创意再生视域宁波老工业区绅士化动力机制
作者简介:马仁锋(1979-), 男, 湖北枣阳人, 博士, 副教授, 中国地理学会会员(S110007266M), 主要从事创意经济地理学与城市演化、海洋经济与港城人居环境研究。Email: marfxf@126.com
收稿日期: 2018-05-26
要求修回日期: 2019-01-28
网络出版日期: 2019-04-23
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41771174, 41301110, 41871170)
Gentrification mechanism of the old industrial districts in Ningbo from the perspective of creative regeneration
Received date: 2018-05-26
Request revised date: 2019-01-28
Online published: 2019-04-23
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41771174, No.41301110, No.41871170
Copyright
绅士化成为全球各类城市更新的核心现象,受地理、城市和规划等学科关注。以宁波和丰创意广场形成为例,运用问卷调查和访谈数据,借助扎根理论和结构方程模型分别构建和验证涵盖空间生产、推拉模式和创意集群孕育在内的老工业区绅士化动力机制。研究发现:① 生成和丰创意广场的创意修复过程呈现典型绅士化现象,且该现象具有高端写字楼主导的开放性和多元景观特征,入园企业私营化、生产要素创意化和生产关系外向化的业态特征以及年轻化、情怀化、创意化和服务化的群体特征;② 和丰绅士化现象是老工业区以推拉方式形成的社会空间置换,权力、资本和创意联结而成的再生产关系主导空间实践;建筑规划师和创意阶层主导的物质性空间营造和创意实践形成空间表征;空间表征推动创意集群内生发展和演化,催化了基于文化、理想和情感体验的文化共识和身份认同,升华为表征性空间,形成了“地方元素的感性认可→资本要素和关系力量的理性约束→地方元素、资本要素和关系力量协同→关系力量的反馈”逻辑路径,激活了老工业区空间演化。③ 和丰创意集群育成取决于文化氛围、办公环境、经济区位、政府政策和社会关系网络等要素相互作用。
马仁锋 , 王腾飞 , 张文忠 . 创意再生视域宁波老工业区绅士化动力机制[J]. 地理学报, 2019 , 74(4) : 780 -796 . DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201904012
At the same time as the gentrification movement has increasingly become a mean of urban renewal in some cities around the world, the connotation of the gentrification theory has been greatly enriched, and it has attracted the attention by different disciplines such as geography, planning, and management. In particular, with the rise of the cultural and creative industries in the 1990s, the renovation of old industrial zones led by creative parks has become one of the most important strategies for urban renewal, industrial upgrading and urban marketing, similar to the Western society's gentrification. And how to analyze the logic behind this phenomenon and reveal the dynamic mechanism of gentrification in the old industrial districts has become a research hotspot and difficulty in the study of gentrification and urban planning in the 21st century. In this article the Ningbo Hefeng Creative Plaza was chosen as case, questionnaires and interview data were used and the rooted theory and structural equation model were applied to construct and verify the dynamic mechanism of gentrification in the old industrial districts covering space production, push-pull mode and creative clusters. The findings can be concluded here: (1) The creative restoration process of Hefeng Creative Plaza presents a typical gentrification phenomenon, with characteristics of the openness and multi-landscape dominated by high-end office buildings, privatization of thesettled enterprises, the characteristics of creative production factors and the externalization of production relations, as well as group characteristics of younger population, feelings of creativity and service-oriented, creativity and service-oriented. (2) The phenomenon of gentrification in Hefeng Creative Plaza is a social space replacement formed by the push-pull method under the production of space in the old industrial districts. That is, spatial fix is dominated by the production and reproduction relationships linked by capital, power, and creativity; The material space creation and creative practice of architectural planners and creative class form a spatial representation; Spatial representation promotes the endogenous development and evolution of creative clusters, catalyzes cultural consensus and identity based on cultural, ideal and emotional experiences, and sublimates into a representational space. the Logical path of "sensual recognition of local elements → rational constraints of capital elements and relationship forces → coordination of local elements, capital elements and relationship forces → feedback of relationship forces" has been formed, which has activated the spatial evolution of the old industrial areas. (3) The development of Hefeng Creative Cluster depends on the interaction of cultural atmosphere, office environment, economic location, government policy and social relationship network.
