Urban agglomeration has been the inevitable result of China's rapid industrialization and urbanization over the last 30 years. Since the early 2000s, urban agglomeration has become the new regional unit participating in international competition and the division of labor. China has declared urban agglomeration the main spatial component of new types of urbanization over the next decade as clarified at the first Central Urbanization Working Conference and in the National New-type Urbanization Plan (2014?2020). However, research on urban agglomeration remains weak and needs to be strengthened. From 1934 to 2013, only 19 papers published in Acta Geographica Sinica contained the theme of urban agglomeration (0.55% of the total number of articles published) and the first paper on urban agglomeration appeared less than 10 years ago. Despite a small number of divergent studies, this work has contributed to and guided the formation of the overall pattern of urban agglomeration in China. For example, spatial analyses have promoted the formation of the fundamental framework of China's urban agglomeration spatial structure and guided the National New-type Urbanization Plan; spatial identification standards and technical processes have played an important role in identifying the scope and extent of urban agglomeration; serial studies have facilitated pragmatic research; and problems with the formation and development of urban agglomeration have provided a warning for future choices and Chinese development. Future research into urban agglomeration in China should (1) review and examine new problems in China's urban agglomeration options and cultivation; (2) critically consider urban agglomeration when promoting the formation of the 5+9+6 spatial pattern; (3) rely on urban agglomeration to construct new urbanization patterns such as 'stringing the agglomerations with the axis, supporting the axis with the agglomerations'; and (4) deepen national awareness about resources, environment effects and environmental carrying capacity in high density urban agglomerations, management and government coordination innovation, the construction of public finance and fiscal reserve mechanisms, the technical regulation of urban agglomeration planning, and standards for identifying the scope and extent of urban agglomeration.

中国的城市群是近30年来伴随国家新型工业化和新型城镇化发展到较高阶段的必然产物,自21世纪初期城市群成为国家参与全球竞争与国际分工的全新地域单元之后,中国连续10年把城市群提升为推进国家新型城镇化的空间主体,首次召开的中央城镇化工作会议和《国家新型城镇化规划 (2014-2020年)》进一步明确了城市群作为推进国家新型城镇化的主体地位。然而,城市群在中国的研究目前尚处在亟待加强的薄弱环节。系统总结从1934-2013年的80年间发表在地理学报的城市群主题论文,只有不到19篇,仅占总篇数的0.55%,不仅发表篇数少,而且发表时间短,首次发表城市群研究成果不到10年,研究单位和作者群体集中,研究内容瞄准国家需求但比较发散。即便如此,仅有的城市群研究成果还是对国家城市群总体格局的形成起到了引领作用,做出了重要贡献。具体体现在,提出的城市群空间格局推动国家形成了中国城市群空间结构的基本框架,引导国家新型城镇化规划把城市群作为推进新型城镇化的主体形态,提出的城市群空间范围识别标准与技术流程对界定国家城市群范围起到了重要作用,提出的城市群系列研究领域带动城市群的研究向着纵深与实用方向拓展,提出的中国城市群形成发育中存在的问题对未来城市群的选择与发展起到了警示作用。以这些研究进展和成果为基础,未来中国城市群选择与培育的重点方向为：以问题为导向,深刻反思检讨中国城市群选择与发育中暴露出的新问题;以城市群为主体,重点推动形成“5+9+6”的中国城市群空间结构新格局;以城市群为依托,重点推动形成“以轴串群、以群托轴”的国家城镇化新格局;以国家战略需求为导向,继续深化对城市群形成发育中重大科学问题的新认知,包括深入研究城市群高密度集聚的资源环境效应,科学求解城市群高密度集聚的资源环境承载力,创新城市群形成发育的管理体制和政府协调机制,研究建立城市群公共财政制度与公共财政储备机制,研究制定城市群规划编制技术规程与城市群空间范围界定标准等。

Green development is pivotal to resolving natural environmental constraints, solving national economic transition, and supporting and realizing the United Nations sustainable development goals. It is gradually growing into a crucial guideline for China's ecological civilization construction, "Beautiful China" development, and global economic transition and restructure. Based on a thorough review of the concept of green development, this paper accurately depicts a full picture of China's spatio-temporal patterns of urban green development efficiency (UGDE) in 2005-2015 by using SBM-Undesirable, the Theil index and the Spatial Markov Chain methods. Moreover, the influencing mechanism has been further discussed based on a quantitative analysis of both natural and human factors. Our results demonstrate that: (1) UGDE increased steadily by 10% from 0.475 in 2005 to 0.523 in 2015. And temporally, it shows a pattern of "W"-shaped fluctuated growth. (2) Spatially, UGDE decreased from eastern to central China, and further to western China. Besides, there is an inverted pyramid pattern of "national level > regional level > local level" urban agglomeration in UDGE growth. Moreover, there is a steady urban scale structure from super city to small city in UDGE. (3) There is an evident concentration of cities with high-level and low-level UDGE, indicating a significant influence of path dependence. (4) Quantitatively speaking, compared to natural factors, human factors such as economy size, industry structure, and openness level play a more important role in influencing the UDGE.

绿色发展作为化解自然环境约束、破解经济转型难题、支撑和实现全球可持续发展目标（SDGs）关键。正逐渐成为中国生态文明建设、美丽中国建设和全球经济转型与重构的重要指导理念。在梳理绿色发展概念与内涵基础上,采用SBM-Undesirable模型、泰尔指数和空间马尔科夫链等方法,对2005-2015年中国城市绿色发展效率时空分异特征及其演变过程进行了测度与刻画,并进一步耦合自然与人文因素定量探讨了人地关系地域系统下的影响机制。研究表明：① 2005-2015年中国城市绿色发展效率稳步提升,由0.475增加到0.523,总体提高了10%,时序上呈现“W”型波动增加的阶段性演变特征。② 中国城市绿色发展效率呈现出“东中西”阶梯状递减的区域差异规律,不同类型城市群具有“国家级>区域性>地方性”倒金字塔式集群增长特征,形成了“超大城市>特大城市>大城市>中等城市>小城市”稳定等级规模结构。③ 中国城市绿色发展效率空间集聚特征显著,高效率城市存在正向溢出效应,低效率城市则负向溢出影响,“高高集聚、高带动低”的空间俱乐部趋同现象较为凸显,不同类型城市演化存在显著的路径依赖与时空惯性。④ 人地关系地域系统视角下,人文社会因素对城市绿色发展效率影响程度大于自然本底要素,其中经济实力、产业结构、开放程度和城市气温呈现积极促进作用。

In 1898, Ebenezer Howard, worrying about the problems behind the prosperity of British cities, put forward the theory of "garden city". One hundred years later, with the acceleration of urbanization,the same problems occur in China. Recently, the concept of "livable city"is presented as a realistic choice for sustainable urban development. In 2005, "Livable Beijing" became a strategic development goal of Beijing in its Master Plan. Since then the need for theoretical studies of "livable city"is urgent. However, the research field of livable city is still a new one. The concept and relevant methodology of "livable city"is still vague. On this background, this paper reviews current research progreses and trends in this field, summarizes general understandings of "livable city", and discusses the evaluation structures and methods of it. It also points out three deficiencies in current research: first, theoretical study of "livable city"is still weak, and there are few studies on driving forces of livability; second, in terms of the research scale, studies on urban livability are focused more on city- based studies than on community- based and regional - based studies; and third, for research approaches, most studies have emphasized the method of presenting an evaluation index system, but new evaluation methods are inadequate.

