地理信息科学

虚拟地理环境研究的兴起与实验地理学新方向

展开
  • 1. 香港中文大学太空与地球信息科学研究所,香港新界沙田;
    2. 南京师范大学虚拟地理环境教育部重点实验室,南京210046
林珲,男,教授,香港中文大学太空与地球信息科学研究所所长,主要从事虚拟地理环境、多云多雨环境遥 感、城市和城市群GIS 及空间综合人文学与社会科学研究。E-mail: huilin@cuhk.edu.hk

收稿日期: 2008-10-12

  修回日期: 2008-11-05

  网络出版日期: 2009-01-25

基金资助

国家863 计划(2006AA12Z207);香港政府研究资助局项目(CUHK447807);国家自然科学基金重点项目 (40730527);江苏省高校重大基础项目(05KJAD001)

Development of Virtual Geographic Environments and the New Initiative in Experimental Geography

Expand
  • 1. Institute of Space and Earth Information Science,Chinese University of Hong Kong,Shatin,HK,China;
    2. Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment,Nanjing Normal University,Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210046,China

Received date: 2008-10-12

  Revised date: 2008-11-05

  Online published: 2009-01-25

Supported by

The National "863" High Technology Research and Development Program of China, No.2006AA12Z207;HKSAR RGC project No.CUHK447807; National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40730527;Jiangsu Provincial Higher Education Key Program, No.05KJAD001

摘要

虚拟地理环境是一个可用于模拟和分析复杂地学过程与现象, 支持协同工作、知识共享和群体决策的集成化虚拟地理实验环境与工作空间, 是地理学研究的虚拟实验室, 可为现 代实验地理学研究提供科学方法和技术手段。本文阐述虚拟地理环境和实验地理学研究的发展过程及当前进展, 探讨虚拟地理环境与虚拟地理实验对现代实验地理学研究的意义, 并分析当前虚拟地理环境研究的关键问题及存在的误区。虚拟地理环境的兴起与发展为地理过程表达、地理知识获取、地理问题求解提供了新思路、新方法和新技术。实验地理学的研究方法可从野外考察与观测、室内物理模拟及地理数学建模和计算机模拟, 拓展到虚拟地理环境平台下的虚拟地理实验。

本文引用格式

林珲,黄凤茹,闾国年 . 虚拟地理环境研究的兴起与实验地理学新方向[J]. 地理学报, 2009 , 64(1) : 7 -20 . DOI: 10.11821/xb200901002

Abstract

Virtual Geographic Environments (VGE) is an integrated virtual space which is used to simulate and analyze complex phenomena and process of geography. It supports activities of research on geography as collaborative work, knowledge sharing and group decision-making. It can become one of the scientific methods and advanced technologies of modern experimental geography study. In the paper, the development process and progress of VGE and experimental geography are introduced, the roll and prospect of VGE and virtual geographic experiment on modern experimental geography are focused, key issues and existing misunderstanding about current studies on VGE are discussed. Integrated research on VGE and experimental geography highlights the importance of geographic model and knowledge in geography study, stresses that VGE can promote the theory and methods of modern experimental geography study, and contribute to the development of geographic science.

参考文献


[1] Ma Ainai. On future development of geography science. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium, Universitatis Pekinensis, 1996, 32 (1): 120-129.
[马蔼乃. 论地理科学的发展. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 1996, 32(1): 120-129.]

[2] Tang Dengyin. Experimental Geography and Geographical Engineering. Geographical Research, 1997, 16(1): 1-10.
[唐登 银. 实验地理学与地理工程学. 地理研究, 1997, 16(1): 1-10.]

[3] Chen Shupeng. Geo-system and geo-information system. Acta Geographica Sinica. 1991, 46(1): 1-7.
[陈述彭. 地理系统 与地理信息系统. 地理学报, 1991, 46(1): 1-7.]

[4] Chen Shupeng, Zeng Shan. Earth system science and geo-informatics. Geographical Research, 1996, 15(2): 1-11.
[陈述 彭, 曾杉. 地球系统科学与地球信息科学. 地理研究, 1996, 15(2): 1-11.]

