海岛旅游业已成为许多海岛地区的支柱产业,海岛旅游可持续发展是当前这一领域研究的焦点。本文首先在定义区域刚性生态足迹和区域弹性生态足迹含义的基础上,构建了广义海岛旅游地生态安全模型和狭义海岛旅游地生态安全模型,进而提出了海岛旅游地生态安全与可持续发展评估框架和判断标准；接着以生态足迹思想方法为基础,构建了海岛旅游生态足迹模型；并以舟山群岛为例,以2008 年为评价基准年份,进行了实证分析。结果表明：① 舟山群岛广义海岛旅游地生态安全系数为0.6816,生态赤字为287849.0216 hm2,占生态承载力的46.71%,已处在生态不安全—不可持续发展状态；② 舟山群岛狭义旅游地生态安全系数为0.9806,生态赤字为12189.2343 hm2,占生态承载力的1.98%,已处在威胁生态安全—威胁可持续发展状态；③舟山群岛旅游地生态安全与可持续发展处在第VI 类型(生态不安全—不可持续发展,威胁生态安全—威胁可持续发展)。
肖建红, 于庆东, 刘康, 陈东景, 陈娟, 肖江南
. 海岛旅游地生态安全与可持续发展评估——以舟山群岛为例[J]. 地理学报, 2011
, 66(6)
: 842
-852
.
DOI: 10.11821/xb201106013
Island tourist has become a pillar industry in many island areas, and island tourist sustainable development is the current focus of research in this area. On the basis of the concept on the regional rigid ecological footprint and the regional elastic ecological footprint, the models of general ecological security coefficient (GESC) of island tourism destination and special ecological security coefficient (SESC) of island tourism destination were constructed in this paper, and then the assessment framework and judgment criterion were proposed on the ecological security of island tourist destination (ESITD) and island tourist sustainable development (ITSD). Furthermore, based on the idea of ecological footprint, the models of island tourist ecological footprint were established. Finally, the paper conducts an empirical analysis of Zhoushan Islands (Zhoushan Islands are the only city established on a group of islands in China. It has special sea and mountain scenes, including two national level scenic spots Mount Putuo and Shengsi Archipelago, two provincial level scenic spots Daishan Island and Taohua Island and other 1000 scenic spots) in the base year 2008, which applies the models, the framework, and the criterion. Some results can be obtained as follows. (1) The GESC of island tourism destination is 0.6816, and the ecological deficit is 287849.0216 ha, with ecological carrying capacity being 46.71%, indicating that the Zhoushan Islands have reached the state of ecological insecurity and non-sustainable development. (2) The SESC of island tourism destination is 0.9806, and the ecological deficit is 12189.2343 ha, with ecological carrying capacity being 1.98%, showing that the Zhoushan Islands have reached the state of endangering ecological security and endangering sustainable development. (3) The ESITD and ITSD of Zhoushan Islands belong to Type VI.
[1] Briguglio L, Archer B, Jafari J et al. Sustainable Tourism in Island and Small States: Issues and Policies. London: Piner,1996: 3-27.
[2] Dodds R. Malta's tourism policy: Standing still or advancing towards sustainability?. Island Studies Journal, 2007, 2(1):47-66.
[3] Baldacchino G. Warm versus cold water island tourism: A review of policy implications. Island Studies Journal, 2006, 1(2):183-200.
[4] Kuo N W, Chen P H. Quantifying energy use, carbon dioxide emission, and other environmental loads from island tourismbased on a life cycle assessment approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2009, 17(15): 1324-1330.
[5] Martín-Cejas R R, Ramírez Sánchez P P. Ecological footprint analysis of road transport related to tourism activity: The casefor Lanzarote Island. Tourism Management, 2010, 31: 98-103.
[6] Michalena E, Hills J, Amat J P. Developing sustainable tourism, using a multicriteria analysis on renewable energy inMediterranean islands. Energy for Sustainable Development, 2009, 13: 129-136.
[7] Michalena E, Tripanagnostopoulos Y. Contribution of the solar energy in the sustainable tourism development of theMediterranean islands. Renewable Energy, 2010, 35: 667-673.
