This paper reveals the mechanism of population migration along the coastal urban regions in China. This is the first large scale survey on floating population ever conducted in large and medium cities including Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan, Langfang, Nanjing and Kunshan. The paper first reviews the intellectual foundation of demographic studies on migration. With the survey data and further analysis, it examines the characteristics of population migration in Chinese cities. China is now undergoing a large scale of rural migration into the urban domain with mechanistic increases in the number of floating population. The motive for migration is predominately economic. Family type migration is getting more popular than individual migration. From an economic perspective, low value added, semi skilled jobs are taken up by the first time migrants, and there is also the corresponding shift to service and managerial type of work for the local residents. Chain type migration with upward movement on the job ladder is observed for the second time migrants. From a social viewpoint, jobs for migrants are mostly untenured and without welfare provision as compared with those available for the urban dwellers. Migrations in cities coalesced together to form cliques and syndicates. This has resulted in a more segregated urban morphology.

本文在对西方国家人口流动研究进行综述的基础上,通过北京、天津、南京、廊坊、唐山和昆山等大中城市流动人口问卷调查,首次对大中城市流动人口迁移和流动特征、从业结构、迁移原因与途径进行了系统的研究。中国现在正在经历大规模的农村流动人口向城市迁移的过程。这种迁移的动力主要是经济因素。家庭迁移现已较单身迁移更为普遍。从经济学的角度看,低附加值、非熟练工作岗位是流动人口第一次就业的主要职业,然后向服务业和手工制造业工作岗位转移；链式迁移是流动人口迁移的主要形式。

This paper makes a critical review about the researches on the floating population in China since the 1990s, then based on the floating population data in 1996 from the Ministry of Public Security of China, some influential factors and spatial distribution of floating population are analyzed. (1) By analyzing the factors, the authors find that two factors, i.e., economic growth and investment in city, are notably relative to the size of urban floating population. (2) By visualization technique of GIS and the integrated methods for spatial correlation analysis, the authors find that the spatial distribution of China’s floating population is of an evident urban rural duality with three clusters and five zones, which are the Eastern cluster, the Middle cluster, the Western cluster, the Beijing Tianjin zone, the Northeast zone, the Anhui Jiangxi zone, the Xinjiang zone and the Yunnan zone.

利用公安部 1 996年流动人口统计数据,对中国流动人口的影响要素和空间分布进行了分析和研究。首先,从城市角度分析中国流动人口的“拉力”要素发现 :流动人口规模与经济增长要素、投资要素相关显著,与社会发展要素、消费要素相关不显著 ;其次,运用 GIS技术与空间相关分析的综合集成方法,对中国流动人口的空间分布进行研究,结果表明 :中国流动人口分布存在着突出的城乡“二元”结构、东中西“3带、 5区”的空间格局。

文章以成年乡-城流动人口为切入点,界定了流动人口在流入地社会融入的概念,构建了社会融入的理论分析框架,提出了五种融入类型。文章认为,概念"融入"比"融合"更适于形容乡-城流动人口在城市的适应过程及结果;社会融入不是一成不变的单维度概念,而是动态的、渐进式的、多维度的、互动的;隔离是新移民难以避免的遭遇。流动人口的融入轨迹和模式因次人群而异,但经济整合通常发生在先,次为文化接纳,再次为行为适应,最后是身份认同。从隔离、选择性融入到融合是多方面、多层面因素综合作用的结果。

An analysis of 1990 census data on the educational enrollment of 15- to 17-year-old immigrants to the United States provides partial support for predictions from both the segmented-assimilation hypothesis and the immigrant optimism hypothesis. Most immigrant adolescents, especially from Asia, are as likely as their native-born peers to be enrolled in high school, or more so. The "at-risk" immigrant youths with above-average levels of nonenrollment that are not reduced with longer exposure to American society are primarily of Hispanic Caribbean origins (from Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba). Recent Mexican immigrants who arrived as teenagers have nonenrollment rates over 40%, but Mexican youths who arrived at younger ages are only somewhat less likely to be enrolled in school than are native-born Americans.

