Yangtze River Delta, as a pivotal region where the coastal axis and the riverside axis intersect, is characterized by complexity, diversity and typicality of the spatial structural evolution. Therefore, understanding its evolutionary pattern and constructing a theoretical model has important theoretical significance and application value. According to the core-periphery structure theory, the Yangtze River Delta can be divided into a core area that is centered on the Taihu Lake Basin and remaining periphery areas. However, due to its location at the junction of the river and the sea, a gateway area has emerged within the periphery area, thus forming a spatial structure that is composed of the core area and the gateway area. In the early period, the core area was centered on Suzhou, and a five-tier central place structure became well established since ancient times. However, the gateway area kept evolving and underwent three main changes: in ancient times, the gateway area was centered on Yangzhou, forming the canal gateway cluster; in the modern age, the gateway area became centered on Shanghai, forming an offshore gateway cluster; and in the contemporary era, the gateway area became centered on Ningbo, forming an oceanic gateway cluster. Their corresponding navigation capacities were 500 t, 10,000 t, and 200,000 t, respectively. Therefore, in addition to the existing central place theory and seaport spatial structure theory, the spatial structure evolution of the Yangtze River Delta presents a new evolutionary model: namely, the fusion evolutionary model of central places and port gateways. According to this model, in the early period, it was an endogenous evolution of the core area's spatial structure, which was in line with Christaller's hexagonal structure; while in modern times, the evolution of the spatial structure of the Yangtze River Delta was no longer dominated by central places, but rather, it became dominated by the gateway areas, making the k = 3 market principle turn into the k = 4 transportation principle. In this way, the Yangtze River Delta provides a globally exemplary empirical case for validating the process test of the central place theory, analyzing functional attributes of urban centrality and gateway, and refining the relevant theoretical model.

Geographic environment has exerted profound effect on the origin and evolution of world civilizations. Chinese civilization budded and evolved on a vast and varied territory between Yellow and Yangtze rivers, and has been thus deeply affected by the local geographic conditions. But it has been hardly seen to explore the origin of Chinese civilization from the perspective of geography. On the basis of integrated scientific investigation in China's north-south transitional zone, geographic analysis of Neolithic culture distribution and interpretation of pre-Qin and Qin-Han ancient literature, the conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The early agriculture pattern of "Rice in the south and millet in the north" and the ancient astronomy formed before about 8000 years were the background for Chinese civilization. The geographic distribution of Neolithic Dadiwan, Yangshao, Majiayao and Longshan culture sites showed that the earliest civilization elements appeared in the upper reaches of West-Hanshui and Weihe rivers, with a spatial trend of spreading toward east. (2) The West Qinling Mts. region, located between the Tibetan Plateau and the Jialing River, especially its inner Chenghui and Xili basins, being characterized by superior natural conditions and resources, is closely related to the three major mysteries concerning the origin of Chinese civilization, i.e., the main areas of the ancient Di and Qiang ethnic groups, the location of ancient Kunlun Mts., and the site of Dayu water control. (3) The Qin ethnic group stepped onto the stage of history by assisting Dayu in water control, and in their history of multiple ups and downs, built the grand water control projects in ancient China, such as the Dujiangyan Irrigation Project, Zhengguo Canal, Lingqu Canal, etc., and pioneered the time of "Books with the same text" and "County system", forming the main line of the origin and early evolution of Chinese civilization. (4) The West Qinling areas are still basically a "blind zone" in archaeological and historical research. It is highly recommended to conduct systematic and in-depth archaeological and historical research in this region so as to realize the breakthrough in the exploration of the origin of Chinese civilization as soon as possible.

With the rapid advancement of science and technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a significant force driving scientific development and social progress. In the field of geographical sciences, the application of AI technology is deepening, bringing revolutionary changes to the collection, analysis, and application of big data and spatio-temporal information, and demonstrating innovative and application potential in multiple aspects. This paper systematically reviews the development and application of AI in geographical sciences, providing a detailed introduction to the development trajectories of various AI fields such as machine learning, computer vision, natural language processing, planning systems, and large AI models, as well as their applications in geography. It discusses the problems and challenges of AI applications in geography and provides an outlook on the future development of interdisciplinary research between AI and geographical sciences.

Soil erosion is influenced by various factors, such as land use and climate change. The Wangmaogou watershed, as a typical area for soil and water conservation in the hilly and gully regions of the Loess Plateau, has implemented a series of measures since the 20th century, including the Grain for Green Project. This study evaluated the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of soil erosion intensity in the watershed in the years of 2010, 2015, and 2020 using the CSLE model. It also studied the situation of land use/cover change (LUCC) to analyze the spatial distribution patterns of land use and the responses of soil erosion in different time periods, thereby verifying the effectiveness of the soil and water conservation measures. The results revealed that from 2010 to 2020, the annual average soil erosion modulus in the study area decreased by 0.11 t hm^-2 a^-1, indicating a slight improvement in overall soil erosion conditions. However, the proportion of slight erosion decreased by 5.56%, while severe erosion increased by 4.02%, with the higher erosion zone mainly distributed in the northern, central, and northwestern parts of the watershed. Compared to the year 2010, soil erosion conditions in the watershed were greatly relieved in 2015 due to the decrease of rainfall and restoration of vegetation, but rebounded in 2020 resulting from the extreme rainfall events and declining vegetation cover quality. From 2010 to 2020, there were significant conversions between grassland and farmland in the northern and northeastern parts of the watershed. The decline in grassland quality resulted in a higher average soil erosion modulus compared to farmland, at 13.69 t hm^-2 a^-1 and 12.99 t hm^-2 a^-1, respectively. This study would contribute to figuring out the relationship between soil erosion in typical small watersheds of the Loess Plateau, extreme climatic events, and land use changes, providing scientific data support for future efforts to improve soil and water conservation benefits and mitigate soil erosion risks.

