两汉时期黄河水患与中游土地利用之关系
收稿日期: 2002-03-18
修回日期: 2002-10-23
网络出版日期: 2003-01-25
The Relationship of the Yellow River Flood and the Land Use in the Middle Reaches during the Han Dynasties
Received date: 2002-03-18
Revised date: 2002-10-23
Online published: 2003-01-25
对史料重新进行了综合分析和解读，结合现代水文、地貌、土壤侵蚀的观测研究成果，就两汉黄河下游水患和中游土地利用方式的环境后果，提出了新的观点：(1)《后汉书》有关水患的记载简单笼统，但对伊洛河洪灾记载相对详细。当时伊洛河曾多次发生大水，甚至发生淹及洛阳城门和皇家园林的特大洪水，这些洪水涌入黄河干流同样可能导致下游水患；(2)自AD11河决魏郡后，一直到AD69王景治河的58年间，下游既未堵塞决口也未大规模治理，洪水来时任由泛滥。显然《后汉书》中没有具体记载是有意或无意漏记；(3) 对史籍中东汉大水、水出等记载逐年逐次排查，发现东汉水患频率高于西汉，灾情也更为严重。王景新河仅使下游安定了36年而非过去认为的800年或83年；(4) 东汉时期中游农耕人口比西汉减少近3/4，而河口镇至龙门间农耕人口减少九成以上，同时迁入大量游牧民族。原始游牧对天然植被破坏极大，是造成东汉黄河下游水患加剧的主要原因。
关键词： 两汉；黄河水患；黄河中游；土地利用
王尚义 . 两汉时期黄河水患与中游土地利用之关系[J]. 地理学报, 2003 , 58(1) : 73 -82 . DOI: 10.11821/xb200301009
According to the re-analysis on historical materials and combined with the modern scientific achievements on hydrology, physiognomy and soil erosion, the author puts forth the new viewpoint on the environmental influence resulting from the floods which occurred in the lower reaches and the land use styles in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. (1) Recordation in Hou Han Shu about most of the floods is simple and brief but it is more detailed about Yilo river floods. The river flooded several times then and one of those even emerged some places of the Luoyang city. If the trunk stream of the Yellow River was flooded in, flooding might also occur in the lower reaches. (2) During the 58 years from the river bursting in 11 AD till Wang Jing taming the River in 69 AD, there had been neither dam burst due to channel blockage nor harnessing practices in the lower reaches. Flood deluged arbitrarily. It is obvious that there was no record in detail on flood because of omission on purpose or with on intention. (3) Investigate the record about the flood in the Eastern Han Dynasty one year after another, the author found the frequency of flood in the Eastern Han Dynasty is higher than that in the Western Han Dynasty as well as the situation of the disaster. Wang Jing's river harnessment made the lower reaches stable for 36 years rather than what was previously considered as 800 or 83 years. (4) The population engaged in farming was reduced by more than 3/4 around the middle reaches of the Yellow River in the Eastern Han Dynasty. And a great deal of nomadic tribes immigrated in at that time, and their way of life by substantial damaging natural vegetation led to the aggravation of flood disaster of the lower Yellow River.
[1] Zhao Shuzhen, Ren Shifang, Ren Boping. Repetitive discussion of the dangers in the lower Yellow River in the period of 500 B.C. to 534 A.D. Yellow River, 2001, 23(3): 43-44.
[赵淑贞, 任世芳, 任伯平. 试论公元前500年至公元534年间黄河下游洪患。人民黄河, 2001, 23(3): 43-44.]
[2] Yellow River Conservancy Commission, the Ministry of Water Resources. An Outline of Water Conservancy in the Yellow River. Beijing: Water Conservancy Publishing House, 1982.
[水利部黄河水利委员会. 黄河水利史述要. 北京: 水利出版社, 1982.]
[3] Niu Chunyan, Gong Gaofa. The changes of humid situation in the Loess Plateau of China in recent 2000 years. Journal of Teachers College of Shanxi University, 1991, 3(1).
[钮春燕, 龚高法. 近两千年来我国黄土高原湿润状况的变迁. 山西大学师范学院学报, 1991, 3(1).]