One of the most important tasks of urbanization in China today is to accelerate large amount of migrants integrating into urban society．Different from existing researches which focus on hukou system and institutional reforms,this paper emphasizes the role of social capital and social mechanism in improving social integration of migrants,calling for a closer relationship between migrants and urban local residents．Improving the quantity and quality of Localized Social Capital ( LSC) would be a crucial factor contributing to social integration of migrants．The paper defines and measures LSC in three dimensions: Social Participation ( SP),Social Trust ( SC) and Social Intercourse ( SI),and analyzes how those LSCs have influenced social integration of migrants．While SP and ST have significant effect on migrants’social integration,the effect of SI is not significant．The paper discusses policy implications for enhancing migrants’LSCs to promote their social integration: encouraging more social participation and involvement in public affairs; cultivating mutual trust between migrants and local residents; and developing more positive intercourse and communications between migrants and local residents．

我国城市化发展过程中的一个重要任务是促进流动人口在流入地城市的社会融合。与目前的研究更多关注户籍制度改革和以户籍制度为基础的各种城乡制度改革不同,文章提出重视社会机制的作用,推动流动人口与所在城市社区、组织和居民产生更为密切的联系,使流动人口在城市中积累起本地化的社会资本,这是促进流动人口融入城市的重要因素。研究从社会参与、社会信任和社会交往三个维度来定义和衡量流动人口本地化的社会资本,分析影响流动人口本地化的社会资本的主要因素,通过模型分析说明本地化的社会资本对流动人口社会融合所具有的影响。并在此基础上,通过各种方式促进流动人口积极参与城市公共事务、培养流动人口与本地人口的相互信任和相互包容,以及促进流动人口和本地居民发展更加积极、更加正面的社会交往,从而对培养二者之间的社会信任提出建议。

<p>Migrants&rsquo;assimilation has been one of the most important and longstanding sociological research topics,and human capital accumulation has been found to exert decisive effects on assimilation．This paper examines the relationship between multiple indicators of human capital and multiple indicators of assimilation among migrants in 2010．We found that generally,education,job training,occupational skill,and work experience are positively correlated with assimilation, i.e．,income,community participation,cultural assimilation,and desire of long-term residence at the place of destination． However,the relationship between human capital and assimilation is not uniform,but varies with different measures of assimilation．Education does not bear a significant linkage to cultural assimilation; also surprisingly,job training is related to income,but yields strong impact on other dimensions of assimilation．Among all indicators of human capital,work experience,gauged by work years in current position,has the most consistant association with the four aspects of assimilation．Such findings suggest that human capital affect different aspects of assimilation differently,depending on measure of assimilation and human capital perse．</p>

社会融入是一个经典的社会学话题,而流动前后获得的各类人力资本是移民融入的决定要素之一。文章实证研究了国内流动人口的人力资本对社会融入的影响。总体而言,人力资本大都提升收入水平,促进社区参与,增强对流入地文化理念的接纳和长期居留意愿。但是,人力资本与不同融入维度之间的关系并非整齐划一,对经济的影响最大,对文化的影响最小;在多个人力资本变量中,岗位就业年数对融入的影响最为一致,其作用不亚于正规教育。这些都表明,人力资本与融入之间存在一种有差别的关系,因融入的维度和测量指标而异。但是,不是提高了收入,流动人口就能全面融入;提升流动人口流入前的人力资本,强化流动后的工作经验积累,对于流动人口的全面融入至关重要。&nbsp;

