城市研究

中国城市“新移民”社会网络与空间分异

展开
  • 1. 中山大学地理科学与规划学院,广州 510275;
    2. 香港中文大学地理与资源管理学系,香港新界沙田
李志刚(1976-), 湖北天门人; 博士, 副教授; 中国地理学会会员(S110007845M), 中国地理学会青工委副主任委员; 主要研究方向为城市社会地理和城市社会空间结构。E-mail: lizhig@mail.sysu.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2010-11-09

  修回日期: 2011-04-08

  网络出版日期: 2011-06-20

基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(40971095; 41071106); 香港研究资助局优配研究项目(CUHK 752407); 香港大学当代中国策略研究资助项目; 德国研究基金会优先项目(BR 3546/1-2)

Beyond Spatial Segregation: Neo-migrants and Their Social Networks in Chinese Cities

Expand
  • 1. Geography and Planning School of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
    2. Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong

Received date: 2010-11-09

  Revised date: 2011-04-08

  Online published: 2011-06-20

Supported by

National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40971095, No.41071106; Strategic Research theme in Contemporary China Studies of the University of Hong Kong; General Research Fund of the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, No. CUHK 752407; DFG Priority Program

摘要

伴随日益加速推进的中国城市化进程,新生代农民工问题备受关注。通过对广州8 个城中村的问卷调查与实证研究,本文对中国城市新移民的社会网络进行研究,分析移民聚居区与其社会网络的关系。研究表明,新移民的社会网络表现为成分多样化、关系现代化和空间分散化等3 大特征;新移民积极利用聚居区外的社会关系寻求发展机会;移民聚居区的分异度正逐步降低,中国城市内部二元分异的空间格局正逐渐被打破。但是,移民与城市居民的社会隔阂并未完全扭转,新移民并没有融入到本地社区,基于地缘、血缘的“差序格局”仍是他们界定网络成员身份的重要准则。此外,迁移历史和社会经济地位是影响移民社会空间重构的主导因素。未来中国城市新移民的社会空间融合将表现为一个渐进而持续的历史过程。

本文引用格式

李志刚, 刘晔 . 中国城市“新移民”社会网络与空间分异[J]. 地理学报, 2011 , 66(6) : 785 -795 . DOI: 10.11821/xb201106007

Abstract

Against the context of the speed-up urbanization, neo-migrants in China, i.e. those born after the 1980s, emerge as a major actor shaping contemporary urban China. Unlike their predecessors who flooded into cities as Diaspora, neo-migrants become deeply grafted into cities. Being a major concern of Chinese society, such neo-migrants and their social relations have never been systematically explored. Based on a survey of eight migrant villages in Guangzhou, the largest capital of southern China, this study sheds light upon the social network and related issues for neo-migrants. In particular, it tries to examine the impacts of the enclave or accumulation space upon the social networks of migrants. Through a series of quantitative studies, it is found that the social networks of neo-migrants is becoming diversified, modernized and varied across the urban space. In contrast to the old generation migrants, more connections can be found between the neo-migrants and various social strata, especially those beyond the enclaves. As such, it is argued that the social network of neo-migrants is moving beyond the boundary of migrant enclaves or villages, so that a new trend of social integration between migrants and the local society can be found. Moreover, it is argued that new migrant enclave today is by no means as insulated or segregated as in history, as migrant enclaves is gradually reconstructed when neo-migrants establish new types of social ties beyond the spatial boundaries. Nevertheless, sociospatial segregation between migrants and local residents still can be found, and the significance of traditional social networks for migrants, i.e., kinship or laoxiang relations, is still evident, though the extent of which has been largely alleviated. In addition, migration history, social economic status and social cultural characteristics also have significant impacts upon the restructuring of migrant social networks. As such, it is concluded that that the trend of moving beyond the spatial segregation in terms of neo-migrants' social networks will be a progressive, piecemeal and time-lasting process.

参考文献

[1] Gu Chaolin, Chan Roger, Liu Jinyuan et al. Beijing's socio-spatial restructuring: Immigration and social transformation inthe epoch of national economic reformation. Progress in Planning, 2006, 66(4): 249-310.



[2] Lian Si. Ant Tribe-Report of University Graduate Enclaves. Nanning: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2009. [廉思, 蚁族: 大学毕业生聚居村实录. 南宁: 广西师范大学出版社, 2009.]



[3] Research Office of the State Council. Report of Chinese Migrant Workers. Beijing: Yanshi Press, 2006. [国务院研究课题组, 中国农民工调研报告. 北京: 言实出版社, 2006.]



[4] Wang Chunguang. A study of floating rural people's 'semi-urbanization'. Sociological Studies, 2006, (5): 107-123. [王春光.农村流动人口的“半城市化”问题研究. 社会学研究, 2006(5): 107-123.]



[5] Wang Chunguang. Social integration of new generation migrant workers in cities. Population Research, 2010, 34(2):31-34. [王春光, 对新生代农民工城市融合问题的认识. 人口研究, 2010, 34(2): 31-34.]