[4] Ye Qingchao, You Lianyuan, Xu Jiongxin et al. The Developing Tendency and Environmental Influence of the Overground Channel Bed in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River. Zhengzhou: Yellow River Conservancy Press, 1997.
[叶青超, 尤联元, 许炯心 等. 黄河下游地上河发展趋势与环境后效. 郑州: 黄河水利出版社, 1997.]
[5] Wu Xiangding, Niu Zhongxun, Wang Shouchun et al. Environmental Changes of the Yellow River Basin and Water and Sediment Changes during Historical Period. Beijing: Meteorological Press, 1994.
[吴祥定, 钮仲勋, 王守春 等. 历史时期黄河流域环境变迁与水沙变化. 北京: 气象出版社, 1994.]
[6] Yang Guoshun. A study on the ancient course at the Eastern Han Dynasty in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. In:Zuo Dakang (ed.), Collection of Researches on Environmental Changes of the Yellow River Basin and Laws of Water and Sediment Transportation, Vol 1. Beijing: Geological Press, 1991.
[杨国顺. 东汉黄河下游河道研究. 见: 左大康 主编. 黄河流域环境演变与水沙运行规律研究文集, 第1集. 北京: 地质出版社, 1991.]
[7] Zhao Shuzhen, Ren Baiping. Researches on the problem of long term safety of the Huanghe River at lower reaches after Eastern Han Dynasty. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1998, 53(5): 463-469.
[赵淑贞, 任伯平. 关于黄河在东汉以后长期安流问题的再探讨. 地理学报, 1998, 53(5): 463-469.]
[8] Jing Ke, Chen Yongzong, Li Fengxin. Sediment and Environment in the Huanghe River. Beijing: Science Press, 1993.
[景可, 陈永宗, 李凤新. 黄河泥沙与环境. 北京: 科学出版社, 1993.]
[9] Ye Qingchao, Wu Xiangding, Yang Qinye et al. Researches on Environmental Changes of the Yellow River Basin and Laws of Water and Sediment Transportation. Jinan: Shandong Science and Technology Press, 1994.
[叶青超, 吴祥定, 杨勤业 等. 黄河流域环境演变与水沙运行规律研究. 济南: 山东科学技术出版社, 1994.]
[10] Tan Qixiang. Why the Yellow River was in a long period safe and sound condition after the Eastern Han dynasty. Academic Monthly, 1962, 6(2).
[谭其骧. 何以黄河在东汉以后会出现一个长期安流的局面. 学术月刊, 1962, 6(2).]
[11] Zhao Wenlin, Xie Shujun. History of Population in China. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1988.
[赵文林, 谢淑君. 中国人口史. 北京: 人民出版社, 1988.]
[12] Wu Hui. Studies on the Grain Production in China's Past Dynasties. Beijing: Agricultural Press, 1985.
[吴慧. 中国历代粮食亩产研究. 北京: 农业出版社, 1985.]
[13] Zhao Cunxing. Collection of Gradient Classification Datebase in China's Loess Plateau. Beijing: Ocean Press, 1990.
[赵存兴. 中国黄土高原地区耕地坡度分级数据库集. 北京: 海洋出版社, 1990.]
[14] Zhou Haichao, Li Xu, Duan Jiannan. Relief condition and agricultural harness of Zhuanyaogou valley. Journal of Shanxi University (natural science edition), 1990, (Supplement).
[周海潮, 李旭, 段建南. 砖窑沟流域地貌条件与农业利用. 山西大学学报(自然科学版), 1990, (增刊).]
[15] Wang Jiange. Herd structure and pastoral economy in Mongolian areas in modern times. Agricultural History of China, 2001, 20(2).
[王建革. 畜群结构与近代蒙古族游牧经济. 中国农史, 2001, 20(2).]
[16] Wang Wanzhong, Jiao Juying. Temporal and spatial variation features of sediment yield intensity on Loess Plateau. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2002, 57(2): 210-217.
[王万忠, 焦菊英. 黄土高原侵蚀产沙强度的时空变化特征. 地理学报, 2002, 57(2): 210-217.]
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |