气候变化对北极勒拿河流域年和季节径流的影响
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吕韶燕(1998-), 女, 山西汾阳人, 硕士生, 主要从事水文水资源研究。E-mail: shaoyan3333@163.com |
收稿日期: 2023-10-25
修回日期: 2024-09-30
网络出版日期: 2024-12-02
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41901042)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA19070302)
Responses of annual and seasonal streamflow to climate change in the Lena River basin in Arctic region
Received date: 2023-10-25
Revised date: 2024-09-30
Online published: 2024-12-02
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41901042)
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA19070302)
北极勒拿河流域径流是北冰洋的主要淡水来源之一,对北极大气、海冰热力过程和海洋温盐环流产生重要影响。随着气候变化的加剧,勒拿河流域径流的变化日趋显著。为探究勒拿河流域径流变化对气候变化的响应机制,本文使用M-K趋势检验分析了1975—2014年勒拿河流域气候及径流的变化趋势并通过构建耦合融雪冻土模块的abcd-cr水文模型,结合气候情景模拟和径流弹性系数分析,对不同气候情景下年和季节尺度的径流变化量及径流对气温和降水变化的敏感性进行了定量估算。结果表明:① 1975—2014年勒拿河年和季节尺度的平均气温均呈上升趋势;年及夏秋季的平均降水呈上升趋势,春冬季平均降水呈下降趋势;年及春、秋、冬季径流呈显著上升趋势,夏季径流呈减少趋势。② 气候情景模拟结果量化了降水变化和气温变化引起的年及季节径流的变化量。③ 敏感性分析结果表明年径流随降水的增加而增加,随气温的升高而减少;降水变化对季节径流的影响与年径流类似,但引起的径流变化幅度在不同季节呈现显著差异,其中夏季径流变化幅度最大,冬季径流最小;气温变化对季节径流的调节相较年径流更为复杂,受蒸发的季节性与冻融过程的相互影响,春季径流随气温的增加而增加,其余季节径流随气温的增加而减少。
吕韶燕 , 唐寅 , 汤秋鸿 , 李海明 , 肖瀚 , 谢定昇 . 气候变化对北极勒拿河流域年和季节径流的影响[J]. 地理学报, 2024 , 79(11) : 2811 -2829 . DOI: 10.11821/dlxb202411008
Streamflow from the Lena River is one of the major sources of freshwater in the Arctic Ocean and has a significant impact on the Arctic atmosphere, sea ice thermal processes and ocean thermohaline circulation. In recent years, streamflow in the Lena River basin is changing significantly with intensified global warming. In order to investigate the response of streamflow to climate change in the Lena River basin, the study firstly analyzed the trends of precipitation, air temperature and streamflow in the basin from 1975 to 2014 using the M-K trend test. Then, we constructed the abcd-cr hydrological model by considering a coupled snowmelt and permafrost module. Based on the abcd-cr model, we simulated climatic scenarios and quantitatively estimated the relative changes of annual and seasonal streamflow and the elasticities of annual and seasonal streamflow to changes in air temperature and precipitation respected to different climate scenarios. Results showed that: (1) Both the annual and seasonal air temperatures in the Lena River showed increasing trends from 1975 to 2014; The annual, summer, and autumn precipitation presented increasing trends while the spring and winter precipitation showed decreasing trends; The annual, spring, autumn, and winter streamflow had significant increasing trends while the summer streamflow showed a non-significant decreasing trend. (2) The climate scenario simulation results quantified the variations in annual and seasonal streamflow resulting from changes in precipitation and air temperature. (3) The results of sensitivity analysis showed that annual streamflow increases with the increase of precipitation and decreases with the increase of air temperature; The impact of precipitation change on seasonal streamflow is similar to that of annual streamflow change. However, the impacts of air temperature varied in different seasons. Specifically, the relative change of summer streamflow is the largest, while that of winter streamflow is the smallest. The impact of air temperature on seasonal streamflow is more complex than that of annual streamflow due to the interactions between seasonal evaporation and freeze-thaw processes. With increasing air temperature, spring streamflow increases, while streamflow in other seasons decreases.
Key words: Lena River; streamflow; climate change; abcd-cr model; sensitivity
表1 abcd-cr模型参数意义及取值范围Tab. 1 The physical meanings and ranges of parameters in the abcd-cr model |
| 参数 | 物理意义 | 取值范围 |
|---|---|---|
| a | 土壤完全饱和前径流倾向性 | (0, 1] |
| b | 蒸发量与土壤含水量的和 | (0, 1000] |
| c0 | 土壤水补给地下水的比例 | (0, 1] |
| d0 | 地下水出流速度 | (0, +∞] |
| α | 负气温影响的附加参数c | (0, 0.2] |
| β | 融雪速度 | (0, 0.2] |
| Gmax | 潜在的最大地下水储存量 | [1, 10] |
| S0 | 土壤初始蓄水量 | (0, b] |
| G0 | 地下水初始蓄水量 | (0, 500] |
| S0* | 积雪和/或冰川中的固体水储量 | (0, +∞] |
表2 设计的勒拿河流域气候变化情景Tab. 2 Climate change scenarios in the Lena River basin |
| 降水变化∆P(%) | 气温变化∆T(℃) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -3 | -2 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| -30 | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 |
| -20 | S8 | S9 | S10 | S11 | S12 | S13 | S14 |
| -10 | S15 | S16 | S17 | S18 | S19 | S20 | S21 |
| 0 | S22 | S23 | S24 | S25 | S26 | S27 | S28 |
| 10 | S29 | S30 | S31 | S32 | S33 | S34 | S35 |
| 20 | S36 | S37 | S38 | S39 | S40 | S41 | S42 |
| 30 | S43 | S44 | S45 | S46 | S47 | S48 | S49 |
表3 参数模拟的校准值Tab. 3 Values of calibrated parameters |
| 模拟参数 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | b | c0 | d0 | α | β | Gmax |
| 0.001 | 231.990 | 0.999 | 0.699 | 0.102 | 0.045 | 12.740 |
表4 模型模拟效果评价结果Tab. 4 Performance of abcd-cr model |
| NSE | MRE(%) | R2 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 校准期 | 0.87 | 8.79 | 0.91 |
| 验证期 | 0.80 | 10.23 | 0.86 |
表5 模型MRE各月评价结果(%)Tab. 5 Monthly evaluation results of model MRE |
| 月份 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 校准期 | 10.35 | 5.25 | 20.08 | 55.16 | 196.10 | 15.71 | 9.27 | 4.41 | 1.82 | 5.27 | 104.43 | 55.34 |
| 验证期 | 10.75 | 16.31 | 27.59 | 57.69 | 53.73 | 11.61 | 11.21 | 4.92 | 11.88 | 3.44 | 99.38 | 33.56 |
表6 降水不变气温升高情景下模拟的年径流中的各径流成分Tab. 6 Components of simulated runoff under the scenario of the constant precipitation and increasing temperature |
| S25 降水不变气温不变 | S26 降水不变气温升高1℃ | S27 降水不变气温升高2℃ | S28 降水不变气温升高3℃ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 地表径流(mm) | 40.96 | 39.17 | 36.49 | 34.11 |
| 基流(mm) | 133.84 | 134.84 | 129.44 | 127.28 |
| 融雪径流(mm) | 132.58 | 132.61 | 131.56 | 130.26 |
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