Fig. 1 Theoretic framework of relevance concept of gentrification in urban old industrial districts图1 城市老工业区绅士化关联概念逻辑框架 |
Fig. 2 Changes and historical images of Hefeng Spinning Factory图2 和丰纱厂变迁及其历史影像 |
Fig. 3 The landscape dominated by office buildings in Hefeng Creative Plaza图3 写字楼群主导的和丰创意广场空间景观 |
Fig. 4 Diversity landscape in Hefeng Creative Plaza图4 和丰创意广场多元化空间景观 |
Tab. 1 Opening coding examples表1 开放编码范畴化 |
访谈资料 | 初始概念 | 范畴 |
---|---|---|
我也要看工资的啦,太少的话我也不会来这(HF-YG2-5) | 考虑工资 | 工资 |
至于工资嘛,做的多挣得也就多啦,我感觉还好(HF-YG3-4) | 工资还好 | |
…… | …… | …… |
我当初来得早,主要看中环境是由老厂房改造的,比较创意。(QY86-QYZ2-11) 我当初主要想找一个这种旧工厂改造的工作室(QY86-QYZ2-2) | 老厂房 | 工业文化 |
园区是由工厂改建,园区有一些的旧工业设备,可以作为摄影创作的背景素材(QY86-YG1-4) | 旧工业设备 |
Tab. 2 Axial coding表2 主轴编码分析 |
开放编码提取的范畴 | 主轴编码提取的范畴 | |
---|---|---|
副范畴 | 主范畴 | |
租差 | 经济区位因素 | 资本要素 |
基础设施 | ||
市场 | ||
工资岗位供给 | ||
优惠政策 | 制度因素 | |
知识产权保护 | ||
技术培训 | ||
人才服务 | ||
朋友 | 社会关系网络因素 | 关系力量 |
同行交流 | ||
产业链合作 | ||
工业文化 | 文化氛围因素 | 地方元素 |
西方文化 | ||
中国传统文化 | ||
多元、包容性文化 | ||
噪音 | 办公环境因素 | |
绿化 | ||
办公空间 |
Fig. 5 The transformation mechanism of the old industrial districts based on creative clusters breeding图5 创意集群育成驱动老工业区转型机制 |
Fig. 6 Driving paths and coefficients of creative clusters in Hefeng Creative Plaza图6 和丰创意广场创意集群驱动路径及系数 |
Tab. 3 Validity test表3 效度检验 |
KMO值 | 近似卡方 | 自由度df | Sig. | 因子分析适宜性 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
和丰创意广场 | 0.815 | 1137.570 | 105 | 0.000 | 适宜 |
Tab. 4 The goodness-of-fit path coefficient表4 模型拟合路径系数 |
路径 | R.W. | S.E. | C.R. | S.R.W. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
和丰创意广场 | 制度→社会关系网络 | 0.327 | 0.083 | 8.136 | 0.346*** |
制度→经济区位 | 0.338 | 0.104 | 4.279 | 0.290*** | |
文化氛围→社会关系网络 | 0.259 | 0.076 | 10.217 | 0.217*** | |
文化氛围→经济区位 | 0.415 | 0.147 | 7.625 | 0.428*** | |
文化氛围→办公环境 | 0.186 | 0.058 | 2.174 | 0.162** | |
办公环境→社会关系网络 | 0.217 | 0.136 | 1.523 | 0.230** | |
经济区位→社会关系网络 | 0.748 | 0.117 | 8.742 | 0.695*** |
注:**代表在0.05水平下显著,***代表在0.01水平下显著。 |
Tab. 5 Model fitting parameters表5 模型拟合结果 |
模型整体拟合度 | 拟合指标 | 拟合标准 | 测量值 |
---|---|---|---|
绝对拟合度 | x2 | 越小越好 | 36.542 |
GMIN/DF | 越小越好 | 0.703 | |
GFI | > 0.8 | 0.929 | |
RMR | < 0.1 | 0.028 | |
RMSEA | < 0.1 | 0.024 | |
ECVI | 越小越好 | 1.070 | |
相对拟合度 | NFI | > 0.8 | 0.922 |
AGFI | > 0.8 | 0.880 | |
RFI | > 0.8 | 0.882 | |
CFI | > 0.8 | 0.993 | |
IFI | > 0.8 | 0.993 | |
精简拟合度 | PNFI | 0~1 | 0.609 |
PGFI | 0~1 | 0.549 | |
CAIC | 越小越好 | 258.145 | |
AIC | 越小越好 | 114.542 |
Fig. 7 Logic of production of space of gentrification in the old industrial districts图7 老工业区绅士化的空间生产逻辑 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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