The mass elevation effect (MEE) is a thermal phenomenon associated with uplifted landmasses, leading to spatial differentiation in water-heat assemblies that profoundly affect the geo-ecological pattern and environmental evolution of mountains and regions. This study developed a ground-air temperature regression model to simulate the temperature distribution on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using MOD11C3 data and meteorological observations, analyzing the spatiotemporal diversity and dynamic evolution of the MEE across the entire plateau and internal landform regions were estimated and analyzed from 2000 to 2019. Employing the Geodetector method, the research uncovered the genesis patterns of the MEE at different scales, revealing an average MEE of 4.13 ℃ with a pronounced centripetal pattern from northeast to southwest and decreasing elevation-dependent characteristics that were significantly negatively correlated with longitude and latitude. The average MEE of the landform regionalization was 5.06 ℃, indicating a stronger internal spatial differentiation within landform regionalization. Seasonally, the MEE was slightly stronger in the dry season, with distinct patterns of weakness in the northwest and strength in the southeast during the dry season, and the opposite in the wet season. The MEE showed an asymmetric linear enhancement pattern under global climate change, with an inclination rate of 0.26 ℃/10 a, presenting a "ring-like" characteristic of strong in the east and weak in the west and decreased from the hinterland core to the edge. The weak areas were significantly enhanced, whereas the strong areas showed small variations. The MEE fluctuation magnitude and change rate were both stronger in the dry season than in the wet season, with the dry season primarily contributing to MEE changes. The spatial and temporal patterns of the MEE were influenced by scale effects, with latitudinal zonation at the macroscale and microtopographic features at the regional level. Moreover, NDVI and barometric pressure were found to enhance the seasonal spatial variations of the MEE. This comprehensive analysis provides deep insights into the mountain science and responses to climate change.

The statistical definition of migration in China is attached with its unique household registration (hukou) system, the migrants so defined are also called the floating population. A new analytical paradigm is needed to deal with the complexity of sub-flows in the floating population. The paper classifies five types of the floating population in census context by referring the UN migration criteria, and constructs a new paradigm for analyzing the floating population in China. As a particular provincial-level region (hereafter province) is concerned, the inflow and outflow people belong to different hukou groups balanced by their own counter-flow, namely, inflow vs back-inflow (both have no hukou of the province), outflow vs back-outflow (both have hukou of the province). With the clue of inter-census migration cohort, a sub-flows model is constructed to identify the inter-provincial migration based on the retention rate. The annual retention rate of the inter-provincial migration cohort from 2010 to 2020 is 88.7%. Based on the provincial retention rates, an all-increment table of population change by province in China is made by modelling simulation. The paper surfaces new characteristics of population growth and inter-provincial migration: (1) Provincial population changes are divided into five types, among which the inflow-leading increase type is mainly found in municipalities and the eastern coastal areas, while the fertility-leading increase type and the fertility-overriding increase type are mainly in the western provinces and the agricultural provinces in the middle, and the outflow-overriding decrease type and the outflow-leading decrease type in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Gansu and the northeastern provinces. (2) The mechanical growth of population can be divided into four types: rapid increase, equilibrium, outflow-overriding decrease and dual decrease (both hukou and non-hukou migration are negative). A "W"-shaped mechanical growth rate profile from northwest to southeast is found with the equilibrium belt standing in its middle. (3) Population floating is divided into three types. The counter-flows are highly-correlated: inflow rate and outflow rate are negatively correlated while the inflow-back-inflow and outflow-back-outflow are significant positively correlated. The analytical paradigm and model of floating population in China can be further extended to the study of "citizenship seeking migration" including international migration, and even further to identity migration including migrations with status changing such as enrollment, employment and marriage.

Thermokarst lakes, as prominent thermokarst landscapes in permafrost regions, significantly influence ecological vegetation, hydrological processes, and carbon cycling in the Arctic. However, the current understanding of the distribution characteristics and change mechanisms of Arctic thermokarst lakes remains limited. To address this gap, this study employs meta-analysis and mathematical statistical methods to investigate the distribution patterns and dynamics of thermokarst lakes. The results reveal a pronounced spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the distribution and changes of Arctic thermokarst lakes. These variations are closely associated with permafrost conditions, lithology, soil types, subterranean ice content, and soil temperatures. Most Arctic thermokarst lakes are located in continuous permafrost area, where subterranean ice content exceeds 10%, average soil temperatures are above -4°C, and there are specific vertical soil temperature gradients. The change trends of thermokarst lakes differ under various environmental conditions. Generally, the development of thermokarst lakes follows three stages: initial formation, mid-term expansion, and late-stage contraction, all influenced by hydrological and thermohydrological balances. As critical indicators of permafrost degradation and climatic environmental changes, thermokarst lakes profoundly impact carbon cycling, hydrological processes, and ecological environmental changes within the Arctic ecosystem.

In the post-Cold War era, the global landscape has evolved towards multipolarity, and the geostrategic behavior of states has gradually shifted away from the traditional binary model of "balancing-bandwagoning" to a more flexible and diverse one called hedging strategy, and it is the current strategy that the countries surrounding the South China Sea have adopted in response to China's actions. By introducing the hedging theory of international relations, we seek to understand, from a geopolitical perspective, how these geopolitical entities employ hedging strategies. First, an analytical framework is constructed to theorize hedging strategy, consisting of driving factors, mediating factors, and strategic choices. Second, the hedging intensity is assessed quantitatively via the geopolitical risk and the relative power index of the countries surrounding the South China Sea. The evolution of it is presented through a bivariate visualization method, and the various hedging patterns are classified by utilizing the quadrant diagram. Finally, both the theoretical framework and quantitative outcomes are validated by analyzing the strategic practices of the study region. We conclude that: (1) the geopolitical risks of the countries surrounding the South China Sea have been "tending to be stable but difficult to achieve" since the beginning of the 21st century, with significant heterogeneity among these countries. The evolution of state relative power exhibits a fluctuating trend, closely linked to U.S. intervention. (2) The hedging intensity of the countries surrounding the South China Sea results from the interaction between geopolitical risk and state relative power, leading to three distinct forms, represented by Vietnam and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia and Brunei, respectively. (3) The intrinsic logic of the hedging strategies of these countries can be seen as a strategic cognition shaped by their threat awareness and national strategic orientation. This cognition then orientates diverse hedging approaches that guide these countries in applying either cooperative or competitive tools. By understanding the intensity and nature of the strategic hedging by the countries surrounding the South China Sea, we aim to provide a unique vantage point for China's regional governance in the South China Sea.

In the context of the increasingly severe global food crisis caused by multiple external factors, building a more productive, nutritious, resilient, and sustainable food security system to promote the transformation of the agricultural and food system had become more crucial, particularly because it is essential for stabilizing China's overall economic and social development. This paper was based on the perspective of the Nature-Society-Economy complex system. It divided the food security system into three levels: resources and environment, production and supply, and distribution and consumption. This paper constructed an index system based on the three-dimensional framework of Pressure-State-Response, employing provincial panel data from 2000 to 2021 to analyze the spatial and temporal spatial evolution characteristics of China's food security system transformation. A dynamic panel model was adopted to quantify the various driving factors related to the food security system transformation. The research results indicated the following: (1) The comprehensive index of food security system transformation from 2000 to 2021 increased by 97.90%, showing a two-stage change characteristic with a moderate rise from 2000 to 2012 and a rapid growth from 2013 to 2021. The transformation index of the resources and environment and the production and supply subsystems were consistent with the evolution of the comprehensive index of food security system transformation, also exhibiting a two-stage upward trend. The transformation index of the distribution and consumption subsystem showed a downward and then an upward trend. (2) The comprehensive index of provincial food security system transformation increased continuously from 2000 to 2021. The provinces that exceeded China's average shifted from a balanced distribution across the eastern, central, and western regions in 2000 to clustering in the main grain-producing areas in 2021. (3) The food security system transformation is an ongoing endeavor. The rate of urbanization, agricultural financing policies, birth rate, and dietary diversity index can significantly promote the transformation of the food security system. The transformation of the food security system can be seriously hampered by industrialization, relative returns from agricultural production, GDP growth rate, and per capita disposable income.

Sustainable development is a significant scientific issue of global concern. Geography, as a comprehensive discipline focusing on the coupled relationship between human activities and the natural environment, provides systematic research and solutions for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive reviews. This paper summarizes the theoretical framework and research progress of Geography supporting the SDGs and explores its future key research areas. This article indicates that: (1) Geography, in conducting integrated research on human-nature systems and serving regional and global sustainable development processes, has innovatively proposed and developed theoretical frameworks such as social-ecological systems, pattern-process-service-sustainability, metacoupling, and Classification-Coordination-Collaboration. These research frameworks include elements of human-environment system interconnections, process coupling, spatial coupling, and systematic regulation oriented towards SDGs, forming a comprehensive theoretical framework supporting sustainable development research in Geography, also referred to as "sustainable geography theoretical framework". (2) Geography has made positive progress in supporting the United Nations SDGs research in areas such as multi-source data acquisition, localization of indicator systems and multi-scale progress assessment, analysis of inter-target linkage mechanisms, and SDG achievement pathways. Geography provides important theoretical and methodological support for SDG research. (3) Geography and sustainable development-related research mainly focus on climate-ecological crisis response, sustainable utilization of food-energy-water resources, regional development and planning, human well-being and social governance, and the construction of SDG assessment indicators and databases. (4) In future research, there is a need to innovate and develop sub-disciplines of Sustainable Geography, optimize the construction of SDGs indicator systems, develop SDGs assessment and decision-making models, strengthen artificial intelligence geography, deepen research on human-nature system coupling, and promote regional and global sustainable development in the process of advancing innovation in the discipline of Geography.

Understanding the spatial segregation and social integration of immigrants and local residents is highly significant in summarizing the historical experience of Chinese modernization. Additionally, it serves as a crucial foundation for promoting a people-centered new urbanization, fostering spatial fairness and justice, and achieving common prosperity. However, current research on residential spatial differentiation primarily focuses on analyzing the spatial distribution characteristics, differentiation patterns, and indicator calculations of various groups, and has limited investigation into social integration issues. This paper explores this social and spatial differentiation phenomenon in Hangzhou, usingthe initial residence registration information and mobile phone signalling data to analyze the characteristics and mechanisms of living space differentiation. Additionally, this article combines a small sample of questionnaires with a bottom-up exploration of social integration under spatial differentiation. From the research, four key findings emerge: (1) The majority of residents in the city are migrants. There is a clear difference in the distribution of living spaces between immigrants and local residents, with local residents mainly concentrated in the old city area, while the distribution of immigrants is more scattered. Compared to the typical "immigrant city" in the United States, Hangzhou has less spatial differentiation between immigrants and local residents. (2) The residential space differentiation between immigrants and local residents in the city presents a combination pattern of " multi-nuclei, sectoral, concentric zone". However, unlike the centrifugal diffusion trend of the local people in the United States, the local residents in Hangzhou tends to gather towards the center, while immigrants choose centrifugal diffusion and peripheral aggregation. (3) The spatial differentiation of living spaces is mainly caused by the competition for spatial resources between immigrants and local residents under urban expansion. However, behind the phenomenon of "local residents live in the old city", immigrants are no longer a disadvantaged group. Some intelligent new immigrants actively choose to live in high-quality peripheral areas. (4) The integration between immigrants and local residents is satisfactory, but it is more cautious about the issue of intermarriage. Additionally, residential spatial segregation has not had a negative impact on social integration. There are four main reasons for this. To begin with, the majority of the population consists of immigrants, and urban residents no longer pay attention to identity labels in their daily interactions. Besides, there is relatively little cultural difference within ethnic groups, and the assimilation between immigrants and local residents is increasing. And then, interactions between individuals in workplace and third place can alleviate the negative impacts caused by residential spatial segregation. Finally, China's coordinated development and people-oriented social system can also create favorable conditions for social integration.

The relocation of urban administrative centers plays a crucial role in optimizing urban spatial structure and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and capabilities. A thorough analysis of the spatiotemporal patterns, driving mechanisms, and development trends of administrative center relocations in China is not only a practical necessity for supporting the modernization of national governance but also a foundational requirement for the standardization and scientific advancement of administrative center relocations. This study utilizes spatial analysis methods to comprehensively examine the relocation of administrative centers in cities at or above the prefecture level in China from 1978 to 2022. The results show that there have been 81 instances of administrative center relocations across the country since the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970s. These relocations peaked between 2003 and 2007 and showed significant regional disparities. These relocations are predominantly short-distance and mainly aimed at promoting the development of new urban districts, often resulting in a separation from the geographical center. The relocation of urban administrative centers is a complex process influenced by an interplay of multiple factors, including national policies, governmental guidance, power distribution, resource reallocation, and planning adjustments. The regulatory role of national policies and the guidance provided by city governments are critical components in this multidimensional negotiation. In the context of the current strict national regulation of administrative division adjustment, the relocation of urban administrative centers will continue to reinforce traditional driving factors while aligning with socio-economic and technological shifts, presenting new directions driven by ecological governance, transportation development, and the evolution of innovative industries. In the future, it is essential to carefully evaluate the necessity of relocation while maintaining the fundamental stability of administrative centers. Implementing top-level design for administrative center relocations, adhering to standardized approval processes, and rigorously evaluating the rationale are key to promoting all-encompassing urban advancement. This study provides a reference for scientifically understanding the patterns and intrinsic mechanisms of urban administrative center relocation.