1898 年霍华德提出的“田园城市”是对城市的繁荣和发展带来昂贵代价的反思。宜居城市的提出,成为解决 城市可持续发展的重要选择之一。目前宜居城市研究还是一个有待深入研究的新领域,本文总结了宜居城市的研 究进展和主要学术观点,重点回顾了宜居城市概念、内涵等研究内容,集中讨论了宜居城市的影响因素、评价体系 和评价方法,并指出宜居城市研究还存在的不足之处和未来的研究方向。

Livable city is the common goal for all cities. Focusing on building a harmonious livable city which is proposed recently by China's Central City Conference, this paper first analyzed the connotations of the livable city, then reviewed the main experiences in the world livable cities and put emphasis on discussing basic ideas, basic guides and key contents of the livable city construction at last. The paper aims to build China's core framework for the livable city construction and provide theoretical guidance to the livable city construction in China.

围绕最近召开的中央城市工作会议提出的“建设和谐宜居城市”等内容,解析宜居城市的内涵,评述国际上公认上的宜居城市建设的主要经验,重点就宜居城市建设的基本理念、导则和建设重点等进行系统的论述,旨在构建中国宜居城市建设的核心框架,对中国建设宜居城市提供理论指导。

Urbanization started from the industrial era, and developed in the post-industrial era. During this period, urban community planning method changed gradually. Smart Growth, New Urbanism and Green Building Movements has provided the basis for sustainable urbanism theory and practice, which shares with the values of economics, sociology and environmental science. Scholars integrated the urban environmental movements mentioned above as a practical guide of sustainable development. New Urbanism, in response to the concept of sustainable urbanism, has been the mainstream of urban planning in Europe and the United States. The core of sustainable New Urbanism, according to some foreign scholars, is spatial justice, a reflection of social justice, which also helps accomplish the spatial functional values of reasonable community layout and the planning of spatial justice values. In many foreign countries, this theory has already come into effect. However, in China, most relevant theoretical studies are general introductions and reviews and practical ones focus on instructions to urban planning in material aspect, with the absence of written version of values of New Urbanism community planning. Therefore, from the perspective of values, studying New Urbanism has instructions on community planning. Studies, in the aspects of spatial justice, values and dignity, focus on values of New Urbanism community planning, illustrating its guiding concepts and planning principles. New Urbanism, under the guidance of the concept of sustainable urbanism, aims at transforming the urban space and creating local-socialization space to meet the daily needs of people nowadays. The New Urbanism community planning, in this article, should follow the compactness principle, the diversity principle, the walk-first principle, the environment importance principle and the high-quality principle. Based on the above analysis, the connotation of social values and spatial values of New Urbanism community planning has been clarified. Social values cover human nature, spatial diversity, community equality and coordination of social surroundings. Correspondingly, spatial values are a reflection of valuing equal accessibility of different classes to public places, improving the livability of social space inhabited by people of different classes, as well as bettering the social equality by compelling livable standard. New Urbanism successfully combined traditional values standard with environmental coordination, spatial diversity, social sense of community and behavior scale of humanism of urban spatial construction, and put the modern 'good community' idea into practice. Finally, by critically looking at the theory and practicability of values of New Urbanism community planning, we try to put forward some measures to solve the general spatial injustice in practice.

从空间公正与价值尊严等方面对新城市主义社区规划的价值观进行研究,阐述其基本理念和规划原则。通过上述原理的分析,明确了新城市主义社区规划的社会价值观和空间价值观的内涵,前者涉及人本性、空间多样性、社区平等感和社会环境协调性4个层面,后者则体现在重视公共区域的阶层平等可进入性、提高混合居住的社会平等空间的宜居性和以强制性的宜居环境标准提升社会的平等性。最后,对新城市主义社区规划价值观的理论和实践性进行批判性的审视,并尝试性地提出解决实践中普遍存在的空间不公正问题的对策。

Under the background of new urbanization, urban livability has become a focus of academic research. This study established an evaluation index of urban livability from six aspects, including resources, environment, economy, society, living condition, and safety. Based on entropy analysis method and ArcGIS spatial analysis method, this study explored the spatial-temporal characteristics of livability levels of 37 cities in Northeast China from 2007 to 2014. The results show that: (1) In 2007-2014, overall urban livability level was relatively low and the speed of improvement was relatively small, but the differences between cities were narrowing. (2) The spatial pattern of urban livability presents a "dual core" distribution with two high value centers at Shenyang and Dalian, as well as a "fan blade" shaped distribution centered around Changchun, Harbin, and Daqing. (3) There was a weak spatial correlation in the livability of cities, but the correlation is increasing year by year. (4) There were differences in the overall urban livability and the individual index values. Cities have different advantages and disadvantages in different indicators. (5) When discussing the impact of socioeconomic factors on urban livability, this study established a panel data model and found that the balance of household savings, investment of urban facilities, real estate development, community-level service facilities, and population density have positive effect on livability, while the impact of SO2 emissions was negative.