[6] Knox P, Pinch S. Urban Social Geography: An Introduction. 4th ed. London: Prentice Hall, 2000.



[7] Park R E, Burgess EW, McKenzie R D. The City. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1925.



[8] Gans H. The Urban Villagers. New York: Free Press, 1962.



[9] WhyteWF. Street Corner Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943.



[10] Wirth L. Urbanism as a way of life. The American Journal of Sociology, 1938, (1): 1-24.



[11] Kempen R V, Ozuekren A S. Ethnic segregation in cities: New forms and explanations in a dynamic world. Urban Studies,1998, 35(10): 1631-1656.



[12] Zhou M, Logan J. Returns on human capital in ethnic enclaves: New York's Chinatown. American Sociological Review,1989, 54: 809-820.



[13] Zhou M. Revisiting ethnic entrepreneurship: Convergencies, controversies, and conceptual advancements. InternationalMigration Review, 2004, 38(3): 1040-1074.



[14] Krupka D J. Are big cities more segregated? Neighbourhood scale and the measurement of segregation. Urban Studies,2007, 44(1): 187-197.



[15] Farrell C R. Bifurcation, fragmentation or integration? The racial and geographical structure of US metropolitansegregation, 1990-2000. Urban Studies, 2008, 45(3): 467-499.



[16] Daley P O. Black Africans in Great Britain: Spatial concentration and segregation. Urban Studies, 1998, 35(10):1703-1724.



[17] Ross N A, Houle C, Dunn J R et al., Dimensions and dynamics of residential segregation by income in urban Canada,1991-1996. Canadian Geographer-Geographe Canadien, 2004, 48(4): 433-445.



[18] Johnston R, Poulsen M, Forrest J. Ethnic and racial segregation in US metropolitan areas, 1980-2000: The dimensions ofsegregation revisited. Urban Affairs Review, 2007, 42(4): 479-504.



[19] Lemanski C. The impact of residential desegregation on social integration: Evidence from a South African neighbourhood.Geoforum, 2006, 37(3): 417-435.



[20] Marcuse P, Van Kempen R. Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order? Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.



[21] Marcuse P, Van Kempen R, Of States and Cities: The Partitioning of Urban Space. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.



[22] Zhou M. Contemporary Chinese America: Immigration, Ethnicity, and Community Transformation. Philadelphia: TempleUniversity Press, 2009.



[23] Jones R C, The ambiguous roles of suburbanization and immigration in ethnic segregation: The case of San Antonio.Urban Geography, 2008, 29(3): 196-223.



[24] Scott S. The community morphology of skilled migration: The changing role of voluntary and community organisations(VCOs) in the grounding of British migrant identities in Paris (France). Geoforum, 2007, 38(4): 655-676.



[25] Malheiros J M, Vala F. Immigration and city change: The Lisbon metropolis at the turn of the twentieth century. Journal ofEthnic and Migration Studies, 2004, 30(6): 1065-1086.



[26] Faist T. The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and Transnational Social Spaces. New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 2000.



[27] Sassen S. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001: 447.



[28] Kempen E T V. The dual city and the poor: Social polarization, social segregation and life chances. Urban Studies, 1994,31: 995-1015.



[29] Gu Chaolin, Christian K. Social polarisation and segregation phenomenon in Beijing. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1997, 52(5): 385-393. [顾朝林, C. 克斯特罗德. 北京社会空间极化与空间分异研究. 地理学报, 1997, 52(5): 385-393.]



[30] Liu Haiyong, Gu Chaolin. The floating population concentration areas in Beijing: Patterns, structure and functions.Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1999, 19(6): 498-503. [刘海泳, 顾朝林. 北京流动人口聚落的形态、结构与功能. 地理科学, 1999, 19(6): 498-503.]



[31] Li W. From Urban Enclave to Ethnic Suburb: New Asian Communities in Pacific Rim Countries. Honolulu: University ofHawaii Press, 2006: 278.



[32] LiW. Ethnoburb: The New Ethnic Community in Urban America. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2009.



[33] Ley D. Seeking homo economicus: The Canadian state and the strange story of the business immigration program. Annalsof the Association of American Geographers, 2003, 93(2): 426-441.



[34] Bauman Z. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity, 2000.



[35] Smith P. Transnational Urbanism. Malden: Blackwell, 2001: 221.



[36] Chai Yanwei. Urban Space. Beijing: Science Press, 2000. [柴彦威. 城市空间. 北京: 科学出版社, 2000.]



[37] Zhu Chuangeng, Gu Chaolin, Ma Ronghua et al. The influential factors and special distribution of floating population inChina. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2001, 56(5): 549-560. [朱传耿, 顾朝林, 马荣华等. 中国流动人口的影响要素与空间分布. 地理学报, 2001, 56(5): 549-560.]



[38] Gu Chaolin, Cai Jianming, Zhang Wei et al. A study on the patterns of migration in Chinese large and medium cities. ActaGeographica Sinica, 1999, 54(3): 204-212. [顾朝林, 蔡建明, 张伟等. 中国大中城市流动人口迁移规律研究. 地理学报, 1999, 54(3): 204-212.]



