基于《国际淡水条约数据库》及1999 年以来相关跨境水资源利用与管理的研究成果,通过综合分析1864-2002 年49 个跨境水分配条约中的6 类28 项分水指标的区域与演进特征,判识跨境水分配的关键指标,结果表明：分水指标在实践中存在着明显的区域差异,在欧美发达地区的分水主要指标首先是维持最小水量,其次是多年平均水量,而亚非及南美洲欠发达地区则反之;少水区河流水分配的主要指标是多年平均水量和维持最小水量指标,而多水区河流则是维持最小水量和最大取用水量指标;从1864-2002 年分水条约签订的4 个历史时期上看,条约数量呈现少—多—较少—持平的变化趋势,条约的区域分布呈现出从欧美地区向亚非地区转移特征;主要分水指标从最早的维持最小水量和多年平均水量指标,演变到维持最小水量和最大取用水量指标,再到水利设施运行和多年平均水量,至最近的维持最小水量和多年平均水量指标,主要指标具有变化往复特点.综合跨境水分配条约中主要指标在不同时期及不同地区应用特征,可确定跨境水分配的关键指标为维持最小水量指标.
Based on "International Freshwater Treaties Database" (1820-2007), the publications and reports on trans-boundary water utilization and management since 1999, in the paper, 28 indicators of water allocation involved in the 49 international treaties focusing on water volume signed in 1864-2002 are divided into 6 types, and the spatial and temporal distribution of the indicators are analyzed. The major results include: there are significant regional differences on the adoption of the indicators among 5 continents; the indicators adopted at rank first and second place in North America and Europe are "minimum water volume maintenance" and "mean annual runoff", but in Asia, Africa and South America, the ranking places of the above two indicators are reversed; the major adopted indicators in the international rivers with less water are "mean annual runoff" and "minimum water volume maintenance", the ones in the international rivers with more water are "minimum water volume maintenance" and "maximum water intake"; among the four periods of the international treaties development in 1820-2002, the trend of the numbers of the signed treaties is few-more-less-flat, the regional distribution of the treaties shifts mainly from North America and Europe to Asia and Africa; the major adopted indicators on water allocation are shifted from "minimum water volume maintenance" and "mean annual runoff" before 1945, to "minimum water volume maintenance" and "maximum water intake" in 1946-1971, then to "hydraulic project operation" and "mean annual runoff" in 1972-1991, and final to "minimum water volume maintenance" and "mean annual runoff" in 1992-2002.
[1] United Nations. International rivers and lakes. Newsletter, 2003, 40: 5-23.
[2] United Nations: 150 “international” rivers may cause international disputes. 2003-3-21. http://www.people.com.cn/GB/guoji/22/86/20030321/949273.html. [联合国: 150 条“国际”河流可能引起国际争端. 2003-3-21. http://www.people.com.cn/GB/guoji/22/86/20030321/949273.html.]
[3] Anton Earle, Anders Jagerskog, Joakim Ojendal. Transboundary Water Management: Principles and Practice. Landonand Washington DC: Earthscan, 2010.
[4] Jack Kalpakian. Identity, conflict and cooperation in international river systems. Burlington and Aldershot: AshgatePublishing, 2004.
[5] Ines Dombrowsky. Conflict, Cooperation and Institutions in International Water Management: An Economic Analysis.Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007.
[6] Kampragou Eleni, Eleftheriadou Eleni, Mylopoulos Yannis. Implementing equitable water allocation in transboundarycatchments: The case of river Nestos/Mesta. Water Resources Management, 2007, 21(5): 909-918.
[7] Naho Mirumachi. Transboundary river basins and the water politics: Some perspectives for water and earth systemgovernance, 2008. http://www.glogov.org/images/doc/Mirumachi.pdf.
[8] Mostert E, Barraqué B. Transboundary river basin management in Europe. UNDP Human Development Report 2006.http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/papers/barraque_bernard%20et%20al.pdf.
[9] Claudia W Sadoff, David Grey. Beyond the river: The benefits of cooperation on international rivers. Water Policy,2002, 4: 389-403.
[10] Sakhiwe N, Pieter Z. Equitable water allocation in a heavily committed international catchment area: The case of theKomati Catchment. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 2004, 29: 1309-1317.
[11] Juha I U. Multi-country cooperation around shared waters. Global Environmental Change, 2004, 14: 5-14.
