随着信息经济发展壮大,软件产业日益成为城市经济的新引擎,其空间区位对城市空间结构影响不断加深.文章以上海市软件企业名录为数据基础,运用GIS 技术、社会网络分析等方法,探讨了上海大都市区软件产业的空间分布、演变特征及影响因素.研究发现,2002 年及2008年上海软件产业空间分布的集聚化特征明显,但产业集聚中心位置发生了从中心城区转向郊区的偏移.6 年间,软件企业的空间格局呈现出"大都市区尺度上的扩散以及园区尺度的再集聚"的时空特征.不同类型企业空间集聚与扩散的特征不同,以嵌入式软件企业为主的中小企业呈现出向远郊区扩散的特征.在影响因素的分析上,负二项回归的结果表明交通通达性、政府政策影响下的科技园区建设、产业历史基础对软件企业的区位选择具有显著影响.内外资企业区位影响因素的比较分析发现,交通通达性、自然环境及办公楼条件对外资企业区位影响较大,内资企业对政府政策更为敏感.
Due to the continuing global economic integration, global cities are increasingly becoming the nodes of command function and the sites of knowledge and innovation production. In China, ICT sectors including software industry started to cluster in major metropolitan areas since the 1990s, and have become the driving engine of the economy. However, the distribution of software industry is spatially uneven, and spatial factors significantly influence its location decision. Although lots of scholars have focused on this phenomenon and analyzed the spatial pattern of software industry in developed countries, little attention has been paid to metropolitans in China. There is a need to explore how the software firms are distributed in Chinese metropolitans in the transformation period. In this paper, we attempt to discuss the spatial distribution of software firms in Shanghai. We select the information of software firms in the years 2002 and 2008 as our basic dataset to compare the difference of the spatial pattern in different years and explore their mechanism with the aid of GIS. The result shows that agglomeration and suburbanization are dominant characteristics in the distribution of software industry in Shanghai. During the process of suburbanization, we find firms in different types, different scales, and different ownership can lead to different locational decisions. The suburbanization of small firms is more obvious. Based on the empirical analysis, accessibility, politics and the previous distribution pattern have a significant effect on the spatial evolution of software industry in metropolitan Shanghai.
[1] Van Geenhuizen M, Nijkamp P. Place-bound versus footloose firms: Wiring metropolitan areas in a policy context. The Annals of Regional Science, 2009, 43(4): 879-896.
[2] Javier Bilbao-Ubillos. Spatial implications of new dynamics in production organization: The case of the automotive industry in the Basque Country. Urban Studies, 2010, 47(5): 1117-1146.
[3] Marshall A. Principles of Economics. 8th ed. London: Macmillan, 1925.
[4] Simmie J. Innovation and urban regions as national and international nodes for the transfer and sharing of knowledge.Regional Studies, 2003, 37(6): 607-620.
[5] Zhao Qunyi, Zhou Yixing. Review on the spatial structure of producer services in the western literatures and itsenlightenment. Urban Planning Forum, 2007, (1): 19-25. [赵群毅, 周一星. 西方生产性服务业空间结构研究及其启示. 城市规划学刊, 2007, (1): 19-25.]
[6] Li Jian. Global Production Networks and Spatial Organization of Production in Metropolitan Areas. Beijing: Science Press,2011. [李健. 全球生产网络与大都市区生产空间组织. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011.]
[7] Lv Weiguo, Chen Wen. Manufacturing industry enterprises location choice and the urban spatial restructuring in Nanjing.Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(2): 142-152. [吕卫国, 陈雯. 制造业企业区位选择与南京城市空间重构. 地理学报,2009, 64(2): 142-152.]
[8] Coffey W J, Drolet R. The intrametropolitan location of high order services: patterns, factors and mobility in Montreal.Papers in Regional Science, 1996, 75(6): 293-323.
[9] Stanback T M G. The New Suburbanization. Boulder, Co:Westview, 1991.
[10] Arora A. The globalization of the software industry: Perspectives and opportunities for developed and developing countries. Innovation Policy and the Economy, 2005, (5): 1-32.
[11] Aranya R. Location theory in reverseúLocation for global production in the IT industry of Bangalore. Environment and Planning A, 2008, 40: 446-463.
[12] Kambhampati U S. The software industry and development: The case of India. Progress in Development Studies, 2002,(2): 23-45.
[13] Arai Y, Nakamura H. Multimedia and internet business clusters in central Tokyo. Urban Geography, 2004, 25(5): 483-500.
[14] Isaksen A. Knowledge-based clusters and urban location: The clustering of software consultancy in Oslo. Urban Studies,2004, 41: 1157-1174.
[15] Yuan Feng, Wei Yehua Dennis, Chen Wen et al. Spatial agglomeration and new firm formation in the information and communication technology industry in Suzhou. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(2): 153-163. [袁丰, 魏也华, 陈雯等.苏州市区信息通讯企业空间集聚与新企业选址. 地理学报, 2010, 65(2): 153-163.]