Migrants' social integration into destination cities has been an important and long-standing topic in the field of migration research in China. So far most research has treated such social integration of migrants as a combined process of both subjective and objective social integration, with little efforts to single out the former and conduct multi-dimensional and in-depth investigation into it. Using data from a migrant survey of Fujian Province in 2017 and taking Fuzhou-Xiamen-Quanzhou Urban Cluster as a case study, this paper aims to fill this gap of research and examine the subjective social integration of migrants and its determinants by comparing their two-way process of assimilation and segregation in the destination cities. The results show that: (1) The overall level of migrants' subjective social integration is high, with the process of assimilation stronger than that of segregation. (2) Subjective social integration of migrants is jointly influenced by migrants' demographic characteristics, mobility patterns, social networks, and livelihood capitals, and related to the institutional arrangements and relevant policies. Equalization of basic public services plays a more important role in the subjective social integration of migrants than the Hukou system, contributing to the increase of their assimilation and the decrease of their segregation in the destination cities. Those migrants who have higher income and better housing conditions, more frequently contacts with local people and participation in local organizations and their activities do have higher degree of subjective social integration in destination cities. The effects of land, family difficulties and local attachments in the places of origin are more complicated than expected, demonstrating both negative effects on the assimilation process and positive effects on the segregation process at the same time. Short-distance migration and long-term settlement with more family members promote assimilation as well as reduce segregation. Based on the above findings, we suggest that more attention should be paid to promoting the objective social integration of migrants and coordinating its development with that of subjective social integration. Efforts should be made to change the one-way approach of promoting migrants' full citizenship in the destination cities, taking factors from both the origin and destination into account, and to shift the focus of promoting migrants' full citizenship from facilitating their urban settlement to the equalization of basic public services, so that migrants are not only willing but also able to integrate into the cities.

基于2017年流动人口动态监测数据,选取福厦泉城市群,构建融入-隔离对比的指标体系,探讨了流动人口在流入地的主观社会融合及其影响因素。研究发现：① 流动人口在流入地的主观社会融合程度较高,但融入与隔离并存,且以融入为主。② 流动人口主观社会融合受流迁模式、社会网络、生计资本、制度政策和人口特征等因素综合影响：宏观上基本公共服务均等化能显著地增强融入、削弱隔离,淡化了户籍制度造成的融入障碍;中观上在流入地加强社会交往和积极参加组织活动、改善住房和提高收入确实有助于流动人口在流入地增强融入、减弱隔离,但基于流出地方向的土地预期收益、家庭困难及乡土依恋等主客观因素则增强了流动人口在流入地的主观隔离、削弱了主观融入;微观上近距离、长时段和家庭化迁移的流动人口主观融入程度较高,受教育程度的提高有助于流动人口削弱主观隔离,更好地融入流入地。研究认为应促进流动人口客观融合并使其与主观融合相匹配,改变以流动人口融入当前流入地实现市民化的单向思维,统筹考虑流入地与流出地的双向影响,将流动人口市民化工作重心由落户转向基本公共服务的无差别覆盖,实现流动人口从主观“愿意”到客观“能够”的社会融合。

Through questionnaire investigation and factor analysis, this paper attempts to explore the status of social integration of migrants in Shanghai's urban villages. The results show that social integration of migrants can be mapped on four dimensions: social relation integration, economic integration, psychological integration, and cultural integration. According to the factor scores, the overall level of social integration of migrants is not so high, and economic integration is the lowest one. Furthermore, the results of multiple linear regression analysis show that, on the whole, the inflow factors of migrants exert more influence on social integration in urban villages than the individual factors. The individual factors play the most important roles in determining the status of psychological integration, while the inflow factors are more helpful to explain the variation in both economic integration and social relation integration. The study also shows that the social integration of migrants is closely related to their living space. Finally, some policies are suggested.