[8] Ramón Oreja Rodríguez J, Parra-Lópeza E, Yanes-Estéveza V. The sustainability of island destinations: Tourism area lifecycle and teleological perspectives: The case of Tenerife. Tourism Management, 2008, 29: 53-65.
[9] Fortuny M, Soler R, Cánovas C et al. Technical approach for a sustainable tourism development: Case study in the BalearicIslands. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008, 16: 860-869.
[10] Chen Lie, Wang Shanhe, Ding Huanfeng et al. The research on development strategy of eco-tourism on desert island.Economic Geography, 2004, 24(3): 416-418. [陈烈, 王山河, 丁焕峰等. 无居民海岛生态旅游发展战略研究: 以广东省茂名市放鸡岛为例. 经济地理, 2004, 24(3): 416-418.]
[11] Wang Changying, Zhang Jie, Xin Hongmei et al. Ecological risk assessment of island exploitation based on landscapepattern. Acta Ecologica Sinca, 2008, 28(6): 2811-2817. [王常颖, 张杰, 辛红梅等. 基于景观格局的海岛开发潜在生态风险评价. 生态学报, 2008, 28(6): 2811-2817.]
[12] Zhang Guanghai, Liu Jia, Wan Rong. Functional zoning of island toursim in Qingdao. Resources Scinece, 2008, 30(8):1155-1161. [张广海, 刘佳, 万荣. 青岛市海岛旅游主体功能分区. 资源科学, 2008, 30(8): 1155-1161.]
[13] Wackernagel M, Onisto L, Bello P et al. National natural capital accounting with the ecological footprint concept.Ecological Economics, 1999, 29(3): 375-390.
[14] Wackernagel M, Onisto L, Bello P et al. Ecological footprint of nations. Commissioned by the Earth Council for the Rio+5 Forum. International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, Toronto, 1997.
[15] Tao Zaipu. Ecological Rucksack and Ecological Footprint: The Weight and the Area Concept of Sustainable Development.Beijing: Economic Science Press, 2003: 188. [陶在朴. 生态包袱与生态足迹. 北京: 经济科学出版社, 2003: 188.]
[16] Zhang Jinhe, Zhang Jie. Touristic ecological footprint model and analysis of Huangshan City in 2002. Acta GeographicaSinica, 2004, 59(5): 763-771. [章锦河, 张捷. 旅游生态足迹模型及黄山实证分析. 地理学报, 2004, 59(5): 763-771.]
[17] Schafer A, Victor D G. Global passenger travel: Implications for carbon dioxide emissions. Energy, 1999, 24: 657-679.
[18] G?ssling S, Peeters P, Ceron J P et al. The eco-efficiency of tourism. Ecological Economics, 2005, 54: 417-434.
[19] Qiu Daxiong. Energy Planning and System Analysis. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 1995: 48. [邱大雄. 能源规划与系统分析. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 1995: 48.]
[20] Zhang Jinhe. Measuring the ecological impact of tourist wastes: Methodology and cases study of Jiuzhaigou andHuangshan National Park. Aata Ecologica Sinca, 2008, 28(6): 2764-2773. [章锦河. 旅游废弃物生态影响评价: 以九寨沟、黄山风景区为例. 生态学报, 2008, 28(6): 2764-2773.]
[21] Nanjing Technological College of Forest Products. Wood Knowledge. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 1981:131-136. [南京林产工业学院.木材知识. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 1981: 131-136.]
[22] Wang Gehua. Analysis method on reducing emission of SO2 and CO2 by rural energy construction. Transactions of theCSAE, 1999, 15(1): 169-172. [王革华. 农村能源建设对减排SO2和CO2贡献分析方法. 农业工程学报, 1999, 15(1):169-172.]
[23] Zhen Yi, Kang Wenxing. An improvement of ecological footprint model for the assessment of sustainable development of regional tourism. Aata Ecologica Sinca, 2008, 28(11): 5401-5409. [甄翌, 康文星. 生态足迹模型在区域旅游可持续发展评价中的改进. 生态学报, 2008, 28(11): 5401-5409.]