[16] Parthasarathy B, Aoyama Y. From soft ware services to R&D services: Local entrepreneurship in the software industry inBangalore, India. Environment and Planning A, 2006, 38: 1269-1285.
[17] Ning Yuemin, Shi Song et al. From Spatial Division of Labor to Spatial Organization in Metropolitan Areas. Beijing:Science Press, 2011. [宁越敏, 石崧等. 从劳动空间分工到大都市区空间组织. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011.]
[18]Wei S. How taxing is corruption on international investorsúReview of Economics and Statistics, 2000, 83(1): 1-11.
[19] Airoldi A, Janetti B J, Gambardella A et al. The impact of urban structure on the location of producer services. Service Industries Journal, 1997, 17(1): 91-114.
[20] Porter M. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press, 1990.
[21] Rosenthal S, Strange C. The determinants of agglomeration. Journal of Urban Economics, 2001, 50(2): 191-229.
[22] Breznitz D. Industrial R&D as a national policy: Horizontal technology policies and industry-state co-evolution in thegrowth of the Israeli software industry. Research Policy, 2007, 36: 1465-1482.
[23] Trippl M. Knowledge sourcing beyond buzz and pipelines: Evidence from the Vienna software sector. Economic Geography, 2009, 85(4): 443-462.
[24] Ihlanfeldt K R, Raper M D. The intrametropolitan location of new office firms. Land Economics, 1990, 66: 182-198.
[25] Wu F. Intrametropolitan FDI firm location in Guangzhou, China: A Poisson and negative binomial analysis. Annals of Regional Science, 1999, 33(4): 535-555.
[26] Zhang Hua, He Canfei. Locational accessibility and location of foreign enterprises in Beijing. Geographical Research,2007, 26(5): 984-994. [张华, 贺灿飞. 区位通达性与在京外资企业的区位选择. 地理研究, 2007, 26(5): 984-994.]
[27] Niu Yanhua, Xu Xueqiang. Review of research on location and spatial development of high-tech industry. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2005, 21(3): 70-74. [牛艳华, 许学强. 高新技术产业区位研究进展综述. 地理与地理信息科学, 2005, 21(3): 70-74.]
[28] Ning Yuemin. The study on the location of the industrial service and the office building in Shanghai. City Planning Review, 2000, 24(8): 9-12. [宁越敏. 上海市生产性服务业及办公楼区位研究. 城市规划, 2000, 24(8): 9-12.]
[29] Wu Yizhou, Wu Cifang, Bei Hanlu. The spatial pattern and its evolution mechanism of urban office buildings in the transition period. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(8): 973-982. [吴一洲, 吴次芳, 贝涵璐. 转型时期杭州城市写字楼空间分布特征及其机制. 地理学报, 2010, 65(8): 973-982.]
[30] Yan Xiaopei. Development of the information-intensive services and their impacts on the urban spatial structure of Guangzhou, China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1999, 19(5): 405-410. [阎小培. 广州信息密集服务业的空间发展及其对城市地域结构的影响. 地理科学, 1999, 19(5): 405-410.]
[31] Luo Ruoyu. A study on the foreign direct investment and the formation and evolution of the industrial cluster of information technology in Tianjin. Ecomomic Geography, 2006, 26(2): 261-264. [罗若愚. 外商投资与天津电子信息产业群的形成演化研究. 经济地理, 2006, 26(2): 261-264.]
[32] Wu Xiuqin et al. The Application and Practice of Arcgis 9. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2007. [吴秀芹等. Arcgis9地理信息系统应用于实践. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2007.]
[33] Liu Jun. An Introduction to Social Network Analysis. Beijing: Social Science Academic Press, 2004. [刘军. 社会网络分析导论. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2004.]
[34] Leamer E, Storper M. The economic geography of the Internet age. Journal of International Business Studies, 2001, 32(4):641-665.
[35] Chu Bo, Liang Jinshe. Studies on the location factors & impacts of manufacturing industry in Beijing with Ordered ProbitModel. Geographical Research, 2007, 26(4): 723-734. [楚波, 梁进社. 基于OPM模型的北京制造业区位因子的影响分析. 地理研究, 2007, 26(4): 723-734.]
[36] Chen Feng. Statistical methods of modern medicine and Application of Stata. 2nd ed. Beijing: China Statistics Press,2006: 233-239. [陈锋. 现代医学统计方法与Stata应用. 2 版. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2006: 233-239. ]
[37] Wu Qianbo, Ning Yuemin. Headquarter locations of top 500 enterprises of Chinese manufacturing industries. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(2): 139-152. [武前波, 宁越敏. 中国制造业企业500 强总部区位特征分析. 地理学报,2010, 65(2): 139-152.]