新型城镇化背景下,城市宜居性成为当前学术界研究的热点之一。本文基于资源、环境、经济、社会、生活、安全6个方面构建了宜居城市评价指标体系,运用熵值法、ArcGIS空间分析法和面板数据模型分析法,对2007-2014年东北地区37个城市的宜居性及影响因素进行探究。结果表明：①城市宜居水平整体偏低,提高速度较慢,但城市间的差异在缩小。②城市宜居水平在空间上形成以沈阳、大连为核心的“双核”分布模式,以及以长春、哈尔滨和大庆为核心“扇叶”分布格局。③各城市间宜居水平存在较弱的空间相关性,但这种相关性逐年增强。④各单项指标的地域分异与综合水平的地域分异存在差异,不同城市在不同指标下有其优势与不足。⑤在研究社会经济的影响时,通过建立面板数据模型,发现居民储蓄存款余额、市政设施建设投资、人均住宅房地产开发投资、社区服务设施、人口密度与城市宜居性呈正相关,而SO₂排放量则呈负相关。

Urban human settlement environment plays a very important role in the life quality and satisfaction of urban residents. This study employed descriptive statistics and GIS mapping methods to analyze the spatial heterogeneity and socioeconomic influencing factors of human settlement environment in the Bohai Rim area. The conclusions are as follows. There are significant spatial heterogeneities in "hard" human settlement environment index (HHI), "soft" human settlement environment index (SHI), and human settlement environment quality composite index (HSCI). The quality of human settlement environment in coastal cities is significantly higher than that in inland cities. For the provincial administrative units, Liaoning has the highest HSCI; HSCI in Tianjin is the lowest. The correlation analysis between socioeconomic factors and HSCI further shows that there is no significant positive correlation between the HSCI values and the level of economic development and urbanization in the Bohai Rim area—more prosperous economy and higher urbanization rate cannot bring in higher quality of human settlement environment; but there is a significant negative correlation between the HSCI and population in the Bohai Rim area. Therefore the control of urban population in the region will be helpful for improving the quality of human settlement environment.

城市人居环境是城市居民生活质量和满意度的重要内容。本文以环渤海地区44个城市为例,从人居硬环境和软环境两方面评价人居环境指数,运用描述统计和GIS制图方法,分析环渤海地区城市人居环境综合质量空间差异及其影响因素,研究发现：①人居环境综合指数存在显著空间差异,沿海城市的人居环境质量明显高于内陆城市;在省级行政单元中,辽宁省人居环境综合指数最高,天津最低。②环渤海地区城市人居环境指数与经济发展水平和城镇化水平不存在显著的正相关关系,但与人口规模存在显著的负相关关系,表明仅提升经济发展水平和城市化率并不能提升城市人居环境质量,但合理控制城市人口规模则可有助于提升城市人居环境质量。

This paper summarizes the development law of human settlements and discusses their spatial and temporal variation characteristics and mechanism. The method of entropy weight is applied to measure and assess the quality of human settlements, in order to conduct research on the spatial and temporal variation, system properties, and the formation mechanism of development pattern of human settlements in Liaoning province (2005-2014). The results reveal the following: (1) Temporal characteristics present a rising trend, and this trend presents four apparent periods and four degrees of dispersion distribution. Shenyang and Dalian are the core regions; Panjin, Anshan, and other cities are representative of the transitional region; and Fuxin, Chaoyang, and other cities are the representatives of the start development region. (2) In terms of spatial characteristics, human settlements in Liaoning exhibit the characteristics of "roof" type space structure over the past 10 years, with a gradual central decline to both sides, from the specific performance. On the north and south sides of the middle "roof" Dalian and Shenyang are the two high spots, while "dual-core" and "three-yuan" type spatial variations are expressed. (3) In terms of system differentiation, there is an apparent difference in human settlements in the province over the past 10 years; as for temporal differentiation, the system presents a rising trend. In terms of spatial differentiation, the support system and social system are obvious, the residential system and population system are very small, and the environmental system is the minimum. It was found that the socio-economic development level, supply side and demand side factors, the subject of human settlements and human beings were important factors influencing the spatial and temporal variations, and system differentiation of human settlements.

总结城市人居环境的发展规律,探讨城市人居环境的时空分异与机制。运用熵权法测算人居环境质量,以辽宁省14市为例,研究2005-2014年其人居环境的时间过程、空间格局、系统属性以及驱动机理。结果显示：① 时间分异特征。辽宁省10年间人居环境质量呈现波动上升趋势;表现为具有显著的阶段性特征和离散程度特征;辽宁省人居环境大致分为以沈阳和大连为主的人居环境核心区,以盘锦和鞍山为代表的人居环境过渡区,以及阜新和朝阳为代表的人居环境起步区。② 空间分异特征。10年间辽宁省城市人居环境呈现出“屋脊”式空间结构特征,具体表现为中部向两侧逐步递减的空间结构特征,在中部“屋脊”的南北两侧呈现出大连和沈阳两个高点;而且呈现出“双核”“三元”式空间分异。③ 系统分异。10年间辽宁省城市人居环境有明显的系统分异;系统时间分异,总体呈现上升趋势;系统区域分异,支撑系统、社会系统区域之间的分异较为明显,居住系统、人口系统区域之间的分异较小,环境系统区域之间的分异最小。城市社会经济发展水平、供给侧与需求侧要素以及人居环境的主体“人”是城市人居环境时空分异、系统分异的形成机理。

This article establishes an evaluation system of urban human settlement environment with four first-level indexes as standard, including socio-economic environment, living condition, infrastructure and public service environment, and natural ecological environment, and 28 second-level indexes. With the method of entropy, the urban human settlement environment quality of 286 cities at prefecture level and above in 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009 is analyzed. The results show the urban settlement environment quality of Chinese cities is gradually improving in recent 10 years. Between citie, score gap is gradually narrowing, and the city rank changes within a certain range basically, but in the most of cities, urban human settlement environment construction is at a low development level. The spatial difference of urban human settlement environment quality is significant, and the distribution of cities at all city levels in each region is unbalance. With the urban human settlement environment quality decreasing from the eastern coastal regions to central and western regions, and from the south to the north. It shows that the eastern region has the advantages both in the number of cities belonged to the first three levels and in the proportion in different regions. Cities with the level of three, four and five dominate the central region, and those with the level of five and six dominate the western region. The economy is not deciding factor, but is the main factor resluting in the differences of urban human settlement environment, and is the prerequisite of improving urban human settlement environment. Therefore, to promote the economic development and to improve the urban economic strength is still the main development direction for cities. The cities with higher urban human settlement environment quality are distributed in the form of agglomeration, which fits well the urbanization strategy in China. There is correlation between urbanization level and urban human settlement environment quality: the level of urbanization is higher, the urban human settlement environment quality is higher. There is no correlation between urban human settlement environment quality and city size, sometimes, the quality of many small cities is higher than that of big cities. This means that city development should be coordinated with local conditions, and the process should be human-oriented, serve for human production and life, and not pursue the external scale. The process of urbanization is unbalanced, and many aspects need to be improved. Cities with higher grades have not been developing comprehensively, and ecological environment, infrastructure, public service, urban and rural gap do not develop sufficiently. This means many aspects of the process have not got enough attention, needing the elimination of the short boards to achieve the comprehensive improvement of urban human settlement environment quality.