The advent of information intelligence and spatiotemporal big data have significantly broadened the scope of application for geographic information systems (GIS), presenting both opportunities and challenges in the modeling of geographic scenarios. Current paradigms for organizing spatiotemporal data and conceptualizing spatial cognition predominantly rely on a bottom-up approach, which was demonstrated with limitation on low cognition and the fragmented representation of geospatial objects. This is a noteworthy research issue facing the Big Data era, namely the design of new representation models for the integration of objects and knowledge, as well as the collaborative computation of models and objects. This study, inspiring from Leibniz's relative spatiotemporal perspective, establishes an object space-based approach for organization and management of geographic scenarios. The concept of object space was proposed by reviewing the historical evolution of geographic scenarios representation model and literature work on mainstream research domain. Object space is the space of influence of an object, both the inner space of the object and the space of its surroundings. It includes pan spatiotemporal object, object space relationship, calculation and analysis process, which represents object, knowledge and model. For representing and management of object space, a hierarchical model was developed to organize pan spatiotemporal objects according to business requirement and spatial scale. Further, a network model was denoted to represent object space relationship and knowledge, in which node is the objects, and edge is the space relationship. Then, a model classification method based on functional and computational ability was used to organize calculation and analysis process models. Thus, a highly integrated and synergistic "data-knowledge-model" organization and management model was established. The proposed approach was applied in monitoring soil moisture in high-standard farmland in Shandong, which included 44 pan spatiotemporal objects, 2 object space relationship network models and 5 calculation and analysis process models. The results demonstrated its efficacy and feasibility in designing and implementing high-standard farmland intelligent automatic irrigation and drainage systems, thereby offered technical support for advancing theoretical research and expanding practical application in geographic scenarios.

The driving force behind coordination is that the regional coordination policies can benefit the weak. Since the implementation of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development policy, its actual effect has been questioned. Some negative views suggest that this policy has only benefited Beijing and Tianjin, but has not promoted the development of Hebei. In response to this question, this paper takes the implementation of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development policy in 2015 as a natural experiment, using synthetic control method and panel data from 2010 to 2020, empirically evaluates the policy effect and spatial heterogeneity of this policy on economic growth, industrial structure optimization and air quality improvement of Hebei. Results indicate that: (1) The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development policy did not significantly drive the economic growth of Hebei, but promoted the optimization of industrial structure and the improvement of air quality, showing a trend of high-quality coordinated development. (2) The policy effect on prefecture-level cities of Hebei is different due to their distance from Beijing and Tianjin, showing a "center-periphery" diffusion pattern with Beijing and Tianjin as the core. (3) The cities close to Beijing have obtained obvious effect of industrial structure optimization, and the cities close to Tianjin have obtained obvious effect of economic growth. Cities around Beijing and Tianjin are significantly better than cities in southern Hebei in terms of air quality improvement. In the future, we need to view this policy with a new concept of high-quality development, scientifically promote the industrial transfer and undertaking within the urban agglomeration, and continuously consolidate the basic conditions for economic development of Hebei. It is also necessary to achieve spatial equity and adapt to local conditions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordination.

With the continuous development and application of information technology, online shopping has emerged as a significant force, bringing immense economic potential. The convenience offered by online shopping, such as the ability to shop anytime, anywhere, and access to a vast array of products, is reshaping consumer habits and expectations. Despite the continued growth of online shopping, the role of physical stores remains significant. Physical stores offer tangible benefits that online shopping often struggle to replicate. These include the ability to see, touch, and try products before purchasing, as well as the immediacy of taking items home without having to wait for shipping. The relationship between online shopping and physical shopping remains a hot topic in academia. Although there have been relevant studies in China, most of them are based on the survey data from individual communities or cities, lacking large-scale and long-term systematic research from a national perspective. Furthermore, there is a lack of heterogeneous comparisons between different regions. Drawing on large-scale time utilization survey data of 29 provincial-level regions in 2017 and 2021, this paper analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution of online shopping behavior and physical shopping behavior of China's residents, and examines the influence of online shopping on residents' physical shopping behavior. The results show that: (1) There are significant spatial differences in the characteristics of residents' online and physical shopping behaviors. The standard deviation ellipse of online shopping and physical shopping behavior shows an obvious "northeast-southwest" distribution pattern, with the gravity center gradually shifting northward during the study period. (2) In 2017, online shopping had a significant complementary effect on physical shopping. But in 2021, both complementary and neutral effects coexisted. (3) There are significant differences in the impact of online shopping on physical shopping between urban and rural residents, and residents among different regions. There is also a coexistence of complementary effects and neutral effects. This paper clarifies the relationship between online shopping and physical shopping in China, provides an in-depth understanding of the changes of urban space in the internet era, and helps promote the spatial transformation of physical commerce.

Amid the increasing global uncertainties, studying the risk structure and resilience level of global supply chains for agricultural products highlights their importance. It not only provides China with a scientific foundation for better utilizing international markets and resources and ensuring the safety of agricultural product imports, but also promotes the development of risk resilience management theories and methods for typical products across geographical spaces, thus expanding research in resource geography. This study builds a framework that consists of three sectors (export sectors, logistics and transportation sectors, and import sectors) and four stages (supply, procurement, transportation, and demand). Using two-stage DEA and CoDEA models, it evaluates the supply chain risks and resilience of soybeans, which is the typical import-dependent agricultural product in China. The findings indicate that: (1) The risk of China's imported soybean supply chain increased from 2000 to 2020, with risks predominantly from the demand and procurement stages. By contrast, the supply and transport stages are less risky but significantly increased. Trade relations with exporting countries and economic policy uncertainty are the main long-term risk factors that threaten the security of soybean import supply chains. (2) China's soybean supply chain from Brazil is more resilient than that from the US and Argentina, suggesting great potential for improving supply chain cooperation with Brazil. (3) Making the distinction between short- and long-term threats is necessary for managing the risk resilience of the global soybean supply chain. Improving the capacity to react to sudden hazards represented by trade restrictions, maritime obstructions, and trade sanctions should be the priority in the short term. Long-term exploration of system construction and strategic layout optimization is necessary to improve the discursive power of the supply chain.

