国内很多学者认为资源型城市区位偏远是资源型城市转型和可持续发展的主要障碍,但资源型城市是否真的区位偏远以及如何进行科学识别一直没有给予回答.本文以国务院分3批确定的78 个资源枯竭城市为对象,以资源枯竭城市所在省的省会城市和与资源枯竭城市联系紧密的北京、上海、广州3 个区域中心城市为参照对象,利用空间距离和时间距离相结合的计算方法,对资源枯竭城市的区位条件进行分类型和分地区的评价.研究发现：① 从总体样本看,资源枯竭城市的确存在区位偏远现象,基于空间距离测度的区位偏远度α1 = 1.36 (相对于省会城市) 和β1 = 1.14 (相对于区域中心城市),基于时间距离测度的区位偏远度α2 = 1.65 (相对于省会城市) 和β2 = 1.16 (相对于区域中心城市);② 从分类型看,不同省份和不同资源类型之间城市区位偏远度表现出明显差异,西部地区和森工型城市区位偏远度最大;③ 综合空间距离和时间距离的分析结果,资源枯竭城市区位很偏远的城市,即α > 1.5 ∩ β > 1.5,分别为18 个和23 个,分别占资源枯竭城市总数的23.1%和29.5%;区位不偏远的资源枯竭城市,即α ≤ 1.0 ∩ β ≤ 1.0,分别为30 个和35 个,分别占到资源枯竭城市总数的38.5%和44.9%.在此基础上,进一步提出不同区位条件的资源枯竭城市的发展方向和政策着力点.
It has been widely acknowledged amongest domestic scholars that resources-based cities on a whole are located in remote and peripheral areas, which has become a major obstacle to successful transformation of these cities to sustainable development. Yet little attention has so far been given to quantitatively estimate whether these resources-based cities suffered from being remote and peripheral location, and how far. In this paper, we use 78 resources-exhausted cities identified by the State Council as the case cities to evaluate the location condition of resources-exhausted cities under different resources types and regions, based on the calculation method of spatial distance and time distance. The distance is how far these resources-exhausted cities are from the corresponding provincial capital cities and three regional central cities (Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou) to which are closely linked resources-exhausted cities. The research findings include that: (1) From the perspective of overall sample cities, the location of resources-exhausted city is really remote. In the term of spatial distance, the location remoteness degree α1 is 1.36 (relative to the provincial capital city) and β1 is 1.14 (relative to regional center city), and in the term of of time distance, the location remoteness degree α2 = 1.65 (relative to provincial capital city) and β2 = 1.16 (relative to regional central city). (2) From the perspective of classification, location remoteness degrees of resources-exhausted cities show significant differences among different provinces and different resource types. The location remoteness degrees of resources-exhausted cities located in Western China and forestry-based cities are the largest. (3) From an integrated analysis of spatial distance and time distance, the number of resources-exhausted cities whose locations are very remote, namely α > 1.5 ∩ β > 1.5, respectively is 18 and 23, accounting for 23.1% and 29.5% of the total resouces-exhausted cities. The number of resources-exhausted cities whose location remoteness degrees are α ≤ 1.0 ∩ β ≤ 1.0, is 30 and 35 respectively, accounting for 38.5% and 44.9% of the total in China.
[1] Zhu Xun. The sustainable development of the mining city as the basis to vigorouly develop old industrial base inNortheast China. Resources & Industries, 2004, 6(5): 1-4. [朱训. 矿业城市的可持续发展是振兴东北老工业基地的基础. 资源—产业, 2004, 6(5): 1-4.]
[2] Liu Suichen, Yuan Guohua, Hu Xiaoping. A study on the development of mining cities and mineral prospecing industry.China Geology & Mining Economics, 1996, (5): 16-20. [刘随臣, 袁国华, 胡小平. 矿业城市发展问题研究. 中国地质矿产经济, 1996, (5): 16-20.]
[3] Long Ruyin. To implement the strategy of transforming the resource-based econmies by using the experience ofdeveloped countries for reference. Science & Technology Review, 2004, (10): 10-12. [龙如银. 借鉴发达国家经验, 实施我国矿业城市转型战略. 科技导报, 2004, (10): 10-12.]
[4] Li Shenghui, Hu Daosheng. Study on the industrial structural adjustmnet of mining cities: Taking Ruhr as the example.China Population, Resources and Environment, 2003, (4): 26-28. [李晟晖, 胡道生. 矿业城市的产业转型: 以德国鲁尔区为例. 中国人口、资源与环境, 2003, (4): 26-28.]
[5] Zhou Dequn. Structural crisis and transition in a mining city. Western Forum, 2006, (3): 25-29. [周德群. 矿业城市的结构性危机与转型. 西部论丛, 2006, (3): 25-29.]