城市人居环境已成为推动城市化发展进程,衡量城市化发展水平的重要因素。以社会经济环境、居住环境、基础设施和公共服务环境、生态环境4个一级指标,28个二级指标构建了城市人居环境质量综合评价指标体系,运用熵值法对中国286个地级以上城市在2000年、2003年、2006年和2009年4个时间断面的人居环境质量特征和时空差异变化进行了分析。结果表明：中国城市人居环境质量整体在逐步提高,城市之间人居环境质量得分差值缩小,各城市排名基本保持在一定范围;城市人居环境质量级别差异明显;城市人居环境质量时空差异显著,呈现出与经济发展水平相似的从东部到中、西部依次递减的地带性空间分布特征以及南高北低的分布状况,且各地区城市级别分布不均衡;人居环境质量水平较高的城市呈“团”状分布,与国家“十二五”规划纲要中城市化战略格局基本吻合;城市人居环境质量与城市规模无对应关系。

This article follows the main line of "setting up evaluation framework→describing the evolution process→detection of core dynamics→analytical driving mechanism". In the view of the core areas about urban human settlement, such as ecological, residential, public services, leisure, this article has made a systematic study on the evolution of urban human settlements at the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, such as the spatial and temporal evolution process, the key factors and the driving mechanism, by using the methods about AHP, comprehensive fuzzy evaluation, Pearson correlation analysis. Research shows that: 1) urban human settlement comprehensive quality pattern shows a process that the quality of the northwest area has been relatively reduced and the quality of the southeast region has been gradually improved. High quality of urban human settlement gradually are concentrated in the Poyang Lake urban circle and the areas along the Beijing-Guangzhou line. 2) The pattern of ecological environment quality gradually is divided by Xiangyang-Ji’an line, and the quality of the eastern side of the dividing line is significantly better than that of the west side. The spatial and temporal patterns of living and public service environment are similar, and the leisure environment is opposite to that of the two. The main feature is residential quality and public service quality of the cities along the Beijing-Guangzhou railway line is always better than that of along the Zhejiang-Jiangxi railway line in Jiangxi, but the quality of leisure environment gradually has been inferior to the cities along the Zhejiang-Jiangxi in Jiangxi. 3) The evolution of urban human settlement is the result of multiple factors, and the object, degree and direction of each driving force are different. Among them, economic development, government investment is the dominant power of the urban human settlement evolution, the social group's revenue and expenditure is the key motive force, and the land supply and construction investment are the subordination driving forces of the present stage. In addition, the scale of the city promotes the evolution of the urban human settlement through the agglomeration and the catalysis.

从生态、居住、公共服务、休闲环境等人居环境核心系统出发,综合运用AHP、地理探测器方法,对长江中游城市群城市人居环境时空演变过程、核心驱动力、驱动机理进行了系统研究。研究表明：① 城市人居环境综合质量格局呈现出西北部相对下降,东南部逐渐提升的过程,优质的人居环境逐步向环鄱阳湖地区及京广线沿线集中分布;② 生态环境质量格局逐渐呈现以襄阳-吉安连线为界,东侧质量显著优于西侧的格局。京广线沿线城市的居住、公共服务质量始终优于江西片区浙赣线沿线城市,但休闲环境质量则逐渐劣于江西片区浙赣沿线;③ 城市人居环境演变驱动力作用对象、程度、方向各异。其中经济发展、政府投入为城市人居环境演变的主导动力,社会群体收支为其内部关键动力,而土地供给与建设投资为现阶段次要动力,此外,城市规模通过集聚、催化作用推动城市人居环境的演变。

Chinese real estate industry has been developing very quickly, but imbalanced, since the start of real estate reform three decades ago. Most of the investments have been focusing on the regions with well-developed urban economies, attractive economic environment, better infrastructures and public services, and better living conditions, which gradually lead to bigger and bigger spatial differences in real estate development among the different regions. Rational real estate development can provide people with moderate housing condition, but irrational and imbalanced development will hinder the efforts to improve housing condition. It is important to explore the relationship between real estate development and housing condition. In this paper, we first established a number of comprehensive assessment indicators for real estate development and housing condition, and then calculated the degree of coordination and coupling development between real estate development and housing condition improvement. The spatial pattern of the degrees of coordination and development of the 286 prefectural cities showed that: (1) Coordination degree between real estate development and housing condition in most prefectural cities is at medium level, with an average number of 0.59, indicating that the two subsystems are still in an adjustment phase and have not yet established a coordinated and mutually reinforcing dynamic relationship. (2) Coupling development degree between two subsystems in most prefectural cities is still at a lower level. There are significant disparities between eastern coastal areas and western inland areas. Based on degrees of coordination and coupling development, the 286 prefectural cities can be divided into nine categories, namely, well developed and coordinated area, well developed and adjusting area, well developed but conflicting area, developed and coordinated area, developed and adjusting area, developed but conflicting area, under developed but coordinated area, under developed and adjusting area, under developed and conflicting area. (3) One of the key tasks for the economy in 2013 is to actively and steadily promote urbanization, strive to improve the quality of urbanization, and firmly adhere to the real estate control policies. These seemingly contradictory and complex tasks should be undertaken with prudence and flexibility as well as positive and moderate attitude. Considering the significant disparities among the different regions in China, the government can take the measures that suit the local conditions, such as different financial policies, price guidelines and administrative decisions. The central and local governments should play different functions but work together and establish an effective information-sharing mechanism. In other words, to make joint efforts to achieve coordination between the real estate development and housing condition improvement, the central government should formulate the policies, determine the objectives, and monitor the results; local governments should have the right to choose the suitable means and ways to achieve specific goals, and accept supervisions from the higher level government and respond to the attentions from the public for evaluation of the policies and fulfillment of the obligations.

