中国城市规划建设用地标准及气候和地形地貌修订
徐勇(1964-), 男, 陕西榆林人, 博士, 研究员, 博士生导师, 主要从事土地利用与人地关系机理模拟、农业与乡村发展、资源环境承载力评价等研究工作。E-mail: xuy@igsnrr.ac.cn |
收稿日期: 2018-06-20
要求修回日期: 2019-12-27
网络出版日期: 2020-03-25
基金资助
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0406)
版权
Urban planning construction land standard and its revision of climate and topography in China
Received date: 2018-06-20
Request revised date: 2019-12-27
Online published: 2020-03-25
Supported by
The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0406)
Copyright
城市规划建设用地标准是科学配置城市各类建设用地的技术规范和编制、修订城市总体规划的基础。针对中国现行城市规划建设用地标准存在的用地指标控制阈值高低差距较大、气候修订缺乏地域分异和地形地貌因素缺失等问题,本文按照“总量—结构”控制的建标思路,提出了标准建立、修订的分步式流程框架和定量测算方法,通过条件设定建立了普适性的建设用地基础标准,进而选择城市人口规模、日照间距系数、河谷地(山间盆地)宽度、地形坡度等关键指标,定量分析了各指标与基础标准之间的关系,形成与基础标准配套的气候和地形地貌修订标准。主要研究结果包括:确定了设定条件下适用于全国不同地区的由人均建设用地面积和人均单项用地类型结构控制的建设用地基础标准;按城市人口规模等级对基础标准进行了量化修订;定量测算了人均居住用地面积随日照间距系数变化的情况,提出了按纬度方向变化的人均建设用地气候修订标准;阐释了河谷地(山间盆地)宽度变化与公园绿地的配置,量化分析了地形坡度与人均建设用地面积变化的关系,建立了针对山地、丘陵地区城市规划建设用地的地形地貌修订标准。
徐勇 , 赵燊 , 樊杰 . 中国城市规划建设用地标准及气候和地形地貌修订[J]. 地理学报, 2020 , 75(1) : 194 -208 . DOI: 10.11821/dlxb202001014
Urban planning construction land standard is the technical specification for allocating various types of urban construction land scientifically, and is the basis for drawing up and revising the overall urban planning as well. In view of China's current urban planning construction land standard, there are many problems such as the big gap of land use control threshold, the lack of regional differences in climate revision, and ignorance of the topographical and geomorphological factors. To solve these problems, this paper proposed a step-by-step process framework and quantitative calculation method for the establishment and revision of standards in accordance with the principle of "total-structure" control. Through the setting of conditions, a universal basic standard for construction land was established. Then quantitative analysis was made for the relations between each index and the basic standard with the selected key indicators such as urban population size, sunshine spacing coefficient, valley area (intermountain basin) width and terrain slope. Finally we formed a revision standard for climate, topography and geomorphology which is matched with the basic standard. The main results are as follows: (1) The per capita construction land area of 95 m 2/person can be used as the total indicator for the basic standard of urban planning in China. The percentage of corresponding per capita for each type of construction land is 32.5% for residential land, 7.42% for public administration and public service land, 22.5% for industrial land, 17.5% for transport facilities, 12.5% of green land, and 7.58% of other types of land. The results of revision value of urban population scale shows that the impact of population size difference on the per capita construction land is relatively weak. (2) The climate revision results of per capita residential land and per capita construction land in major cities show that the climate revision value varies greatly between northern and southern China. The climate revision value of the per capita area of construction land varies by latitude as follows: the figure for 20° north latitude is 93 m 2/person; the figure for 30° north latitude is 97 m 2/person; the figure for 40° north latitude is 103 m 2/person; and the figure for 50° north latitude is 115 m 2/person. The basic standard value of 95 m 2/person is roughly distributed along the Xiamen - Guilin - Kunming line. (3) The cities located in mountainous areas, hilly valleys or intermontane basins can reduce the allocation of community parks and comprehensive parks when the average width of river valley or intermontane basin is less than 2 km. When the average width of the valley or intermontane basins is between 2 km and 4 km, the allocation of the comprehensive parks can be reduced. The revised results of per capita land for construction use on slopes indicate that the terrain slope has a great impact on the revised value of per capita construction land. The revised value at 3° is 3.68% higher than the baseline value, and the increases of 8°, 15° and 25° are 11.25%, 26.49% and 68.47%, respectively.