[5] Donna J Peuquet. The Multi-Representation of Space-Time Information. Virtual Geographic Environments: An International Conference on Developments in Visualization and Virtual Environments in Geographic Information Science, 7-8 Jan. 2008, CUHK.

[6] Gong Jianhua, Lin Hui. Virtual geographic environments and virtual geography. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. Beijing: s.n. 2000. 28-39.

[7] Gong Jianhua, Lin Hui. Virtual Geographic Environments: A Geographic Perspective on Online Virtual Reality. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2001.
[龚建华, 林珲. 虚拟地理环境: 在线虚拟现实的地理学透视. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2001.]

[8] Lin Hui, Gong Jianhua. Exploring virtual geographic environments. Geographic Information Sciences, 2001, 7(1): 1-7.

[9] Lin Hui, Gong Jianhua. On virtual geographic environments. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2002, 31(1): 1-6.
[林珲, 龚建华. 论虚拟地理环境. 测绘学报, 2002, 31(1): 1-6.]

[10] Lin Hui, Gong Jianhua, Shi Jingjing. From maps to GIS and VGE: A discussion on the evolution of the geographic language. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2003, 19(4):18-23.
[林珲, 龚建华, 施晶晶. 从地图到地理信息系 统与虚拟地理环境: 试论地理学语言的演变. 地理与地理信息科学, 2003, 19(4): 18-23.]

[11] Lin Hui, Xu Bingli. Some Thoughts on virtual geographic environments. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2007, 23(2): 1-7.
[林珲, 徐丙立. 关于虚拟地理环境研究的几点思考. 地理与地理信息科学, 2007, 23(2): 1-7.]

[12] Lin Hai. China's strategy for global change research. Earth Science Frontiers, 1997, 4(1/2): 9-15.
[林海. 中国全球变化 研究的战略思考. 地学前缘, 1997, 4(1/2): 9-15.]

[13] Zhou Xiuji. Remarks on earth system science. Advances in Earth Science, 2004, 19(4): 513-515.
[周秀骥. 对地球系统 科学的几点认识. 地球科学进展, 2004, 19(4): 513-515.]

[14] Chen Chun, Zhang Zhiqiang, Lin Hai. Earth simulator and simulation research progress. Advances in Earth Science, 2005, 20(10): 1135-1142.
[ 陈春, 张志强, 林海. 地球模拟器及其模拟研究进展. 地球科学进展, 2005, 20(10): 1135-1142.]

[15] Cheng Jicheng. The latest trends of geo-information science and technology. Geo-information Science, 2008, 10 (2): 280-281.
[承继成. 地球信息科学技术的最新发展趋势. 地球信息科学, 2008, 10(2): 280-281.]

[16] Batty M. Virtual geography. Future, 1997, 29(4/5): 337-352.

[17] The Government of Sweden set up a virtual embassy in "Second Life". http://eu.youth.cn/news/xwss/200706/ t20070601_547763.htm.
[瑞典政府在" 第二人生" 中设立虚拟大使馆.]

[18] Chen Shupeng. Geographic information system exploration and experiments. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1983, 3(4): 287-302.
[陈述彭. 地理信息系统的探索与试验. 地理科学, 1983, 3(4): 287-302.]

[19] Fang Yu, Zhou Chenghu, Jing Guifei et al. Research of 4th generation GIS software. Journal of Image and Graphics, 2001, 6(9): 817-823.
[方裕, 周成虎, 景贵飞等. 第四代GIS 软件研究. 中国图象图形学报, 2001, 6(9): 817-823.

[20] David Maguire, Michael Batty, Michael Goodchild. GIS, Spatial Analysis, and Modeling. ESRI Press.

[21] Michael F Goodchild. Spatial analysis using GIS. Seminar Workbook of NCGIA, 1992-4.

[22] Michael F. Goodchild. Integrating GIS and spatial data analysis problems and possibilities. International Journal of GIS, 1992, 6(5): 407-423.

[23] Batty M, Xie Y. Modelling inside GIS: Part 1. Model structures, exploratory spatial data analysis and aggregation. International Journal of GIS, 1994, 8(3): 291-307.

[24] Chen Shupeng. Discussion on geo-informatics tupu. Geographical Research, 1998(suppl.): 3-9.
[陈述彭. 地学信息图谱 刍议. 地理研究, 1998(增刊): 3-9.]