[12] Lamoree G, Nilsson A. A process approach to the establishment of international river basin management in SouthernAfrica. Phys. Chem. Earth (B), 2000, 25(3): 315-323.
[13] Shlomi Dinar. International Water Treaties. New York and Oxon: Routledge, 2008.
[14] Pieter van der Zaag, Seyam I M, Hubert H G. Savenije. Towards measurable criteria for the equitable sharing ofinternational water resources. Water Policy, 2004, 4: 19-32.
[15] Ben C, Nirvikar S. Impediments and innovation in international rivers. World Development, 2000, 28(11): 1907-1925.
[16] Lynne Lewis Bennett. The integration of water quality into transboundary allocation agreements: Lessons from thesouthwestern United States. Agricultural Economics, 2000, 24: 113-125.
[17] UNEP, GEF et al. Challenges to international waters: Regional assessments in a global perspective. The University ofKalmar and the Municipality of Kalmar, Sweden, and the Governments of Sweden, Finland and Norway, 2006.
[18] Halliday R. Determination of natural flow for apportionment of the Red River. 2010-05-30.
[19] Rob de Loe. Sharing the waters of the Red river basin. 2009-3-31. Prepared for International Red Rivers Board,International Joint Commission. Guelph, On: Rob de Lo? Consulting Services.
[20] Aysegül Kibaro?lu. Socioeconomic development and benefit sharing in the Euphrates-Tigris river basin. 2003. http://www.ipcri.org/watconf/papers/aysegul.pdf.
[21] Hans Petter W T, Nils Petter G. Shared rivers and interstate conflict. Political Geography, 2000, 19: 971-996.
[22] Kazimierz A S, Mikiyasu N. Development of a web-based decision support system (DSS) for managing largeinternational rivers. Global Environmental Change, 2004, 14: 25-37.
[23] Juha I. U. Multi-country cooperation around shared waters: role of monitoring and evaluation. Global EnvironmentalChange, 2004, 14: 5-14.
[24] He Daming, Kung Hsiang-te, Gou Junhua. Study on allocation models of water resources in international rivers. ActaGeographica Sinica, 1999, 54(Suppl.): 47-54. [何大明, Kung Hsiang-te, 苟俊华. 国际河流水资源分配模式研究. 地理学报, 1999, 54(增刊): 47-54.]
[25] Liu Geli, Cao Jianting. Methods of water allocation of international rivers. Water Resources Planning and Design,2007, (1): 29-32. [刘戈力, 曹建廷. 介绍几种国际河流水量分配方法. 水利规划与设计, 2007, (1): 29-32.]
[26] He Daming, Feng Yan, Chen Lihui et al. Study on the models, principles and idex system of transboundary water. Advances in Water Science, 2005, 16(2): 96-103. [何大明, 冯彦, 陈丽晖等. 跨境水资源的分配模式、原则和指标体系研究. 水科学进展, 2005, 16(2): 96-103.]
[27] Feng Yan, He Daming, Gan Shu et al. Linkages of transboundary water allocation and its eco-thresholds withinternational laws. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2006, 51(Suppl.): 25-32. [冯彦, 何大明, 甘淑等. 跨境水分配及其生态阈值与国际法的关联. 科学通报, 2006, 51(增刊): 21-26.]
[28] Tan Guangming, Li Ben. International Rivers Management. Beijing: China Water Power Press, 2011: 140-155. [谈广鸣, 李奔. 国际河流管理. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2011: 140-155.]
[29] Oregon State University. International freshwater treaties database. http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/database/.
[30] Ariel Dinar. Climate change and international water: The role of strategic alliance in resource allocation//Policy andStrategic Behaviour in Water Resource Management. London: EarthScan Publications Ltd., 2009.
[31] Dan Tarlock A. How well can international water allocation regimes adapt to global climate change? Journal of LandUse & Environmental Law, 2000, 15: 423-449.
[32] Han Zaisheng, Wang Hao, He Jing. Study on transboundary aquifers in Asia//Tan Guangming, Kong LingjieProceedings of International Law and Practices of Transboundary Water Resources. Beijing: Social Sciences AcademicPress, 2012: 11-37. [韩再生, 王皓, 何静. 亚洲跨界含水层研究//谈广鸣, 孔令杰. 跨界水资源国际法律与实践研讨会论文集. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2012: 11-37.]
[33] Shammy Puri, Alice Aureli. Transboundary aquifers: A global programme to assess, evaluate and develop policyground water. Ground Water, 2005, 43(5): 661-668.