中国房地产业历经近30年的发展,主要集中于经济较活跃、环境较适宜、基础设施与公共服务较完善、人居环境较适宜的城市,房地产开发的地域差异逐渐突出。科学适度的房地产开发能为人们提供良好的人居环境,而过度的房地产开发则会抑制人居环境质量的提升。基于房地产开发与人居环境耦合发展视角,建立了中国城市房地产开发与人居环境耦合度评价指标体系,运用耦合协调度模型和耦合发展度模型,对286个地级市单元的房地产开发进行空间格局分析。结果显示：① 中国地级单元城市房地产开发与人居环境整体协调度处于磨合阶段,虽未达到协调水平,但相互作用与影响力较强,其中协调度最高的为南京市；② 房地产开发与人居环境整体发展度处于较低水平,且空间分布非常不均衡,耦合发展度最高的为深圳市；③ 基于耦合协调度和发展度可将中国地级行政单元划分为9个类型,政府应根据不同类型采取差别化的房地产开发调控政策。

Rapid urbanization has an indirect impact on public health while changing the shape and layout of urban space. The study on the process and mode of urban built environment on residents' health has always been a hot topic of preventive medicine, geography and environmental science. Based on the residents' daily physical activity, this paper focuses on the important branching direction of the research on the relationship between urban built environment and residents' health, clearly defined the conceptual model and action pattern between different scale built environment and residents' health. On this basis, the paper proposes a systematic research framework based on the logical structure of ‘Built environment objective organization-residents' subjective perception-physical activity promotion-health effect output’, and elaborates the specific research ideas from three aspects of data sources, research methods and key research contents. It is believed that residents' daily activities are critical to reveal the space utilization and layout optimization. It is an important combination direction for the development of micro-scale health geography in the future. The study provides theoretical support and paradigm for subsequent empirical research, and also provides reference for relevant public health policy.

快速城镇化在改变城市空间形态与布局的同时也对公众健康产生了间接影响,城市建成环境对居民健康的影响过程与作用模式的研究,一直是预防医学、地理学与环境科学等多学科关注的热点。以居民日常体力活动为中介变量,围绕“城市建成环境与居民健康关系”这一健康地理学研究的重要分支方向,提炼了不同尺度建成环境与居民健康关系的概念模型与作用模式。在此基础上,提出了“建成环境客观组织-居民主观感知-体力活动促进-健康效应产出”系统性研究框架,并从数据来源、研究方法、重点研究内容3个方面阐述了具体研究思路,认为通过居民活动识别空间利用与方案优化是未来微观尺度健康地理研究的重要结合方向,为后续实证研究提供理论支撑与范式借鉴,同时也为相关公共卫生政策制定提供参考依据。

Residential locations, the jobs-housing relationship, and commuting patterns are key elements to understand urban spatial structure and how city dwellers live. Their successive interaction is important for various fields including urban planning, transport, intraurban migration studies, and social science. However, understanding of the long-term trajectories of workplace and home location, and the resulting commuting patterns, is still limited due to lack of year-to-year data tracking individual behavior. With a 7-y transit smartcard dataset, this paper traces individual trajectories of residences and workplaces. Based on in-metro travel times before and after job and/or home moves, we find that 45 min is an inflection point where the behavioral preference changes. Commuters whose travel time exceeds the point prefer to shorten commutes via moves, while others with shorter commutes tend to increase travel time for better jobs and/or residences. Moreover, we capture four mobility groups: home mover, job hopper, job-and-residence switcher, and stayer. This paper studies how these groups trade off travel time and housing expenditure with their job and housing patterns. Stayers with high job and housing stability tend to be home (apartment unit) owners subject to middle- to high-income groups. Home movers work at places similar to stayers, while they may upgrade from tenancy to ownership. Switchers increase commute time as well as housing expenditure via job and home moves, as they pay for better residences and work farther from home. Job hoppers mainly reside in the suburbs, suffer from long commutes, change jobs frequently, and are likely to be low-income migrants.Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

The idea of livable city is in the spotlight in China recently,not only the government,but also the researchers and the media have paid attention to the livable city.But it’s a pity that the livable city’s concept and relevant standard are not clear.Reflections on how to define livable city were discussed in the paper.Besides,questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were combined to discuss the livability of Guangzhou from the prospective of some particular citizens,the professional housewives who emigrating from Japan into Guangzhou.All of those Japanese housewives are members of Japanese women’s association of Guangzhou (JWAG),they have only involved the living space and have separated from the production space for some reasons.So their evaluations of Guangzhou city’s livability are objective and relatively neutral.Besides,their home country,Japan,can also offer some meaningful references for Chinese urban development.Therefore,based on the perspective of Japanese housewives,the results of this research,are meaningful to international construction of Chinese metropolis and livable construction of people-oriented city.The evaluation method of this study mainly takes Japanese assessment on "livable city" as a reference.And the public security,housing,insurance,transportation,medical care,education,shopping,food,environment,climate,culture,entertainment and human relationship were taken as the evaluated factors to assess the livable characteristics from five aspects:the living safety,living conditions,affluence,convenience and comfort.Scores were designed to:5 points stands for great satisfaction;4 points refers to quite satisfaction;3 points means general satisfaction;2 points means dissatisfaction;1 point shows rather dissatisfaction.According to those Japanese housewives’ contrast between Japanese cities and Guangzhou,the degree of livability and the main aspects of improvement in Guangzhou were well discussed.Except living condition,other aspects were worse than those in Japan from Japanese housewives’ point of view,especially the data of medical care,education,environment,shopping and entertainment,which were over 2 times less than those of Japan.The result showed that there was a big problem in the convenience and comfort of Guangzhou.In the Japanese housewives opinion,there is a long way to go in order to become a real livable city for Guangzhou.For one thing,its degree of livability is low.For another,both those housewives’ special cultural background,overseas experience,role concepts,and their residence time in Guangzhou also effect on the evaluated results.

In 1898, Howard put forward "garden city" as an introspection of the expense human paid for cities' vigorous development. One hundred years later, with the acceleration of urbanization China came the same problems. The deterioration of the living environment in cities is more and more common because of the agglomeration of population and industry in metropolitan areas. As a result, many scholars focus on the study of urban residential suitability, including the concept, content, influencing factors, as well as evaluation methods of it. There are usually three ways to appraise living environment, objective, subjective, and a combination of the two. This paper applies subjective method to have an overview of the suitability in Dalian. Choosing security, health, convenience, pleasure and facility as indexes, based on large-scale survey data of the residents' degree of satisfaction with the urban residential suitability in Dalian, this paper presents an empirical analysis of the residential problems in Dalian with the method of mathematical statistics and GIS analysis. The main content consists of the comparison of final score across each index, the study of relationship between attributes and evaluation result, and the comparison of both evaluation and spatial differences across social groups. Four conclusions are drawn as follows. (1) The average score of the five indexes shows that the urban residential suitability in Dalian is at a really fair level. Residents in Dalian are mostly satisfied with the traffic system, physical environment and daily facilities. However, they think there is a deficiency of community establishment. Meanwhile, the security of the city should be improved. (2) The attributes of residents would affect the evaluation result. According to analysis of correlation, the evaluation score is positively correlated to residents' income and education level, while is negatively correlated to family population. Age also counts for part of the final evaluation score. (3) Taking into account of these four attributes, residents in the city can be divided into four groups, which are working class, young white-collars, low-income local residents and young workers. People of different social groups show different evaluations of residential suitability. Working class and young white-collar people, who are wealthy and well-educated, are more satisfied with their living environment. Most of low-income local residents and young workers are living in suburban and old industrial districts, so their evaluation of urban residential suitability is lower. (4) The municipal government is obligated to take into consideration the need of all groups of people when dealing with urban residential suitability. At present, Dalian city has not met the need of the poor. For this reason, the governors should put more efforts on the equity of living environment, especially focus on the area where young workers and low-income residents live, such as Ganjinzi District and Jinzhou District.