During the Republic of China (1912-1949), Zhongshan Roads rapidly emerged in major cities and towns across the country, and hundreds of them remain today, primarily in affluent areas. To investigate this uncommon road-naming phenomenon, a comprehensive study was conducted on their construction process and spatio-temporal characteristics (within the scope of county-level and above administrative regions), using toponymy, historical geography, and GIS. Historical documents and maps were re-examined, combined with data from the China National Geographical Name Information Database, OpenStreetMap, and Historical GIS techniques such as spatial measurement, spatial analysis, and visualization. The results showed that: (1) Zhongshan Roads were initially named to commemorate Dr. Sun Yat-sen. During the Republic of China era, 599 Zhongshan Roads were established, primarily in Taiwan, Henan, Shaanxi, and along the southeast coast. (2) Today, there are 653 Zhongshan Roads, except in Xizang, Hong Kong, and Macao. (3) Among these, the Zhongshan Highway in Taiwan is the longest, while Zhongshan Street in Emei township, Hsinchu county, is the shortest. Tainan has the largest number of Zhongshan Roads overall, whereas Shanghai's Huangpu district has the highest concentration and density of these roads across China. (4) Spatial analysis revealed that historically, Zhongshan Roads were mostly found in the centers of old cities and towns. However, since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, new Zhongshan Roads have gradually moved away from city centers. (5) Over the past century, there have been four significant periods of road-naming popularity: following Dr. Sun Yat-sen's passing, commemorating the Victory of the Anti-Japanese War and the recovery of lost territories, restoring place names altered during the 1966-1976 period in the 1980s, and naming new roads at the start of the 21st century. Zhongshan Road, with its century-old tradition, symbolizes the collective remembrance of Dr. Sun Yat-sen and his enduring legacy among the Chinese people. It also reflects China's pursuit of modernization and national rejuvenation in modern times. The data analysis in this paper may require partial refinement as more historical materials are unearthed and quantitative methods are updated, but it does not affect the overall conclusions.

As China progresses in its high-quality development and new urbanization, the spatial development pattern of large cities is evolving from expansion of scale to optimization of existing stock. The polycentric system is widely utilized in guiding the macro-structure of spatial planning, playing a critical role in transforming urban development strategies, increasing urban efficiency, alleviating "urban diseases" and promoting urban renewal. This study establishes a framework for analyzing spatial performance in urban polycentric systems. With Hangzhou as the focal example, the evaluation proceeds across four dimensions of spatial performance, examining the city's internal spatial organization and the mechanisms of its formation. The results indicate that: (1) The polarization effect of the main center outweighs its diffusion, leading to a development pattern characterized by "strong primary and secondary centers, weak tertiary centers; concentration in the old cities, dispersion in the outskirts, differentiation of tertiary centers", with distinct disparities in the effectiveness of planning guidance; (2) Centers in the urban core and principal development directions generally exhibit high performance, with spatial forms moving towards "integration" or "central dissolution"; (3) Activity density performance maintains a balanced state at lower levels, with centers in tertiary areas and primary development trajectories achieving greater equilibrium; (4) Industrial upgrading and the construction of significant facilities drive the functional differentiation of the polycentricity, displaying patterns of horizontal and vertical divisions among center functions; (5) Travel efficiency performance aligns with the polycentric configuration, incrementally revealing the balanced nature of employment distribution across centers; (6) The evolution of the center system is shaped by a confluence of historical path dependence, natural geographic characteristics, economic and industrial development, advances in social demand, and government policy directives, especially those driven by government administrative efforts including development strategies, spatial planning, resource distribution policies, and major events, all of which have a pronounced guidance effect. Future initiatives should concentrate on the cooperative division of functions within the polycentric system, adapting spaces to meet the specific needs of different industries related to spatial and transaction costs, thereby forming both comprehensive and specialized centers. Utilizing major events and infrastructure-driven mechanisms should elevate the energy levels of centers. Moreover, the needs of micro-entities should be addressed by capitalizing on the economic effects of aggregation and market mechanisms to facilitate the orderly emergence and growth of autonomously formed centers. Strategic allocation of crucial resources through government administrative capabilities and policy instruments is essential to boost the development potential of peripheral secondary and tertiary centers.

Farmland abandonment is a common practical problem in rapid urbanization and rural transformation. Scientifically revealing the causes and differentiation mechanism of farmland abandonment at village scale in typical areas has direct and practical significance for village policies to control farmland abandonment, and has far-reaching strategic significance for ensuring food security and promoting rural revitalization. Based on the regional system theory of human-land relationship, this paper takes Nanchuan district of Chongqing, a typical county-level unit in the mountainous areas of Southwest China, as an example, uses multiple linear regression and natural breakpoint model, identifies the leading factors of farmland abandonment at village scale, summarizes the spatial distribution characteristics, explores the dynamic mechanism of different types of farmland abandonment, and puts forward concrete control countermeasures. The results show that: (1) Farmland abandonment is the imbalance of human-land relationship in rural regional system, and the new balance of such a relationship in rural regional system can be achieved by implementing scientific measures. (2) Typical county farmland abandonment can be divided into four types: facility abandonment > facility abandonment > disaster abandonment > circulation abandonment. (3) The total arable land abandoned showed a "river"-shaped corridor distribution with a clockwise rotation of 45°, and the middle-high values were observed in the high-altitude mountainous areas in the northwest and southeast parts of the county. The dominant factors were irrigation conditions, the proportion of cultivated land circulation, the distance to main roads, the proportion of emigrated population, the distance to rivers, the altitude, the amount of arable land per capita, the proportion of rural labor force, and the distance to the township. There are differences in the dominant factors and spatial distribution characteristics of farmland abandonment in different types. (4) Based on the causes, spatial characteristics, and actual situation of different types of cultivated land abandonment, four types are identified: facility shortage constraint type, disaster-prone damage type, farmer differentiation and relocation type, and policy guarantee imbalance type. Corresponding control strategies and 12 control models for cultivated land abandonment, including facility construction and upgrading, are proposed.