[25] Chen Shupeng, Yue Tianxiang, Li Huiguo. Studies on geo-informatics tupu and its application. Geographical Research, 2000, 19(4): 337-343.
[陈述彭, 岳天祥, 励惠国. 地学信息图谱研究及其应用. 地理研究, 2000, 19(4): 337-343.]

[26] 余志文, 叶圣涛. 现代地图学与虚拟现实. 四川测绘, 2002, 25(3): 99-101.

[27] Faust N, et al. OpenGL VGIS. In: Proceedings of SPIE. The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1996.

[28] Lin Hui, Lv Guonian, Song Zhiyao. Research on East China Sea Wave System and Simulation of the Coast Evolution. Beijing: Science Press, 2000.
[林珲, 闾国年, 宋志尧. 东中国海潮波系统与海岸演变模拟研究. 北京: 科学出版社, 2000.]

[29] Chen Duanlu, Peng Baofa. Geographic model and its methods integrated with GIS. GeoSpatial Information, 2006, 4(5): 7-9.
[陈端吕, 彭保发. 地理模型及GIS 集成. 地理空间信息, 2006, 4(5): 7-9.]

[30] Chen Bin, Huang Fengru, Fang Yu. Spatial database extension of analytical dynamic continuous field. High Technology Letters, 2006, 16(4): 358-362.
[陈斌, 黄凤茹, 方裕. 解析式表达动态连续场的空间数据库扩展. 高技术通讯, 2006, 16(4): 358-362.]

[31] Jeremy Mennis, Donna J Peuquet. The role of knowledge representation in geographic knowledge discovery: A case study. Transactions in GIS, 2003, 7(3): 371-391.

[32] Lin Hui, Zhu Qing. The linguistic characteristics of virtual geographic environments. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2005, 9(2): 158-165.
[林珲, 朱庆. 虚拟地理环境的地理学语言特征. 遥感学报, 2005, 9(2): 158-165.]

[33] Li Guoying. Construction of "Three Yellow Rivers". Yellow River, 2002, 24(7): 1-3.
[李国英. 建设“三条黄河” . 人 民黄河, 2002, 24(7): 1-3.]

[34] Li Wenhang, Gong Jianhua, Zhou Jieping. Design and implementation of collaborative virtual geographic education environment. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2008, 33(3): 289-292.
[李文航, 龚建华, 周洁 萍. 协同虚拟地理教学环境的设计与实现. 武汉大学学报.信息科学版, 2008, 33(3): 289-292.]

[35] Sun Jiulin. An exploration of virtual recreation environment on resources and environment sciences. Resources Science, 1999, 21(1): 1-8.
[孙九林. 资源环境科学虚拟创新环境的探讨. 资源科学, 1999, 21(1): 1-8.]

[36] Gao Jun, Xia Yunjun, You Xiong et al. Application of Virtual Reality in Terrain Environment Simulation. Beijing: People's Liberation Army Press, 1999.
[高俊, 夏运钧, 游雄等. 虚拟现实在地形环境仿真中的应用. 北京: 解放军出 版社, 1999.]

[37] Xu Qing. Virtual space environment and its visualization. In: 1st Digital 3-D Urban Development Forum and Conference on VGE. 17-18 May, 2008, Wuhan.
[徐青. 虚拟空间环境及其可视化. 首届三维城市建设论坛暨第三届 虚拟地理环境学术会议, 2008 年5 月17-18 日, 武汉.]

[38] Li Deren, Zhu Qing, Li Xiafei. CyberCity: Concepts, techniques and typical applications. Journal of Wuhan TechnicalUniversity of Surveying and Mapping (WTUSM), 2000, 25(4): 283-288.
[李德仁, 朱庆, 李霞飞. 数码城市: 概念、技 术支撑和典型应用. 武汉测绘科技大学学报, 2000, 25(4): 283-288.]

[39] Xia Qiuqin, Zhang Hong, Lu Guonian. GIS Laboratory without walls. Geo-information Science, 2002, 4(2): 17-22.
[夏 秋勤, 张宏, 闾国年. 没有围墙的GIS 实验室. 地球信息科学, 2002, 4(2): 17-22.]