[6] Zhang Yicheng. Status and countermeasures to sustainable development of mining city in China. Journal of ChinaUniversity of Mining and Technology: Social Science, 1999, (1): 75-80. [张以诚. 我国矿业城市现状和可持续发展对策. 中国矿业大学学报: 社会科学版, 1999, (1): 75-80.]
[7] Zhao Haiyun, Li Zhongxue, Zhang Yicheng. Study on the sustainable development index and evaluating of sustainabledevelopment of the mining city. China Mining Magazine, 2004, 13(12): 14-19, 35. [赵海云, 李仲学, 张以诚. 矿业城市的可持续发展指标体系研究和可持续发展水平评价. 中国矿业, 2004, 13(12): 14-19, 35.]
[8] Wan Hui, Shen Lei. Major determinates and countermeasures for sustainable development of mining cities. ResourcesScience, 2005, 27(1): 20-25. [万会, 沈镭. 矿业城市发展的影响因素及可持续发展对策. 资源科学, 2005, 27(1):20-25.]
[9] Zhou Dequn, Long Ruyin. Study on the sustainable development of mining cities in China. Journal of China Univeristyof Mining & Technology: Social Sciences, 2001, (3): 76-82. [周德群, 龙如银. 我国矿业城市可持续发展的问题与出路. 中国矿业大学学报: 社会科学版, 2001, (3): 76-82.]
[10] Jiang Nan, Gu Shuzhong, Shen Lei et al. National security positioning of mining cities in China. Mining Research &Development, 2004, 24(5): 1-5, 12. [姜楠, 谷树忠, 沈镭等. 我国矿业城市发展的国家安全定位. 矿业研究与开发,2004, 24(5): 1-5, 12.]
[11] Li Xiaojian. Economic Geogragphy. 2nd ed. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2011. [李小建. 经济地理学. 2 版. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2011.]
[12] Wu Wei, Cao Youhui, Liang Shuangbo et al. Spatial structure and evolution of highway accessibility in theYangtzeRiver Delta. Geographical Research, 2009, 28(5): 1389-1400. [吴威, 曹有挥, 梁双波等. 中国铁路客运网络可达性空间格局. 地理研究, 2009, 28(5): 1389-1400.]
[13] Guo Lijuan, Wang Ruyuan. Study on accessibility and spatial connecting among the cities in Sichuan Basin UrbanAgglomeration. Human Geography, 2009, 24(3): 42-48. [郭丽娟, 王如渊. 四川盆地城市群主要城市通达性及空间联系强度研究. 人文地理, 2009, 24(3): 42-48.]
[14] Zhang Li, Lu Yuqi. Assessment on regional accessibility based on land transportation network: A case study of theYangtze River Delta. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006, 61(12): 1235-1246. [张莉, 陆玉麒. 基于陆路交通网的区域可达性评价: 以长江三角洲为例. 地理学报, 2006, 61(12): 1235-1246.]
[15] Shi Minjun, Jin Fengjun, Li Na et al. Interregional economic linkage and regional development driving forces basedon an interregional input-output anlysis of China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 61(6): 593-603. [石敏俊, 金凤君, 李娜,等. 中国地区间经济联系与区域发展驱动力分析. 地理学报, 2006, 61(6): 593-603.]
[16] Meng Deyou, Fan Kuangsheng, Lu Yuqi et al. Level and spatial pattern of interprovincial accessibility before and aftertrain-speed upgrading. Progress in Geography, 2010, 29(6): 709-715. [孟德友, 范况生, 陆玉麒等. 铁路客运提速前后省际可达性及空间格局分析. 地理科学进展, 2010, 29(6): 709-715.]
[17] Yan Shanping. Inter-provincial migration and its determinants in the 1990's China. Chinese Journal of PopulationScience, 2007, (1): 71-77. [严善平. 中国省际人口流动的机制研究. 中国人口科学, 2007, (1): 71-77.]
[18] Zhou Yixing, Zhang Li. China's urban economic region in the open context. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2003, 58(2):271-284. [周一星, 张莉. 改革开放条件下的中国城市经济区. 地理学报, 2003, 58(2): 271-284.]
[19] Jin Fengjun, Wang Jiao'e. Railway network expansion and spatial accessibility analysis in China: 1906-2000. ActaGeographica Sinica, 2004, 59(2): 293-302. [金凤君, 王姣娥. 二十世纪中国铁路网扩展及其空间通达性. 地理学报,2004, 59(2): 293-302.]
[20] The State Council. Planning of ecological protection and economic transition in Da-Xiao Hinggan Mountain forestarea (2010-2020), 2010. [国务院. 大小兴安岭林区生态保护与经济转型规划(2010-2020 年), 2010.]
[21] Huangshi Municipal People's Government. Planning of Transition and Sustainable Development of Huangshi City(2009-2020). 2010. [黄石市人民政府. 黄石市资源型城市转型与可持续发展规划(2009-2020). 2010.]