This study considered 30 provincial-level administrative units in China as the research object. The network SBM-DEA model and meta-frontier model were used to measure the efficiency of the interprovincial WEF system in China from 1997 to 2021 under the meta-frontier and group-frontier. The improved GTWR model was used to explore the influencing factors. The study produced several results: (1) There are significant differences in the efficiency of WEF systems under different frontiers. The average technology gap ratio of WEF system efficiency in the eastern region was 0.961, whereas that of the central and western regions was 0.673 and 0.455, respectively. (2) In previous studies, there were many overlapping spatial coordinates in the GTWR model, causing the final evaluation results of the model to be close to the linear regression results assessed in the time dimension. To compensate for this deficiency, this study constructed dynamic spatial coordinates and verified the applicability of the model. (3) In terms of temporal change, the GTWR model results showed that the fitting coefficients of energy production, industrial structure rationalization index, proportion of clean energy production, and R&D investment intensity displayed a trend of increasing first and then gradually stabilizing. The fitting coefficient of energy consumption per unit GDP revealed a downward trend year by year, while the change trend of the industrial energy consumption intensity fitting coefficient showed the opposite trend. The fitting coefficients of the remaining influencing factors showed a trend of stability after some fluctuations. (4) In terms of spatial variation, the fitting results of the GTWR model showed that the influencing factors were significantly different between regions and that the influence degrees of per capita water resources, water consumption per unit of agricultural GDP, and gray water footprint load coefficient were all greater in the northern region than in the southern region. The fitting coefficients of energy production and clean energy production were both positive, and the impact in southwest China was large. High fitting coefficient areas under the influences of the industrial structure rationalization index, industrial energy consumption intensity, and R&D investment intensity are mainly distributed along the eastern coast. The fitting coefficients of energy consumption per unit GDP were all negative, and the degree of influence decreased to the west. The fitting coefficients of traffic density were all positive, and the degree of influence showed certain regional characteristics.

Rural development in the new era has ushered in material development opportunities but it is still faced with significant problems of imbalance and inadequacy. Rural social innovation is not only an important endogenous driving force to promote socioeconomic development and reform, but also a key force to break the dual "exogenous-endogenous" structure in rural areas, realize their neo-endogenous development, and promote the full implementation of the rural revitalization strategy to build a livable, viable, and beautiful countryside. This study interprets the conceptual characteristics of social innovation and rural social innovation in the theoretical perspective, sorts out the practical evolution of rural social innovation at home and abroad, explains the internal logic of rural social innovation and rural revitalization in the new era, summarizes the pathway for the realization of rural social innovation to promote rural revitalization, and looks ahead to the future key research areas of rural social innovation. The results show that the essence of rural social innovation lies in enhancing the active capabilities of rural society to achieve sustainable social benefits and promote rural sustainable development. From the perspective of social innovation theory, China's rural development has gone through an initial trial stage, a tortuous exploratory stage, a formal practice stage, and an innovative development stage. Rural social innovation plays a positive role in promoting rural revitalization and neo-endogenous development through innovation initiatives, processes, representation, and goals. In addition, rural revitalization can also react to and strengthen rural social innovation. According to the strategic and practical needs of rural revitalization, one method for promoting rural revitalization through rural social innovation is to reconstruct the relationships among the government, markets, and society. Future research into rural social innovation in the new era should be focused on examining its logical evolution and theoretical exploration, identifying its key elements and invisible thresholds, summarizing its network evolution and driving mechanism, and realizing its dynamic tracking and effect evaluations to provide theoretical guidance and a practical reference for the neo-endogenous development of rural revitalization in China.

In the past 40 years since the theory of "pole-axis system" was put forward, its connotation has been continuously enriched, which has profoundly influenced the theoretical and empirical research in multiple disciplines. The theory has also greatly contributed to China's spatial development of national territory, planning and construction of urban system, and layout of major productive forces. In the new era, China's major regional strategies have profound scientific connotations, yet they still need to overcome blockages such as loose connections within and between urban agglomerations in the course of practice. In this sense, the framework of multi-dimensional proximity from the perspective of evolutionary economic geography can be instructive, since it further focuses on the dimensional linkages of cognitive proximity, technological proximity, relational proximity, and social proximity. Thus, in the context of "dual circulation" strategy, China's territorial space development should be further guided by the theory of "pole-axis system" as well as the framework of multi-dimensional proximity, accelerating the cultivation of new quality productivity, constructing a resilient network of inter-regional industrial collaboration, and comprehensively empowering regional high-quality development.

Quantifying the contributions of climate change and human activities to changes in vegetation is important in terms of regional ecological protection and future research on the Loess Plateau. However, in the case of areas with naturally regenerated vegetation, where there are no clearly visible indications of human activities and ecological processes are not significantly disturbed, not all relevant forms of human activity can be remotely detected. Therefore, modelling the intensity of human modification of natural ecosystems could provide a pathway for a better understanding of the questions concerning where and how much vegetation change occurs in areas with evidence of human activities or land-use change. In this study, we utilized the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) between 2000 and 2022 and land-use datasets (a spatial resolution of 30 m) collected in 2000, 2010, and 2020 to distinguish areas with strong and weak anthropogenic interference on the Loess Plateau. In those areas with clearly visible human activity, we explored the relative contributions of climate change and human activity to vegetation dynamics. Taking the lagged duration variation between climate factors and vegetation growth into consideration, climatic factors influencing vegetation decadal dynamics were identified in the southern part of the Loess Plateau. The results are as follows: (1) With the implementation of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program, Grain-to-Green Program, and other ecological projects, the rate of vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau slowed by 3.4%/10a during the period 2012-2022; however, the overall trend was an increase in vegetation. (2) In sensitive areas of vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, human activities with a relative contribution exceeding 65% were the dominant factors of vegetation variability in the areas with both intensive and weak human interference, which is approximately 2.0-fold higher than the contribution of climate change. (3) The interdecadal anomalies of precipitation in June were effective indicators of opposite west-east vegetation anomalies in the southern part of the Loess Plateau. Specifically, when precipitation increased by 10 mm in June, this southeastern part witnessed a decrease of 1.4% in NDVI in contrast with a 1.7% increase in the southwestern part. By coupling temporal and spatial information we have clarified the spatial distribution of trends and decadal variations in NDVI and its influencing factors. These observations from the Loess Plateau provide useful insights to help understand the relationship between vegetation change, climate change, and human activities on vegetation restoration globally or in other regions of China.