Life satisfaction, a stable and long felling of life, denotes how well people thrive. In the last decade, scholars from different academic fields including psychology, sociology, geography, economy and so on have contributed a lot of research on the relevant topics. Besides, life satisfaction is also increasingly being seen as an essential element for the quality of urban development and government policy, therefore, followed by the scientific interests is the concern of administrative authorities who believe public policy should be about enhancing life satisfaction of the people. Although the highest rate of growth in GDP in Chinese urban, the economic growth did not promise an equal level of the improvement of residents’ life satisfaction.According to the previous research, there is little study that focus on life satisfaction from the perspective of Human Geography in China, especially lack of research that the influence of geographical unit effect on residents’ life satisfaction. Traditionally, single-level model was used in previous research to analyze the influence, which ignoring the similarity of individuals who living in same geographical unit and the clustering effect of groups. Worse still, single-level models do not fully exploit the hierarchical nature of geography data that are increasingly available and that can be utilized to provide more information about the role of geography at different spatial scales. In this aticle, we use ordered category response multilevel model to analyze that how the characteristics of sub-districts and community affect residents’ life satisfaction. Based on large scale survey in 2013 in case of Beijing, several conclusions are drawn as follows: 1) There are life satisfaction heterogeneity both at sub-district and community level, and the heterogeneity at community level is bigger than sub-district level. 2) Individual attributes also affect subjective well-being(SWB). In general, weak groups, such as low-income families, nonlocal hukou people and old people, are more likely be unsatisfied about their life. 3) Type of community has significant impact on life satisfaction. The closeness of community and high identity of residents in same community should largely responsible for this. Residents living in commercial housing are more likely feel satisfied about life than affordable housing and unit housing. Currently, diverse community is the inevitable choice for the rapid progress of urbanization as it provides more choices for urban families to access housing opportunities. However, community disparity also deeps residents’ SWB gap, implying that it should be given due attention to promote living environment of affordable and unit housing, further improve residents’ sense of well-being. Furthermore, in current metropolitan cities in China, it is the weak groups who are most unsatisfied about their life and always need help and concern from government most urgently. Because of institutional and economic factors, they are always excluded from the preferential policy provided to urban residents, and have few opportunities to access to good life in urban, especially for rural migrant workers.

传统经济学视角出发的个体生活满意度研究往往忽略了数据的嵌套性,多层级模型更适用于地理学中分析不同层级地理单元特征对个体生活满意度的影响。采用多层级定序因变量模型,以北京为例,研究居民生活满意度在城市内部街道和居住小区尺度内的异质性,并研究了高层级地理空间单元的属性特征对居民生活满意度的影响。结果表明,生活满意度在居住小区层级的异质性远高于街道层级,个体自身的社会经济属性对个体的生活满意度有显著影响,总的来说,高收入、老年人、北京户口居民的生活满意度更高。除个体属性特征以外,居住小区的类型是影响生活满意度的重要因素,商品房小区居民的满意度显著高于保障房和单位房小区居民。

Improving residential satisfaction was an essential part of livable city construction and social harmony promotion. The traditional approach focused more on material construction instead of studying the residential perceptions on habitat environment, and the case study on residential satisfaction was relatively weak. Taking urban residents of different communities in Beijing as the study object and based on 2012 survey data, this study examined the perception factors of residential satisfaction and its relationship with mobility intention of the transitional period in Beijing by using exploratory factor analysis and structural equation model to construct residential satisfaction model. The result showed: the determinants of residential satisfaction were a four-dimension construction composed of housing conditions, residential environment, supporting facilities and traffic conditions, and its effect presented a decreasing trend in the order of housing conditions > residential environment > supporting facilities > traffic conditions. Besides, residential satisfaction has significantly negative influence on mobility intention. Lastly, residents' social-economic characteristics also had a significant impact on residential satisfaction and mobility intention.By constructing a structural equation model of residential satisfaction and its consequence effects, we can get a better understanding of residential development and construction of livable city.

提高居民居住满意度是促进宜居城市建设和社会和谐发展的重要内容。传统研究多关注客观物质设施建设,而忽略居民居住需求的实际感知,对转型期中国大城市居民居住满意度影响机制与行为意向研究还相对薄弱。选取北京市不同类型社区居民作为研究对象,采用2012年居住满意度感知评价调查数据,运用探索性因子分析和结构方程模型方法构建了“居住满意度—居住流动性意向”概念模型,重点探讨转型期北京市居民居住满意度感知因素及其与居住流动性意向相互关系。结果显示：北京市居民居住满意度感知评价主要由居住环境、住房条件、配套设施和交通出行四个维度构成,且各维度的影响效应呈现出住房条件>居住环境>配套设施>交通出行的递减趋势。居住满意度对居住流动性意向具有显著地负面感知效应。另外,居民社会经济属性特征也对居住满意度感知评价和居住流动性意向产生重要影响。本文为深入了解转型期北京市居民居住环境需求与偏好提供较好的实证案例,同时对指导居住区开发和宜居城市建设具有重要的现实意义。

Migrants play an important role in the process of China's urbanization. Therefore, understanding the determinants of their settlement intention is of great importance for making national new urbanization policies. Drawing on the livable cities survey conducted in 40 major cities in China, descriptive statistics and geographical detector methods were employed to examine the characteristics of migrants' urban livability perception and its effects on their settlement intention, respectively. The results show that: (1) Migrants' urban livability perception differs greatly between livability indicators—the ranking of importance is convenience of access to public facilities > comfort of natural environment > comfort of social environment > environmental health > convenience of transportation > security in the city. (2) Four dimensions of migrants' urban livability perception, including convenience of access to public facilities, comfort of social environment, environmental health, and security in the city, have significant effects on settlement intention with decreasing weights, but the correlations are not always linear. (3) Selected control variables, including migrants' relative income satisfaction, life satisfaction, perceived housing price, and geographic locations, and individual and family attributes such as age, gender, and occupation, also exert significant effects on settlement intention.