表1 城市规划基础标准人均单项建设用地构成Tab. 1 The structure of per capita single item construction land of basic standards for urban planning |
用地类型 | 基础标准 | 现行标准 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
用地比例(%) | 人均面积(m2/人) | 用地占比区间(%) | 人均面积控制值(m2/人) | ||
居住用地 | 32.50 | 30.88 | 25~40 | 23~38 | |
公共管理与公共服务用地 | 7.42 | 7.05 | 5~8 | ≥ 5.5 | |
工业用地 | 22.50 | 21.38 | 15~30 | ≥ 18 | |
交通设施用地 | 17.50 | 16.63 | 10~25 | ≥ 12 | |
绿地 | 12.50 | 11.88 | 10~15 | ≥ 10 | |
其他用地 | 7.58 | 7.20 | - | - | |
合计 | 100.00 | 95.00 | - | - |
注:其他用地包括商业服务业设施用地、物流仓储用地、公用设施用地等。 |
表2 城市规划建设用地人口规模修订标准Tab. 2 Revision standard of population scale for construction land in urban planning |
指标项 | 小城市 | 中等城市 | 大城市Ⅰ | 大城市Ⅱ | 大城市Ⅲ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
人均公共管理与公共服务用地面积现行标准规定的取值范围(m2/人) | 5.5~7.6 | 5.8~8.1 | 5.9~8.2 | 6.3~8.8 | 6.8~9.2 |
人均公共管理与公共服务用地面积(m2/人) | 6.55 | 6.95 | 7.05 | 7.55 | 8.00 |
人均建设用地面积(m2/人) | 94.50 | 94.90 | 95.00 | 95.50 | 95.95 |
表3 中国主要城市人均居住用地和人均建设用地气候修订情况Tab. 3 Climate revision of per capita residence land and per capita construction land in major cities of China |
城市 | 经度(°E) | 纬度(°N) | 日照间距系数 | 日照间距 (m) | 人均居住用地面积调整量(m2) | 人均居住用地面积(m2) | 人均建设用地面积总量(m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
漠河 | 122°32′20″ | 52°58′21″ | 3.21 | 45.84 | 25.46 | 56.34 | 120.46 |
齐齐哈尔 | 123°56′15″ | 47°20′34″ | 2.32 | 33.13 | 15.21 | 46.09 | 110.21 |
哈尔滨 | 126°40′10″ | 45°45′35″ | 2.15 | 30.70 | 13.25 | 44.13 | 108.25 |
长春 | 125°19′47″ | 43°51′36″ | 1.97 | 28.13 | 11.17 | 42.05 | 106.17 |
乌鲁木齐 | 87°37′2″ | 43°49′30″ | 1.96 | 27.99 | 11.06 | 41.94 | 106.06 |
多伦 | 116°29′8″ | 42°12′13″ | 1.83 | 26.13 | 9.56 | 40.44 | 104.56 |
沈阳 | 123°25′52″ | 41°48′22″ | 1.80 | 25.70 | 9.22 | 40.10 | 104.22 |
呼和浩特 | 111°44′49″ | 40°50′37″ | 1.73 | 24.70 | 8.41 | 39.29 | 103.41 |
大同 | 113°18′3″ | 40°4′41″ | 1.67 | 23.85 | 7.72 | 38.60 | 102.72 |
北京 | 116°23′32″ | 39°54′30″ | 1.67 | 23.85 | 7.72 | 38.60 | 102.72 |
喀什 | 75°59′24″ | 39°28′13″ | 1.61 | 22.99 | 7.03 | 37.91 | 102.03 |
天津 | 117°11′60″ | 39°5′51″ | 1.61 | 22.99 | 7.03 | 37.91 | 102.03 |
保定 | 115°27′40″ | 38°52′32″ | 1.60 | 22.85 | 6.91 | 37.79 | 101.91 |
银川 | 106°13′49″ | 38°29′16″ | 1.58 | 22.56 | 6.68 | 37.56 | 101.68 |
石家庄 | 114°30′56″ | 38°2′35″ | 1.55 | 22.13 | 6.34 | 37.22 | 101.34 |
太原 | 112°32′54″ | 37°52′16″ | 1.54 | 21.99 | 6.22 | 37.10 | 101.22 |
济南 | 117°7′12″ | 36°39′4″ | 1.47 | 20.99 | 5.41 | 36.29 | 100.41 |
西宁 | 101°46′40″ | 36°37′5″ | 1.47 | 20.99 | 5.41 | 36.29 | 100.41 |
青岛 | 120°22′56″ | 36°4′5″ | 1.44 | 20.56 | 5.07 | 35.95 | 100.07 |