基于上海市城中村的实地调查数据,采用因子分析法,构建了外来人口的社会融合维度,并运用多元线性回归方法,从外来人口的个体因素和流入地因素两方面考察了对社会融合及其主因子的影响作用。分析结果表明,城中村外来人口的社会融合由社会关系融合、经济融合、心理融合和文化融合4个维度构成。从因子得分来看,上海城中村的社会融合程度总体水平并不高;在各个维度上,从社会关系、心理、文化到经济的融合程度依次降低。总体而言,流入地因素对于城中村外来人口社会融合的影响作用要大于个体层面因素。其中,个体层次因素对心理融合因子的解释力度最大,而流入地因素则对经济融合因子和社会关系融合因子的解释力度都较大。研究还表明外来人口的社会融合状况与其居住社会空间紧密相关。最后,提供了相关政策启示。

Based on the data for 35 cities of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta region, and the Pearl River Delta region from China's migrant dynamic monitoring survey in 2012, this study developed a series of indices to measure the degree of migrant integration in cites in the following five dimensions: economic integration, social integration, mental integration, institutional integration, and public service integration. It then calculated scores of these indices and a comprehensive score of migrant integration for the three major economic regions and 35 cities, and compared the results among these economic regions and cities. The results suggest that the comprehensive score of migrant integration is the highest in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, followed by the Yangtze River Delta region and the Pearl River Delta region. The degrees of migrant integration are uneven across the five dimensions in the same region: while the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta region, and the Pearl River Delta region have the highest score of migrant social integration, mental integration, and social integration respectively, scores of institutional integration, social integration, and public service integration ranked on the bottom in the three regions. On the whole, the work intensity of migrants in the three regions is high, their social contacts are limited within fellow migrants, and most of them are still uncertain about their long-term settlement intention in their destination cities. In all three regions many problems exist in implementing the institutional arrangements based on the residence card or temporary residence card for migrants, and in promoting migrants’ access to urban medical insurance. These problems prevent migrants from being fully integrated into the destination cities, and need to be overcome in relevant policy making.

以流动人口集中的京津冀、长三角和珠三角三大经济区35个城市2012年流动人口动态监测数据为基础,采用均方差权值法,综合经济、社会、心理、制度和公共服务5个维度构建衡量流动人口社会融入的指标体系,在此基础上计算和比较了三大经济区及其35个城市流动人口各维度社会融入指标和社会融入综合水平得分及其地区差异。研究结论显示,社会融入综合水平得分由高到低依次是京津冀、长三角、珠三角。同一地区流动人口的融入状况在各个维度不均衡,京津冀地区流动人口社会维度的融入程度最高,制度维度融入程度最低;长三角地区流动人口的心理维度融入居前列,但社会维度融入位列最后;珠三角地区流动人口的社会维度融入程度最高,公共服务维度融入不足。此外,就整体而言,三大地区流动人口的工作强度大、交往对象固化于流动人口、在流入地长期居住意愿多数仍处于举棋不定的状态;三大地区都存在落实居住证/暂住证制度和流动人口享有城镇医保等方面较为薄弱等诸多问题并共同制约着流动人口真正融入流入城市。为此,需要在政策制定中予以关注。

Since the reform and opening up, China's urbanization process has significantly accelerated its pace, with the national resident population urbanization rate increasing from 17.92% in 1978 to 56.1% in 2015. However, in late 2015, the national registered population urbanization rate is only 39.9%, which means that more than 200 million migrant workers are in the semi-urbanization state. For a long time, the separate administration of urban and rural areas has driven the migrant workers away from the urban system, making it difficult for them to enjoy the urban social security and social services like the urban citizens, which has brought about the institutional or non-institutional exclusion when they move into the urban areas. As a result, in the current process of urbanization in China, how to promote the social integration of migrant workers in the urban areas has become an important research topic. This paper selects Shenzhen, a metropolis with many migrant workers, as the research case. It focuses on the social integration of the three evolution types of rural migrant enclaves from the perspective of spatial differences. Based on the 1990, 2000 and 2010 census data in Shenzhen, this paper divides the evolution process of rural migrant enclaves into three types by using the location quotient, including the growing type, the stable type and the decaying type, and analyzes the differences of migrant worker social integration in Luofang village, Qinghu village and Gongle village respectively. It also carries out a questionnaire survey in the three types of rural migrant enclaves in Shenzhen in 2016, and explores the status and the influencing factors of migrant worker social integration in Shenzhen. The research findings are as follows: (1) Social integration of migrant workers in Shenzhen includes community integration, economic integration, social integration, cultural integration and psychological integration. (2) Luofang village has the highest level of social integration, followed by Gongle village and Qinghu village. Luofang village ranks first in terms of community integration, social integration and psychological integration. Gongle village has the highest economic integration. And Qinghu village enjoys the highest cultural integration. (3) Social integration of migrant workers is jointly influenced by community support, vocational skills, family size, length of residence in Shenzhen, and the age. Social integration in Luofang village is mainly influenced by community support, community function, the age and marital status, while social integration in Gongle village is mainly influenced by vocational skills, marital status and the age, and Qinghu village mainly by community support and length of residence in Shenzhen. (4) The most crucial factor contributing to the improvement of economic integration of migrant workers is not the rise of education level, but the improvement of vocational skills and the obtainment of vocational qualification certificates. Additionally, gender and community involvement have positive impact on community integration and negative impact on social integration, meaning that the more community activities one female participates in, the lower social integration and the higher community integration she will have.