流动人口是中国城镇化进程的重要参与者,加强其定居意愿特征分析对制定中国新型城镇化发展政策具有重要参考价值。基于中国40个主要城市的宜居城市问卷调查数据,运用描述统计和地理探测器方法,揭示中国流动人口的城市宜居性感知特征及其对定居意愿的影响。研究结果表明：①中国流动人口的城市宜居性感知评价分异明显,呈现出“公共服务设施便利性>自然环境舒适性>社会人文环境舒适性>环境健康性>交通便捷性>城市安全性”的递减特征;②中国流动人口的公共服务设施便利性、社会人文环境舒适性、环境健康性和城市安全性等4个维度城市宜居性感知对其定居意愿具有显著影响,且影响强度依次递减,但二者关系并不完全呈简单的线性特征。③相对他人收入满意度、生活满意度、住房价格感知和地理区位等参照变量,以及年龄、性别和职业等个体与家庭属性也是影响中国流动人口定居意愿的重要因素。

Accessibility to facilities is a significant concern to urban residents' life quality, and is an indicator frequently used for a place's livability. In the U.S., the rise of anti-sprawl smart growth and the environmental concerns about transportation show that the growing preference for accessibility is connected to interest in urban environment. However, in China, researches have reported the decreasing accessibility to facilities brought by rapid urbanization. Meanwhile, the increasing selectivity in preferences may further reduce accessibility. So far there has been little research on the general preference of different households for living environment; less is known about which households are experiencing a state of incongruence between their preference and reality. This paper is concerned with several aspects of accessibility to various daily life activities and destinations (education, health services, shopping, recreation space and food outlets). The paper has three aims. First, it is to analyze whether the preference for accessibility varies across socio-economic characteristics. Second, it is to measure the objective accessibility across different locations and housing types. Third, it is to identify the determinants of incongruence between people's preference and reality. Particularly, we are interested in the influence of urban temporal and spatial development, as well as housing access types. Our micro data comes from a large-scale 2005 residential satisfaction survey conducted in the city of Beijing. We also adopted GIS-based measures of objective accessibility and related it to a respondent's satisfaction levels. Evidence generated from this study will shed some light on the problem of social justice in urban space. Moreover, it can contribute to the debate on urban sprawl and housing reform. Finally, the paper sums up with suggestions to local government on public facilities provision.

服务设施可达性对于居民生活质量的重要性越来越受到国内外研究和城市规划的广泛重视,然而中国城市发展过程中却暴露出服务设施可达性下降的问题。从居民的视角出发,构建影响中国城市居民服务设施可达性偏好与现实错位的分析框架。在此基础上,分析了基于北京市2005 年居住环境调查主观数据对居民的服务设施可达性偏好。利用北京城市服务设施空间数据借助GIS评估居民的客观服务设施可达性,通过多元回归模型讨论居民服务设施可达性偏好与现实的错位情况和相关因素并侧重验证城市空间结构和住房获取渠道的影响,这些因素与中国的城市发展和住房政策变化紧密相关并将基于此提出促进居民实现其服务设施可达性偏好的城市规划和政策建议。

The high-quality development of the new urbanization in China is focused on man-earth harmony, people-oriented principle, low-carbon, ecology, innovation, wisdom and safety. It is an organic unity of high quality citizenization, infrastructure, living environment, urban construction, public service and urban management. Promoting the new urbanization is an important way for China to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieve modernization basically, and it is an important way to realize the strategy of rural revitalization. To promote the development of China's new urbanization, we need to follow the four stage rule and gradual development rule. To realize the strategy transformation of new urbanization, it is necessary to make more changes: from the quantitative to the quality-oriented, from the "one step" to "step by step" in realizing our goals, from radical to gradual, from inducing "negative effect" to releasing the "positive energy", from passive to active, from "land-oriented" to "people-oriented". The current situation and background conditions of China's urbanization are very different from one place to another. Thus, we should avoid "one-size-fits-all" in promoting the development of new urbanization. Adhering to the principle of adapting local conditions and appropriate conditions, the paper divides the new urbanization area into five major types, including urban agglomeration region (I), major grain-producing region (II), farming, forestry, and animal husbandry region (III), linked poverty alleviation region (IV), and ethnic autonomous region (V), which are further divided into 47 sub-regions. The urbanization development mode between different regions and different subregions cannot be copied from each other, and we need to implement some diversified and differentiated models. According to the main functions of different types of urbanization regions, the different development policies of urbanization should be formulated, and development goals and priorities should be put forward according to local conditions, and the classification guidance should be proposed according to the appropriate conditions. The key paths to promote the high-quality development of China's new urbanization include: enhance the overall synergy of high-quality development and improve the quality of urban agglomeration development; promote the integrated development of industrial and urban areas and the equalization of basic urban public services, and improve the quality of urban development; propel integrated development between urban and rural areas and accelerate the revitalization of rural areas; highlight the main functions of urbanization quality development in different types of areas in accordance with local conditions; innovate institutional mechanisms and ensure that high-quality development is carried out throughout the trial process of new urbanization; standardize small towns with distinctive features and lay a solid foundation for the high-quality development of new urbanization; strengthen the analysis and regulation of the capacity of resources and environment for the high-quality development of new urbanization.

中国新型城镇化高质量发展是一种人地和谐、高效低碳、生态环保、节约创新、智慧平安的质量提升型城镇化,是高质量的城市建设、高质量的基础设施、高质量的公共服务、高质量的人居环境、高质量的城市管理和高质量的市民化的有机统一。高质量推进新型城镇化发展需要遵循城镇化发展的四阶段性规律和渐进式规律,实现新型城镇化由数量型向质量型、由“一步到位”向“分步到位”、由激进式向渐进式、由诱发“负效应”向释放“正能量”、由被动性向主动型、由“地为本”向“人为本”的战略转型。考虑到中国新型城镇化发展的地域差异显著,新型城镇化高质量发展客观上要因地制宜、因类指导,可将全国新型城镇化高质量发展区域划分为城市群地区（Ⅰ）、粮食主产区（Ⅱ）、农林牧地区（Ⅲ）、连片扶贫区（Ⅳ）、民族自治区（Ⅴ）共5大高质量发展类型区和47个亚区。未来推进中国新型城镇化高质量发展的重点路径包括：增强新型城镇化高质量发展的整体协同性,提高城市群发展质量;推动产城深度融合发展,加快实现基本公共服务均等化,提升城市发展品质与质量;推动城乡深度融合发展,在新型城镇化高质量发展中实现乡村振兴;突出因地制宜,明确不同类型地区城镇化高质量发展的主体功能;创新体制机制,全过程推进城镇化高质量发展;量力而行,以特取胜,规范建设特色小镇,夯实新型城镇化高质量发展的基石;把新型城镇化高质量发展与区域资源环境承载力及高质量保护有机结合起来。