[39] Lu Qi, Wu Peilin, Lu Lixin et al. The relation between the char acter istics of the migr ants and the economic developmentin beijing and the regional differentiation of their distribution. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2005, 60(5): 851-862. [鲁奇, 吴佩林, 鲁礼新等. 北京流动人口特征与经济发展关系的区域差异. 地理学报, 2005, 60(5): 851-862.]



[40] Li Peilin. Social network and social status of rural-urban migrants. Sociological Studies, 1996, (4): 42-52. [李培林. 流动民工的社会网络和社会地位. 社会学研究, 1996, (4): 42-52.]



[41] Wang Yijie, Tong Xing. Social support network of rural-urban migrants. Sociological Studies, 2004, (2): 42-48. [王毅杰,童星. 流动农民社会支持网探析. 社会学研究, 2004, (2): 42-48.]



[42] Ma L J C, Xiang B. Native place, migration and the emergence of peasant enclaves in Beijing. The China Quarterly, 1998,155: 546-581.



[43] Xiang B. Zhejiang village in Beijing: Creating a visible non-state space through migration and marketized networks//PiekeN, Mallee H. Internal and International Migration: Chinese Perspectives. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 1999: 215-250.



[44] Xie Zhikui. The Transition from Village to Urban Community: A Study of Institution, Policy and the Urban VillageProblem during the Urbanization in China. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 2005. [谢志岿. 村落向城市社区的转型: 制度、政策与中国城市化背景中城中村问题研究. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 2005.]



[45] Wei Lihua, Yan Xiaopei. Transformation of 'urban village' and feasible model. Urban Planning Review, 2005, 29(7):9-13. [魏立华, 闫小培.“城中村”: 存续前提下的转型: 兼论“城中村”改造的可行性模式. 城市规划, 2005, 29(7): 9-13.]



[46] Liu Y T, Wu F L, Urban poverty neighbourhoods: Typology and spatial concentration under China's market transition: Acase study of Nanjing. Geoforum, 2006, 37(4): 610-626.



[47] Yuan Yuan, Wu Fulong, Xu Xueqiang. The spatial pattern of poverty and deprivation in transitional Chinese city: Analysisof area-based indicators and individual data. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(6): 753-763. [袁媛, 吴缚龙, 许学强, 转型期中国城市贫困和剥夺的空间模式. 地理学报, 2009, 64(6): 753-763.]



[48] Li Zhigang, Xue Desheng, Michael Lyons et al. The African enclave of Guangzhou: A case study of Xiaobeilu. ActaGeographica Sinica, 2008, 63(2): 207-218. [李志刚, 薛德升, Michael Lyons 等. 广州小北路黑人聚居区社会空间分析.地理学报, 2008, 63(2): 207-218.]



[49] Zhou Shangyi, Zhu Li'ai, Fan Zhifen. The influences of urban main stems construction on minority societies development.Social Science of Beijing, 2002, (4): 33-39. [周尚意, 朱立艾, 范芝芬. 城市交通干线发展对少数民族社区演变的影响:以北京马甸回族社区为例. 北京社会科学, 2002, (4): 33-39.]



[50] Feng Jian, Wang Yonghai. The characteristics and their mechanisms of social space in the peripheral communities ofcampus in Zhongguancun. Geographical Research, 2008, 27(5): 1003-1016. [冯健, 王永海. 中关村高校周边居住区社会空间特征及其形成机制. 地理研究, 2008, 27(5): 1003-1016.]



[51] Feng Jian. Restructuring of Urban Internal Spaces in China in the Transition Period. Beijing: Science Press, 2004. [冯建.转型期中国城市内部空间重构. 北京: 科学出版社, 2004.]



[52] Chen Xiang. The number of floating people in Guangzhou exceeds 6 million. Guangzhou Daily, 2009-07-25. [陈翔. 穗流动人口突破600 万. 广州日报, 2009-07-25.]



[53] Dayang News. Demolishing 9 urban villages in this year. Guangzhou Daily, 2010-02-25. [大洋新闻. 今年清拆9 条城中村. 广州日报, 2010-02-25.]



[54] Zhang Jianming. Research on Urban Villages in Guangzhou. Guangzhou: Guangdong People's Press, 2003. [张建明. 广州城中村研究. 广州: 广东人民出版社, 2003.]



[55] He S J, Wu F L, Webster C et al. Poverty concentration and determinants in China's urban low-income neighbourhoodsand social groups. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2010, 34(2): 328-349.



[56] WuWP. Migrant intra-urban residential mobility in urban China. Housing Studies, 2008, 21(5): 745-765.



[57] Li S M, Zheng Y. The road to homeownership under market transition: Beijing, 1980-2001. Urban Affairs Review, 2007,42(3): 342-368.



[58] Fischer C S. To Dwell among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,1982.



[59] Zhang Wenhong, Ruan Danqing. Social support network of urban and rural residents. Sociological Studies, 1999, (3):12-24. [张文宏, 阮丹青. 城乡居民的社会支持网. 社会学研究, 1999, (3): 12-24.]
文章导航

/