选取深圳罗芳村、共乐村、清湖村分别作为无依托缘聚型农民工聚居区（增长型）、半依托混居型（稳定型）、完全依托混居型（减少型）代表,对其社会融合的现状及影响因素进行了探讨,得出以下研究发现：① 整体而言,社会融合度由高至低分别为无依托缘聚型、半依托混居型、完全依托混居型聚居区。② 不同维度社会融合方面,无依托缘聚型在社区融合、社交融合及心理融合维度上最高;半依托混居型在社区融合、文化融合及经济融合维度上较高;完全依托混居型在社区融合和经济融合维度上最低。③ 社会融合的影响因素主要有社区支持度、职业技能、在深家庭规模、在深居住时间和年龄。就不同维度而言,社区融合、经济融合、社交融合、文化融合和心理融合最重要的影响因素分别是社区支持度、职业技能、职业技能、性别、社区支持度。④ 从不同类型聚居区的影响因素来看,无依托缘聚型主要受到婚姻、社区支持度、社区功能和年龄（负）的影响;半依托混居型主要受到职业技能、社区支持度和性别的影响;完全依托混居型则主要受到社区支持度和在深居住时间的影响。

Based on a survey of 2 496 migrant workers in 9 cities of the eastern and central China, this article investigated the impact of local factors on social integration of migrant workers. A multiple-level regression model was applied to analyzing and revealing the differential impact of local factors, including level of economic development, intelligibility of local dialect, population share of migrants, and cost of rent. The cities, with more difficulties to join the local endowment insurance, the better the economic development, the greater gap between the earnings of the migrant workers and urban capita income, the higher rent, the more difficult urban dialect to master and the higher proportion of urban immigrant population, have a lower integration. The results find: 1) each city’s uniqueness produces some specific positive and negative effects. The positive effects can reduce the social distance between the migrant population and the urban residents. The sense of inclusion may become a source of pride in promoting the effective integration of migrants. However, the negative effects may serve to marginalize and alienate the migrant population. In cities that are not conducive to social integration, the migrants have a lower degree of recognition. 2) the differences between cities are selective in attracting migrant populations. Different cities attract different types of migrants, so that their migrant populations are structurally different. The abilities of the migrant populations to adapt and integrate are also different in different cities. Therefore, cities differ significantly in their levels of social integration. Recognition of these differences is an important basis for making urbanization policies that fit the local conditions. Given the large variety of cities, it was suggested that localized social policies are promoted to ease the integration of migrant workers in urban communities. To facilitate migrant workers’ social integration, priority should be given to promoting social integration within a province and at cities with high proportion of migrant population. Migrant workers should also be given the benefits of local social programs such as public housing rental assistance, especially in cities with a high level of rental cost.