Beautiful China construction (BCC) is of fundamental importance for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation and a Chinese practice of the 2030 UN sustainable development agenda. The Chinese government has made strategic arrangements for the BCC with a five-pronged approach. President Xi Jinping proposed the schedule and roadmap for the BCC at the National Ecological Environmental Protection Conference. But at present, the theoretical basis, evaluation index system, evaluation criteria and construction effect of the BCC are not clear. This paper puts forward the basic connotation of the BCC from a broad and narrow perspective, regards the theory of man-earth harmony and Five-dimensional integration as the core theoretical basis of the BCC, and further constructs the evaluation index system of the BCC, which includes five dimensions: ecological environment, green development, social harmony, institutional improvement and cultural heritage, and uses the United Nations human development index (HDI) evaluation method to scientifically evaluate the construction effect of 341 prefecture-level cities (states) in China in 2016. The results show that the average value of the BCC Index (Zhongke Beauty Index) is 0.28, which is generally at a low level. The average of the sub-indexes of the ecological environment beauty index, the green development beauty index, the social harmony beauty index, the system perfect beauty index and the cultural heritage beauty index are respectively 0.6, 0.22, 0.29, 0.22, and 0.07. The sub-index values are all low, and the regional development is quite different, which indicates that the construction process of Beautiful China is generally slow and unbalanced. In order to implement the schedule and roadmap for the BCC with high quality and high standards, it is recommended that we construct and publish a general evaluation system for the BCC process, carry out dynamic monitoring and phased comprehensive evaluation of the BCC process, compile and publish the evaluation standards for BCC technology, do a good job in the comprehensive zoning of Beautiful China, carry out pilot projects for the construction of Beautiful China's model areas according to local conditions, and incorporate the achievements of Beautiful China into the assessment indicators of all levels of government.

美丽中国建设是关系中华民族永续发展的根本大计,也是落实到2030年联合国可持续发展议程的中国实践。党和国家针对“五位一体”的总体布局对建设美丽中国做出了战略部署,国家主席习近平在全国生态环境保护大会上进一步提出了美丽中国建设的“时间表”和“路线图”。但目前对美丽中国建设的理论基础、评估指标体系、评估标准及建设成效等问题并不清晰。本文从广义和狭义视角提出了美丽中国建设的基本内涵,将人地和谐共生论、五维一体美丽论作为美丽中国建设的核心理论基础,进一步构建了包括生态环境、绿色发展、社会和谐、体制完善、文化传承等5个维度的美丽中国建设评估指标体系,运用联合国人类发展指数（HDI）测评方法,对2016年中国341个地级市（州）的美丽中国建设成效进行了科学评估。结果显示,美丽中国建设的综合美丽指数（中科美丽指数）平均值为0.28,总体处于偏低水平,生态环境美丽指数、绿色发展美丽指数、社会和谐美丽指数、体制完善美丽指数和文化传承美丽指数分别为0.6、0.22、0.29、0.22和0.07,分项指数值均较低,且地域发展差异较大,说明美丽中国建设进程总体缓慢且不平衡。为了高质量、高标准地贯彻落实美丽中国建设的“时间表”和“路线图”,建议构建并发布通用的美丽中国建设进程评估体系,对美丽中国建设进程开展动态监测与阶段性综合评估,编制并发布美丽中国建设评估技术标准,做好美丽中国建设综合区划,分区域因地制宜地开展美丽中国样板区建设试点,并把美丽中国建设成效纳入各级政府考核指标。

Land finance has been favored by local governments along with the rapid expansion of urbanization and industrialization, but it draws the attention of the central government recently and then tends to be alleviated. The influencing process of land finance on economic efficiency is systematic and complex. Considering the structural characteristics of economic efficiency growth, this paper constructs the multi-level mechanism and path of land finance's influence on economic efficiency, from the aspects of scaling effect, technical-inhibition effect, investment crowding-out effect and cost-pulling effect. Then this paper employs the fixed effect model to empirically test the impact and regional differences of land finance on total factor productivity (TFP) of 285 Chinese cities from 2005 to 2015. The results show that: Firstly, China's urban land financial scale continued to expand, and spread from the coastal cities to the inland cities in the study period. At the same time, the urban TFP growth rate presents a fluctuation downward tendency. Secondly, the baseline regression shows that the land finance expansion has a significant negative impact on the growth of urban TFP. And the impact on western, central, northeastern China and small and medium-sized cities, I type and II type cities gradually increase in order, while the impact is not significant in eastern China and large cities with a population of three million or more. Thirdly, although the land finance has a certain scale economic effect on regional development, it mainly inhibits technological progress to directly hinder the TFP growth. And it is more serious in central and western China and cities with a population more than one million. Further, it is mainly through investment crowding-out effect brought by the real estate development that the land finance affects urban TFP, followed by the cost-pulling effect by house prices rising, while wages rising mainly affects urban TFP in eastern China and cities with a population less than three million. The above conclusions are still valid after a series of robustness tests. Finally, this paper puts forward some policy suggestions, such as defining the scope of revenue and expenditure of land finance, gradient transfer and upgrading of industries and macro-control and implementing targeted policies to each city.

土地财政对经济效率的影响过程具有系统性、复杂性特征。本文考虑效率提升的结构性特征,从规模经济效应、技术抑制效应等方面构建土地财政对全要素生产率影响机制,进而从投资挤占效应、成本拉动效应探索其传导路径,并基于2005—2015年中国285座地级以上城市面板数据集,运用固定效应模型对其影响过程机理与区域分异特征进行实证检验。结果表明：① 2005—2015年间,中国城市土地财政规模持续扩张,并由沿海城市向内陆城市扩散,但城市全要素生产率增长率却出现波动下降趋势。② 整体上,土地财政对城市全要素生产率产生显著的负向影响,且对西部、中部、东北等地区以及中小城市、Ⅰ型大城市、Ⅱ型大城市的影响依次增强,而东部地区与超特大城市并不显著。③ 土地财政对经济效率影响的技术抑制效应显著大于规模经济效应,中部地区、Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型及超特大城市尤其严重。④ 具体传导路径为,土地财政扩张主要通过房地产开发带来的投资挤占效应影响城市全要素生产率,其次是房价上涨的成本拉动效应,而工资水平上升主要在东部地区、Ⅰ型及以下规模城市发挥作用。以上结论在一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。最后提出明确土地出让收支范围、产业梯度转移与升级、宏观调控与因城施策并行等政策建议。