[40] Tang Wei, Lv Guonian, Wen Yongning et al. Study of visual geographic modeling framework for virtual geographic environment. Geo-information Science, 2007, 9(2): 78-84.
[唐卫, 闾国年, 温永宁等. 面向虚拟地理环境的图形化地 理建模与应用. 地球信息科学, 2007, 9(2): 78-84.]

[41] Shu Yuqin, Zhu Guorui, Chen Chongcheng. Generation of virtual forest. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2004, 29(6): 540-544.
[舒娱琴, 祝国瑞, 陈崇成. 虚拟森林场景的构建. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2004, 29(6): 540-544.]

[42] Wu Lixin, Zhang Ruixin, Qi Yixin et al. 3D geoscience modelling and virtual mine system. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2002, 31(1): 28-33.
[吴立新, 张瑞新, 戚宜欣等. 3 维地学模拟与虚拟矿山系统. 测绘学报, 2002, 31(1): 28-33.]

[43] Jiang Huixian, Liu Xiaoling. A study on the application of present virtual geographical environment. Fujian Geography, 2005, 20(4): 46-49.
[江辉仙, 刘小玲. 当前虚拟地理环境应用研究探讨. 福建地理, 2005, 20(4): 46-49.]

[44] MacEachren A M. DAVE_G: Dialogue Assisted Visual Environment for Geoinformation. http://www.geovista.psu. edu/grants/nsf-itr/index.html.

[45] Dykes J, Moore K, Wood J. Virtual environments for student field work using network components. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 1999, 13(4): 397-416.

[46] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geowall

[47] Batty M, Smith A. Virtuality and cities: Definitions, geographies, designs. In: Fisher P F, Unwin D B (eds.). Virtual Reality in Geography. Taylor and Francis, 2002. 270-291.

[48] Hudson Smith, Evanss, Batty M. Building the virtual city: Public participation through e-democracy. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 2005, 18(1): 62-85.

[49] Yano Keiji. Virtual Kyoto through 4D-GIS and virtual reality. http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/eng/newsletter/winter2006/gis. shtml

[50] Google Earth: http://earth.google.com/.

[51] Microsoft Virtual Earth: http://www.microsoft.com/VIRTUALEARTH/.

[52] Linden Lab Second Life: http://secondlife.com/.

[53] Wei Jing Xing Corp. City Maker: http://www.gvitech.com/gvi/cn/products.asp?id=2&id2=37

[54] Zhong Shi Dian VRPlatform: http://www.vrplatform.com/

[55] Beijing Ling Tu Corp: http://www.lingtu.com/

[56] Qian Xuesen. On geography science content and methodology. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1991, 46(3): 257-265.
[ 钱学 森. 谈地理科学的内容及研究方法. 地理学报, 1991, 46(3): 257-265.]

[57] Qian Xuesen. On construction of modern geography system. Geographic Environment Research, 1989, 1(2): 1-6.
[钱学 森. 现代地理科学系统建设问题. 地理环境研究, 1989. 1(2): 1-6.]

[58] Niu Wenyuan. The conception, connotation, and continuation of theoretical geography. Geographical Research, 1988, 7 (1): 1-11.
[牛文元. 理论地理学的内涵认知. 地理研究, 1988, 7(1): 1-11.]

[59] Niu Wenyuan. The connotation of modern geography. Geographic Education, 1995, (6).
[牛文元. 现代地理学的内涵. 地理教育, 1995(6).]

[60] Liu Dongsheng, Ding Zhongli. The coupling process of monsoon circulation and changes in ice volume of the Mainland from 250 thousand years. Quaternary Sciences, 1992, (1): 2.
[刘东生, 丁仲礼. 二百五十万年来季风环流与 大陆冰量变化的阶段性耦合过程. 第四纪研究, 1992, (1): 2.]

[61] Ding Zhongli, Liu Dongsheng. Progresses of loess research in China (Part 1): Loess stratigraphy. Quaternary Sciences, 1989, (1): 2.
[丁仲礼, 刘东生. 中国黃土研究新进展(一): 黃土地层. 第四纪研究, 1989, (1): 2.]