利用东部和中部地区9个城市的流动人口问卷调查,采用多水平回归模型,分析了城市差异对流动人口城市融入的影响机制。研究发现：流动人口城市融入过程存在南北差异,并呈相同地域较接近的特征。城市区位、经济发展水平、以房租为代表的物价水平、以方言为主的地域文化、流动人口占比,社会保障的落实程度等地方因素,对流动人口城市融入产生显著影响,但城市人口规模影响不显著。地方因素对流动人口城市融入的影响效应是复杂的、多向的,即使同一因素既有积极的方面,也存在消极的方面。推动流动人口的城市融入,必须正视城市差异,因地制宜地提出包容性的社会政策。方言重的城市,尤其是这些城市的公共场所和公共办事窗口要推动普通话的普及,鼓励使用普通话;降低城市社会保障的准入门槛;房租高的城市,保障房建设要以公租房建设为主,把流动人口纳入公租房保障范围;要本着先易后难,同步推进的原则,优先推进省域内流动人口市民化,城镇化转移支付应向流动人口比例高的城市倾斜。

"We argue that assimilation theory has not lost its utility for the study of contemporary immigration to the United States. In making our case, we review critically the canonical account of assimilation provided by Milton Gordon and others; we refer to Shibutani and Kwan's theory of ethnic stratification to suggest some directions to take in reformulating assimilation theory. We also examine some of the arguments frequently made to distinguish between the earlier mass immigration of Europeans and the immigration of the contemporary era and find them to be inconclusive. Finally, we sift through some of the evidence about the socioeconomic and residential assimilation of recent immigrant groups. Though the record is clearly mixed, we find evidence consistent with the view that assimilation is taking place, albeit unevenly."excerpt

In the context of citizenization, the research of migrant identity is of great significance to promote social integration and people-oriented urbanization. The existing studies have paid little attention to the dual identification mode of migrants, that is, identification with the city is not necessarily separated from the identification with their hometown. This study, drawing data from the Survey of Social Integration and Mental Health of Migrants in 2014, analyses migrants’ identification patterns, characteristic and influence factors based on the migrants’ identification of hometown and city. Firstly, the results show that migrants have four identification patterns including integration, assimilation, separation and marginalization, and in general migrants have low identification with the city. Secondly, migrants’ identity is significantly affected by the factors related to the city where they live and their hometown, such as urban housing, neighborhood type, urban discrimination experience, adaptation to urban life, nostalgia emotions and hometown lands. Thirdly, our study identified that a developmental path for different identification patterns, which is from separation to integration and then to assimilation, but some migrants’ identity also would change from separation to marginalization if without policy intervention. Last but not the least, assimilated migrants are healthier and happier than the other types. According to above findings, we suggest that policy makers should consider both city and hometown factors to promote social integration for migrants, and try the best to achieve assimilation in terms of migrants’ identification with the city.

采用2014年国家卫生计生委&#x0201C;流动人口社会融合及心理健康调查&#x0201D;专题数据,基于流动人口对城市和家乡的身份认同情况,结合多项分类Logistic模型等计量分析,探讨了流动人口身份认同的模式、特征及其主要影响因素。研究发现：①流动人口身份认同分为融合型、同化型、分离型和边缘型,总体上流动人口对流入地的城市身份认同较低;②除了个人因素以外,流动人口的身份认同还受到城市和家乡的双重影响,例如城市住房、社区类型、城市歧视感知、城市行为观念适应、乡愁情感以及家乡土地等因素;③存在从分离型到融合型、再到同化型的衍化路径,但部分流动人口会从分离型转化为边缘型;④ 同化型流动人口的心理健康水平和生活满意度高于其他类型流动人口。基于实证结果提出,在促进流动人口社会融合的制度设计中,需从城乡两个方面同时着手,并积极推进其实现身份认同上的同化。