The physical geography and hydroclimatic conditions in the arid region of in northwestern China leading to diverse flood-generation mechanisms. Under the influence of global and regional climate change, the spatiotemporal variation of floods and flood-generation mechanism in this region is still unclear and restricts flood prevention and mitigation and the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative in the major regions. Based on the series of the annual maximum flood peak discharge in 58 river basins in the study area from 1961 to 2017, we analyzed and revealed the mechanisms, spatial distribution and interannual variation characteristics of flood in the basin in the past 60 years based on statistical tests and machine learning approaches. The results show that the frequency of extreme floods and the annual maximum flood peak discharge magnitude are increasing, with the maximum increase in the frequency of extreme floods at about 0.84 times/10 years, and the maximum increase in the annual maximum flood peak discharge magnitude at about 29%/10 years compared with the multi-year average, and the largest increase is mainly observed in the eastern Tianshan Mountains and the Qilian Mountains. There are three main flood generation mechanisms, i.e., rain (R), snow (S) and mix (M), the frequency of R and M floods increased significantly, while the frequency of S floods decreased. The contribution of flood mechanisms transformation to the increase of annual maximum flood peak discharge magnitude can reach up to 38%, which is significantly higher than the contribution of a single hydrometeorological factor such as precipitation. The results of this study emphasize the importance of attributing and predicting the changes of flood characteristics in geographically complex region from the perspective of flood mechanisms. Engineering hydrological design in the changing environment also needs to consider the influence of the heterogeneity of flood samples caused by different flood mechanisms on the flood frequency analysis, so as to provide scientific support for flood risk management and response in the basin.

Metropolitan areas are pivotal in driving national economic growth, advancing harmonious regional development, and participating in competitive international collaboration. Consistent with international consensus, China's planning policies define metropolitan areas as a one-hour commuting circle. Simultaneously, these planning protocols particularly highlight the importance of industrial specialization and intercity collaboration, with the objective of developing modern urban agglomerations characterized by a well-defined spatial structure, complementary urban functions, and an integrated industrial division. This study uses the 2017 intercity input-output table analysis to examine patterns of industrial division and functional synergy in Chinese metropolitan areas. The findings are as follows: (1) From the perspective of industrial division and functional synergy, Chinese metropolitan areas can be categorized into four distinct spatial structures: the single-center dispersed structure, the core-periphery structure, the peripheral expansion structure, and the multi-center network structure representing an advanced phase in the spatial evolution of metropolitan areas. (2) The spatial network of industrial chains in Chinese metropolitan areas is predominantly governed by the flow of processing and manufacturing links. There is a substantial gap in the processing and manufacturing links between the Beijing and Tianjin metropolitan areas compared to similar types of metropolitan areas, and there is considerable potential for enhancing the productive service links in the Guangzhou, Chengdu, and Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan metropolitan areas. (3) The essence of transforming Chinese metropolitan areas into functionally complementary industrial cooperation areas is to further refine the spatial network of the industrial chains, strengthen functional synergy between cities, and encourage spatial integration in the metropolitan areas. (4) Single-center dispersed structure metropolitan areas, including Shijiazhuang, Chengdu, Wuhan, and Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan should initially transition toward a core-periphery structure. In contrast, peripheral expansion structure metropolitan areas such as Nanjing and Hangzhou metropolitan areas, and core-periphery structure urban agglomerations such as Tianjin, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Beijing metropolitan areas should progress toward a multi-center network structure.

Rural attraction is an important indicator of the functions of the rural regional system during flow situations. This theoretical topic in rural development has been discussed within multiple disciplines, but lacks systematic research. Nevertheless, it has become a cutting-edge theoretical research topic in the field of rural geography. Following the research progress and theoretical foundations of rural attraction, this paper constructs a theoretical framework for rural attraction from a geographical perspective, and explains five of its most important issues. (1) The research literature on rural attraction has shifted from fragmented elaborations on the qualities of attractive villages and the unidimensional analysis of rural attraction to the exploration of its concept, mechanism, and evaluation system in terms of urban-rural interactions. The theories underlying the rural regional system of human-environment interactions, gravity, population migration, and attraction property rights, can provide a theoretical foundation and inspiration for the research on rural attraction. (2) Focusing on scientific issues in rural attraction, such as "what is-how-why-how to", and moving toward the framework goal of "theoretical innovation, serving practice, and methodological guidance," a theoretical framework for rural attraction is constructed with the support of spatiotemporal considerations, a comprehensive theoretical paradigm, and the methods used in the field of rural geography. (3) Five important issues experienced during efforts to improve rural attraction were analyzed. First, we analyzed the conceptual connotations of rural attraction based on the background of rural regional systems and spatial interactions from the perspective of spatiotemporal processes. Second, we constructed a measurement framework for rural attraction based on these conceptual connotations and evaluation principles. Third, we identified the regional types and spatial structures of rural attraction from the perspectives of spatial correlations and scale transformation. Fourth, following the theories of human-regional system of human-environment relationship and scale transformation, we explored the mechanisms of rural attraction's endogenous development and exogenous embedding processes. Fifth, considering historical processes and spatial heterogeneity, we explored the pathways and policy insights for enhancing rural attraction. Overall, this research attempts to construct a "what is-how-why-how to" research framework for rural attraction based on a comprehensive "spatiotemporal human-environment" perspective. This study aims to deepen and expand the theoretical research on rural attraction, in addition to providing theoretical references and policy insights for the implementation of rural revitalization strategies in the construction of harmonious and beautiful rural areas.