兰州 | 103°50′3″ | 36°3′40″ | 1.44 | 20.56 | 5.07 | 35.95 | 100.07 |
郑州 | 113°37′35″ | 34°44′51″ | 1.36 | 19.42 | 4.15 | 35.03 | 99.15 |
徐州 | 117°16′59″ | 34°20′21″ | 1.35 | 19.28 | 4.03 | 34.91 | 99.03 |
西安 | 108°56′56″ | 34°15′59″ | 1.35 | 19.28 | 4.03 | 34.91 | 99.03 |
蚌埠 | 117°21′23″ | 32°55′14″ | 1.28 | 18.28 | 3.23 | 34.11 | 98.23 |
南京 | 118°47′50″ | 32°3′36″ | 1.24 | 17.71 | 2.76 | 33.64 | 97.76 |
合肥 | 117°14′10″ | 31°49′24″ | 1.23 | 17.56 | 2.65 | 33.53 | 97.65 |
上海 | 121°28′23″ | 31°13′54″ | 1.21 | 17.28 | 2.42 | 33.30 | 97.42 |
成都 | 104°4′18″ | 30°39′27″ | 1.18 | 16.85 | 2.07 | 32.95 | 97.07 |
武汉 | 114°18′19″ | 30°35′40″ | 1.18 | 16.85 | 2.07 | 32.95 | 97.07 |
杭州 | 120°10′41″ | 30°18′16″ | 1.17 | 16.71 | 1.96 | 32.84 | 96.96 |
拉萨 | 91°10′21″ | 29°39′11″ | 1.15 | 16.42 | 1.73 | 32.61 | 96.73 |
重庆 | 106°33′3″ | 29°33′42″ | 1.14 | 16.28 | 1.61 | 32.49 | 96.61 |
南昌 | 115°50′47″ | 28°41′11″ | 1.11 | 15.85 | 1.27 | 32.15 | 96.27 |
长沙 | 112°56′18″ | 28°13′43″ | 1.09 | 15.57 | 1.04 | 31.92 | 96.04 |
贵阳 | 106°38′56″ | 26°37′4″ | 1.03 | 14.71 | 0.35 | 31.23 | 95.35 |
福州 | 119°17′48″ | 26°4′28″ | 1.01 | 14.42 | 0.12 | 31.00 | 95.12 |
桂林 | 110°17′24″ | 25°16′27″ | 0.99 | 14.14 | -0.12 | 30.76 | 94.88 |
昆明 | 102°42′32″ | 25°1′53″ | 0.98 | 13.99 | -0.23 | 30.65 | 94.77 |
厦门 | 118°5′23″ | 24°28′47″ | 0.96 | 13.71 | -0.46 | 30.42 | 94.54 |
广州 | 113°15′51″ | 23°7′45″ | 0.92 | 13.14 | -0.92 | 29.96 | 94.08 |
南宁 | 108°22′2″ | 22°49′1″ | 0.91 | 12.99 | -1.04 | 29.84 | 93.96 |
湛江 | 110°21′35″ | 21°16′17″ | 0.86 | 12.28 | -1.61 | 29.27 | 93.39 |
海口 | 110°11′52″ | 20°2′38″ | 0.83 | 11.85 | -1.96 | 28.92 | 93.04 |
表4 河谷地或山间盆地平均宽度与城市规划公园绿地配置情况Tab. 4 The average width of the valley or intermontane basin and the allocation of urban park green space |
河谷地或山间盆地平均宽度(km) | 核减公园绿地类型 |
---|---|
≤ 2 | 社区公园、综合公园 |
2~4 | 综合公园 |
≥ 4 | - |
图6 人均建设用地修订值随地形坡度变化Fig. 6 Change of per capita revised value of construction land with topographic slope |
表5 不同地形坡度对应的人均建设用地修订标准Tab. 5 Revision standards of per capita construction land with different terrain slope grades |
地形坡度(°) | ω | SL (m2/人) | 增幅(%) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 1.00 | 95.00 | 0.00 |
3 | 1.04 | 98.49 | 3.68 |
5.5 | 1.07 | 101.84 | 7.20 |
8 | 1.11 | 105.68 | 11.25 |
11.5 | 1.18 | 112.13 | 18.03 |
15 | 1.26 | 120.16 | 26.49 |
17.5 | 1.34 | 127.25 | 33.95 |
20 | 1.43 | 135.85 | 43.00 |
22.5 | 1.54 | 146.50 | 54.21 |
25 | 1.68 | 160.04 | 68.47 |
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