&nbsp;Social Integration for migrants is a combined process of increasing assimilation and reducing exclusion,and a process of coordinating expectation of migrants and acceptance of urban sector,and a process of developing counter relations and building social network among migrants and local people.The paper measures social integration degree of temporary migration in four dimensions,including identity recognition,expectation to city life,interaction with local residents and feeling of social attitudes from local citizens.Results show that various variables have different impact on different aspects of social integration.Based on a regression model,the paper tests three hypothesis on the factors associated with social integration of migrants:migrant individual and family characteristics are significantly associated with social integration;community participation and social capital significantly associated with social integration;and institutional arrangements significantly associated with social integration.In improving social integration of migrants,the paper argues for comprehensive policies addressing the variety and complexity of the process of social integration,including those towards natural integration and interventionary integration,active integration and interactive integration,and promoting a gradual and multidimensional integration process.

本文提出流动人口的社会融合是一个逐步同化和减少排斥的过程,是流动人口对城市的主观期望和城市的客观接纳相统一的过程,是本地人口和外来移民发生相互交往和构建相互关系的过程。本文通过模型分析,验证了流动人口社会融合影响因素的三个假设,即流动人口的个人和家庭状况影响社会融合;流动人口的社区参与和社会资本影响社会融合;城市的制度安排影响流动人口的社会融合。

With the development of urbanization, promoting the citizenization of migrant workers and improving the quality of employment has become an important goal of China's urbanization strategy in the new era. Affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, the problem of informal employment stands out even further. Starting with an examination of the relationship between new urbanization and informal employment, this study draws on the data from population census and the China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS) to estimate the scale of urban informal employment in China and analyze its spatial and sectoral characteristics. It then identifies the main social integration problems faced by informal workers and discusses some policy options. It is found that urbanization and informal employment are interrelated. Informal employment provides job opportunities for rural migrants with the inability to find formal jobs in cities and urban workers who are unemployed, playing a role in alleviating employment and poverty problems. It is argued that the new urbanization with the principle of putting people first should be concerned with the social integration of informal workers with the aim to promote their citizenization. According to the estimation based on multi-source data, the number of informal workers is 138 million-155 million, accounting for 33.2%-44.7% of urban employment in China. The unobserved/unregistered informal workers are the majority. The distribution of informal employment is characterized by the spatial pattern that the scale of informal employment decreases from the eastern to the central and the western parts of China. In terms of employment types, most informal workers are employed in enterprises. Informal employment in China is mainly concentrated in the sector of wholesale, retail trade, and catering, followed by the sectors of residential service, repair, and other services and manufacturing industry. Informal workers are faced with difficulties in social integration, including job precarity, income instability, social marginalization due to population registration restriction, limited access to public services, and vulnerability to crises. It is recommended that policy intervention should pay attention to improving the quality of informal employment and promoting social integration of informal workers in the future.

中国城镇化由偏重数量转向更加注重质量的新型城镇化,促进农村转移人口市民化、提高就业质量成为城镇化发展的重要目标,疫情影响下非正规就业问题更为突出。论文从新型城镇化与非正规就业的关系出发阐释非正规就业人口的历史产生和发展要求,基于人口普查和《中国劳动力动态调查》测度了中国城镇非正规就业的规模和格局特征,总结了非正规就业者当前面临的社会融合难题,并提出发展思路和路径。结果发现：① 城镇化与非正规就业之间关系密切,非正规就业为城镇化过程中农村转移人口提供大量就业机会,缓解了城镇就业压力。以人为本的新型城镇化需要关注非正规就业模式,以促进农业转移人口市民化和社会融合。② 经多源数据估算,中国城镇非正规就业占城镇总就业的33.2%~44.7%,就业人数达1.38亿~1.55亿,以隐性就业部分为主。在空间分布上总体呈现东、中、西逐渐减少的特征;在雇佣类型上以从事各类非正规工作的被雇型就业为主;行业结构主要集中在批发和零售贸易及餐饮业,居民服务、修理和其他服务业与制造业等。③ 非正规就业者主要面临职业困境、户籍限制、公共服务差距、风险应对能力弱等问题,需要通过完善就业服务体系等改革,提升就业质量,推动市民化和社会融合。