[62] Liu Dongsheng, Ding Zhongli. Progresses of loess research in China (Part 2): Paleoclimatology and global change. Quaternary Sciences, 1990, (1).
[刘东生, 丁仲礼. 中国黃土研究新进展(二): 古气候与全球变化. 第四季研究, 1990, (1).]

[63] Liu Changming. Research progress in geographical hydrology and its prospect in 21th century. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1994, 49(suppl.): 601-608.
[刘昌明. 地理水文学的研究进展与21 世纪展望. 地理学报, 1994, 49(增刊): 601-608.]

[64] Fu Guobin, Liu Changming. Advance in applications of remote sensing data to hydrology. Advances in Water Science, 2001, 12(4): 547-559.
[ 傅国斌, 刘昌明. 遥感技术在水文学中的应用与研究进展. 水科学进展, 2001, 12(4): 547-559.]

[65] Liu Changming, Xia Jun, Guo Shenglian et al. Advances in distributed hydrological modeling in the Yellow River basin. Advances in Water Science, 2004, 15(4): 495-500.
[刘昌明, 夏军, 郭生练等. 黄河流域分布式水文模型初步 研究与进展. 水科学进展, 2004, 15(4): 495-500.]

[66] Jin Desheng. A study on fluvial dynamic geomorphology and its experiment and simulation. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1989, 44(2): 147-156.
[金德生. 关于流水动力地貌及其实验模拟问题. 地理学报, 1989, 44(2): 147-156.]

[67] Jin Desheng. Review and prospect of experimental studies on fluvial geomorphology in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1991, 46(1): 57-65.
[金德生. 实验流水地貌学研究的回顾与展望. 地理学报, 1991, 46(1): 57-65.]

[68] Jin Desheng, Zhang Ouyang, Chen Hao et al. Influence of base level lowering on sediment yield and drainage network development: An experimental analysis. Geographical Research, 2003, 22(5): 560-570.
[金德生, 张欧阳, 陈浩等. 侵 蚀基准面下降对水系发育与产沙影响的实验研究. 地理研究, 2003, 22(5): 560-570.]

[69] Huang Bingwei, Zuo Dakang, Chen Fazu. Field experiment of phisical geography in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1990, 45(2): 225-234.
[黄秉维, 左大康, 陈发祖. 我国自然地理野外定位实验研究的进展. 地理学报, 1990, 45(2): 225-234.]

[70] Gong Jianhua, Li Wenhang, Zhou Jieping. Exploring principles and techniques framework of virtual geographic experiments. Chinese Geographic Society Seminar on the Development of Geography Discipline, 4-5/12/2006.
[龚建华, 李文航, 周洁萍. 虚拟地理实验原理与技术框架探讨. 中国地理学会2006 年学科发展研讨会, 4-5/12/2006.]

[71] Liu Miaolong, Chen Peng. A prototype of urban simulation model based on the theories and methodologies of Cellular Automata (CA) and Multi-Agent System (MAS). Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2006, 26(3): 292-298.
[ 刘妙龙, 陈鹏. 基于细胞自动机与多主体系统理论的城市模拟原型模型. 地理科学, 2006, 26(3): 292-298.]

[72] Li Wenhang, Gong Jianhua, Li Xiaowen et al. Exploring virtual geographic experiment.
[李文航, 龚建华, 李小文等. 虚拟地理实验初探. http://www.vgelab.org.]

[73] Qiu Longwei. Application of virtual reality on teaching of geologic courses. Chinese Geological Education, 2006, (2): 61-64.
[邱隆伟. 虚拟现实技术在地学类课程教学中的应用. 中国地质教育, 2006, (2): 61-64.]

[74] Qin Qiming. Earth management tool: The future of geography education. Geomatics World, 2005, 12(6): 59-61.
[秦其 明. 地理信息世界, 2005, 12(6): 59-61.]

[75] Du Guoming, Liu Zufa. Research on virtual geographic experiment education. Research and Exploration in Laboratory, 2008, 27(5): 127-129.
[杜国明, 刘祖发. 虚拟地理实验教学研究. 实验室研究与探索, 2008, 27(5): 127-129.]

文章导航

/