The Three-River-Source National Park, located in the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, possesses unique climate and abundant genetic species. However, this region is facing serious ecological problems due to climate change and human activities. Accurate monitoring of spatiotemporal variations in net primary productivity (NPP) in the Three-River-Source region is crucial for promoting ecological conservation and environment improvement. Model simulation is an important approach in terrestrial ecosystem research, but it inherently remains uncertain. Multi-model integration techniques can enhance the accuracy of NPP simulation and provide a better estimation of NPP variations for environmental governance. In this study, we used four process-based ecosystem models (i.e., CLM, DALEC, CEVSA, and GLOPEM-CEVSA) and a multi-model integration analysis method to examine the spatiotemporal changes in NPP in the Three-River-Source National Park from 2000 to 2018 and to investigate the effect of climatic factors on NPP variations. The results show that NPP exhibited a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest, with an average annual NPP of 251.17 gC m^-2 a^-1 during 2000-2018. Ecosystems in the Lancang River Source Park had the highest NPP (267.24 gC m^-2 a^-1), followed by the Yellow River Source Park (198.81 gC m^-2 a^-1) and Yangtze River Source Park (121.88 gC m^-2 a^-1. The average NPP in the Three-River-Source region ranged from 222.00 to 298.02 gC m^-2 a^-1 and had a significant increasing trend with the rate of 9.8 gC m^-2 10a^-1. The attributions of NPP variation to climatic factors were far different among regions. It was primarily affected by temperature and radiation in the Yangtze River Source Park and Yellow River Source Park, but was also significantly influenced by precipitation in the Lancang River Source Park. The findings of this study could provide technical support and decision-making basis for assessing the effectiveness of ecological conservation and ecological management in the Three-River-Source National Park.

The positive or negative δ¹³C shifts between total organic carbon (TOC) in surface soils and the corresponding overlying plants/vegetation have been widely reported and are thought to result from various factors, such as atmospheric, climatic, and soil changes. Conducting studies on a larger spatial scale can better reveal the dominant factors. In this study, 107 surface soil and herbivore fecal samples were collected across several thousand kilometers of inland China. δ¹³C analyses were performed on surface soil TOC, bulk plant litter separated from surface soil (PL), bulk herbivore feces (HF), and α-cellulose extracted from both surface soil plant litter and herbivore feces. Data analysis showed that the δ¹³C shift between surface soil TOC and bulk plant litter (Δ¹³C_TOC-PL) and the δ¹³C shift between bulk herbivore feces and bulk plant litter in surface soils (Δ¹³C_HF-PL) both exhibited a negative correlation with δ¹³C_PL. Similarly, the δ¹³C shift between herbivore feces α-cellulose and surface soil plant α-cellulose (Δ¹³C_HF-PL-cell) also showed a negative correlation with δ¹³C_PL-cell. The most reasonable explanation for these negative correlations is that during decomposition in surface soils and digestion within herbivores, C₄ plants decompose/digest faster than C₃ plants. The findings suggest that the relative abundance of C₄ plants, estimated based on modern surface soils, sediments, and animal remains δ¹³C data, may have been commonly underestimated, and this should be appropriately considered and evaluated in future studies.

The spatio-temporal feature is a fundamental characteristic of an event. A composite event is the intricate amalgamation of multiple events that have multi-scale spatio-temporal features and multi-level semantic attributes. To effectively model and analyze composite events, it is essential to leverage a spatiotemporal data model that captures the basic features of events and to realize the knowledge mining as well as the simulation and reasoning of the spatio-temporal evolution of events. Existing models often struggle to portray the evolutionary trajectories and causal relationships between entities across different scales of composite events, and lack the ability to capture the dynamically semantic changes of composite events, hindering their ability to meet the requirements for accurate modeling. The primary contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) By analyzing the concept of events within composite events, we propose a rich semantic event spatio-temporal data model that broadens the dimensions of events covered by existing models. We describe the diverse states and behaviors associated with the evolution of multiple entities across various temporal and spatial granularities based on the multidimensional characteristics of events in different domains. (2) We aggregate event hierarchies with their characteristics to establish a multi-level logical framework of events, progressing from complexity to simplicity, from the event itself to its constituent elements. (3) In our model, we depict the associations between events and events, as well as entities and entities within complex events, and analyze the potential causal relationship of the event through the evolution of spatio-temporal relationships and attribute relationships. (4) Finally, we elaborate on the modeling and analysis methods of the rich semantic event spatio-temporal data model by instantiating a historical war in human society. We illustrate the model's application using a GIS platform, demonstrating the knowledge inference process of evolving entity states and changing relationships between entities triggered by events, which lead to the occurrence of new events. Through this process, we validate the feasibility and practicality of our model.

In the wake of unprecedented global urbanization, an alarming trend of shrinking cities has emerged worldwide, presenting a profound challenge to conventional urban-regional planning approaches, primarily centered on growth scenarios. This trend has also bestowed upon Chinese geographers and urban and rural planning practitioners a new mandate in this evolving era. One region that exemplifies this predicament is Northeast China, experiencing the most severe population decline and the highest concentration of shrinking cities in the country. How to rationally recognize and properly deal with this phenomenon (or problem) of regional urban shrinkage has become the core scientific issue to be focused on in the comprehensive implementation of regional coordinated high-quality development, Chinese-style modernization of common prosperity for all and all-round revitalization of Northeast China in the new era. This paper delves into a logical speculation and practical discussion to understand the underlying causes and implications of regional urban shrinkage in Northeast China: Initially, it examines the original concept of regional shrinking cities within the context of urbanization, critically evaluating the rationality of such shrinkage in light of the broader national strategic objectives. Subsequently, the generation logic of regional urban shrinkage in Northeast China is explored through three key factors: the "pull" effect of regional spatial correlation, the "extrusion" effect of urban shrinkage at a regional level, and the "catalyst" effect of transportation and communication technology development in reducing the cost of factor flow. Moreover, this study draws on the market-led shrewd contraction theory and the government-led vitality regeneration governance logic. It takes into account the governance objectives of achieving "regional coordinated high-quality development, people-oriented new urbanization, efficiency and fairness, and comprehensive security concept". With a systematic perspective that considers scale heterogeneity, development context relevance, factor differentiation, and multidisciplinary integration, the paper outlines a governance model and strategy for addressing regional urban shrinkage in Northeast China. By emphasizing the alignment of governance approaches with national development goals, this research underscores that regional urban shrinkage goes beyond a mere outcome of market-driven population migration. The presence of underlying "market failures" severely impacts the vision of the five major securities (national defense, food, ecology, energy, industry) advocated by Chinese President Xi Jinping for the Northeast China region. The findings of this study offer valuable insights to guide Northeast China's pursuit of high-quality development and contribute to the region's revitalization efforts.