm, and the result shows that current spatial structure presents the characteristics of fragmentation, hollow, and jumping, which is quite different from the theoretical structure. According to the comparison between the current scope and the theoretical scope, the current development scope is smaller, and there is obvious an "island and cave" phenomenon in the radiation area of radiation centers, which show contiguous distribution of metropolitan shadow areas. For the four radiation centers, there is a lack of mature sub-centers around Beijing; the spatial scale of radiation area around Tianjin is shrinking greatly because of the polarization effect of Beijing; and the radiation areas around Shijiazhuang and Tangshan are poorly developed, indicating that the two cities need to strengthen their own economic construction. Further, the comparison between traffic and industry radiation areas reveals the phenomenon that traffic develops first while industry lags behind. The unbalanced coupling relationship between traffic and industry leads to low coincidence degree in radiation areas of these two factors. The leading role of traffic accelerates loss of production factors from small or medium-sized cities, thus forms the poverty belt around Beijing and Tianjin. From the perspective of traffic-industry coupling relationship, this study explored the existing problems and their mechanism, which is significant for efficient synergy in the spatial development of urban agglomerations. Finally. Based on the perspective of local government, this article proposed regional development strategies of integration from bottom to top and expansion from inside to outside.

中国城市群从区域向空间网络的转变,成为城乡统筹发展功能的主体地域单元。基于“交通—产业”的耦合视角,以京津冀城市群为研究区域,选取北京、天津、石家庄、唐山作为城市群发育的辐射中心,结合空间网络分析、引力模型、多层次空间结构MSS-Tree算法,测度识别京津冀城市群空间结构及现状发育范围。结果发现：①京津冀城市群还不成熟,辐射中心周边的辐射发育区“岛、洞”现象明显,表现为连片分布的大城市阴影区;其中北京市周边缺乏成熟副中心,天津市受到北京极化作用影响,辐射区大幅萎缩;石家庄、唐山辐射区发育不足,需首先加强自身经济建设;②交通、产业辐射发育范围重合度较低,交通的先导作用加速了中小城镇生产要素流失,形成环京津贫困带。据此提出了自下而上整合、由内向外扩展的地区发展策略建议。

The core of collaborative development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is problem-oriented, aiming at breaking the administrative boundaries and optimizing the allocation of resources on a larger regional scale, thus realizing the overall regional development goals. As a consequence, it is crucial to carry out spatial development regionalization and implement targeted local governance according to the needs of modernizing regional spatial governance system and from the perspective of improving the spatial planning system. On the basis of regional development differentiation, this study conducted cluster analysis based on spatial and attribute constraints to divide the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region into four subregions, that is, the central core function development region, eastern coastal key development region, southern gateway function development region, and northern and western ecological conservation region. This study further used districts and counties as the basic unit of analysis and constructed a classification index system at the micro spatial scale, considering the status quo of development intensity, urban construction land increment forecast, and ecological protection responsibility. The status quo of development intensity is composed of population density, construction density, input density, and output density. Ecological protection responsibility mainly incorporates restricted construction area and limited construction area. Urban construction land increment forecast is determined by elements including natural, socioeconomic, transportation, planning factors, and so on. With the aid of a three-dimensional coordinate classification method, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region can be divided into five typological divisions at the district and county levels, namely, urban optimized development area, urban key development area, modern agriculture development area, limited and moderate development area, strict ecological reserve area. Corresponding to the above analysis, this article puts forward policy recommendations on spatial governance: (1) Emphasizing the fundamental role of the market in resource allocation and improved regional development; (2) Mediating the contradiction between development and protection, building up a mechanism of sharing benefits and the burden of risks.

京津冀协同发展的核心是基于问题导向和底线思维,打破行政区划,在更大区域尺度上优化资源配置,实现区域整体发展目标。因此,从优化空间规划体系的高度,开展京津冀区域协同发展的类型区划和类型区管理,实现分区施策的精细化管治极为重要。本文首先立足于京津冀区域发展差异,利用空间属性双聚类的方法将京津冀划分为中部核心功能引领区、东部沿海重点发展区、南部门户功能拓展区、西部和北部生态涵养保护区等四大区域;然后以区县为最小分析单元,从现状开发强度、用地增量预测和生态保护责任等三大维度构建类型划分指标体系,并利用三维空间坐标划分方法将京津冀划分为五大类型区,即：城镇优化发展区、城镇重点拓展区、现代农业发展区、适度建设发展区和严格生态保护区;最后,在空间管治视角下提出京津冀区域分区管治与区域协同管理的建议。

With regional integration continuously developing, it has become essential to establish good governance mechanism in regional development. Due to the strategic status of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, its collaborative governance has been even more important, but the region is also facing a number of challenges. In order to understand better the characteristics of regional governance in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and to propose some optimization approaches that can support the implement of regional planning, this study conducted a comparative analysis and built a three-dimensional research framework including participants, means of governance, and cooperation mechanisms. On the basis of this, we summed up the characteristics and pattern of change of regional governance in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Berlin-Brandenburg region, the Tokyo metropolitan area, and the Paris metropolitan area, especially with regard to their differences. The three conclusions are as follows: 1) Multi-subjects participation has been the essential characteristics of regional governance, whose authority-responsibility relationships must be unambiguous. In practice, multiple players have participated in the regional governance in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, but the relationships among them need to be clarified. Founding a regional institution would be a good chance to straighten these relationships. 2) Only when the administrative means, market mechanisms, and legislation are interrelated and interact positively, can regional governance be effective. However, the governance structure of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, which consists of good administrative means, limited market mechanisms, and inadequate legislation, shows some limitations. To fix the problems, enhancing legislation system shall be the priority and this in turn can promote the interaction between the government and the market. 3) An efficient multilateral consultation mechanism is indispensable, which could support decision making and dispute arbitration. In this respect, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has already had a good decision-making mechanism, but there are some inadequacies in dispute arbitration and supervision. It is necessary to speed up and improve the overall coordination mechanism, which can be applied to all aspects of the governance practice.

随着区域一体化发展不断成熟,良好的区域治理机制愈发重要。京津冀区域协同治理具有重要的战略意义,积累了良好的基础,也面临许多挑战。为了更好地认识京津冀区域协同治理模式的特征,提出优化建议支撑区域规划落实。论文立足比较研究的视角,以治理机制为核心,围绕参与主体、治理手段、协调机制3个维度建立起比较研究框架,概括总结了京津冀地区、德国柏林—勃兰登堡地区、日本东京首都圈、法国巴黎大都市区等首都所在区域的治理模式特征,并开展横向比较。结果表明：①多元主体参与是良好区域治理的基本特征,关键在于建立明晰的主体间权责关系;京津冀相比国外实践,虽主体多元,但权责关系有待进一步厘清;以设立承上启下的区域机构为契机,应加快梳理相关关系。②行政手段、市场手段与法律手段相辅相成,是保障区域治理效率的基础;京津冀相比之下更侧重行政手段,市场手段有限,法律手段相对薄弱;应优先增强立法建设,进而促使市场手段与行政手段相互平衡、良性互动。③多边协商机制是区域治理有序运行的保障;京津冀在决策中已有较好的协调机制,但矛盾仲裁与动态监管方面仍显不足;应加快健全整体协调机制,贯穿治理实践的各个环节。