近300 年来中国森林的变迁
收稿日期: 2006-09-19
修回日期: 2006-11-20
网络出版日期: 2007-01-25
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(40471007); 中国科学院知识创新工程重大项目(KZCX1-SW-01-09)
Quantitative Analysis on For est Dynamics of China in Recent 300 Years
Received date: 2006-09-19
Revised date: 2006-11-20
Online published: 2007-01-25
Supported by
National Natural Sciences Foundation of China, No.40471007; Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS, No.KZCX1-SW-01-09
以清代以来史料为依据, 在现代清查统计资料和前人研究成果的基础上, 通过对森林变迁大体趋势及主要过程的客观把握, 重新校订了1949 年和1700 年前人的估算数据, 回溯估算了1750~1900 年中国各省区每50 年森林面积与森林覆被率值, 并与现代森林清查资料衔接, 分析1700~1998 年近300 年来中国森林变迁的时空特征。结果表明: 近300 年来中国现境内共减少森林面积约0.95×108 ha, 森林覆被率减少9.2 个百分点, 变化曲线呈先抑后仰; 以1960s 为界, 此前呈加速递减态势, 260 年间减少森林面积达1.66×108 hm2, 覆被率下降约17 个百分点；1960s 以后呈逐步增长态势, 近40 年间增加森林面积约0.7×108 hm2, 覆被 率提高了约8 个百分点。结果还表明: 近300 年来中国森林消长, 西部地区均小于东部地区; 在1700~1949 年的锐减期中, 东北、西南和东南三区是森林面积缩减最为严重的地方, 大部分省区覆被率下降超过20 个百分点, 其中黑龙江达50 个百分点, 吉林达36 个百分点, 川渝地区达42 个百分点, 云南达35 个百分点；在1949~1998 年的恢复期中, 西部各省区森林覆 被率增加均小于5 个百分点, 东部地区(除黑龙江、湖北和沪宁外) 均超过5 个百分点; 其中 粤琼、广西、安徽、京津冀、山东、河南、浙江、福建等省区高达10 个百分点以上。
何凡能, 葛全胜, 戴君虎, 林珊珊 . 近300 年来中国森林的变迁[J]. 地理学报, 2007 , 62(1) : 30 -40 . DOI: 10.11821/xb200701004
Based on historical documents, modern survey and statistics, as well as the result of predecessor studies, the trend and main process of forest dynamics are recognized. The forest area and forest coverage rates for each province of China from 1700 to 1949 are estimated backward by every 50 years. Linking the result with modern National Forest Inventory data, the spatial-temporal dynamics of Chinese forest in recent 300 years (A.D.1700-1998) is quantitatively analyzed. The study shows that in recent 300 years, the forest area in current territory of China has declined 0.95 ×108 ha (or 9.2 percentage points of coverage rate) in total, with a trend of decrease and recovery. Before the 1960s, there was a trend of accelerated descending. The forest area was reduced 1.66×108 ha (or 17 percentage points of coverage rate) in 260 years. While after the 1960s, there has been a rapid increase. The forest area increased by 0.7×108 ha (or 8 percentage points of coverage rate) in 40 years. The study also shows that there is a significant spatial difference in the dynamics of forest. The amplitudes of increasing and decreasing in western China are both smaller than the ones in eastern China. During the rapid declining period 1700-1949, the most decrease appeared in the Northeast, the Southwest and the Southeast, where the coverage rate in most provinces dropped over 20 percentage points. In Heilongjiang Province, the coverage rate dropped 50 points. In Jilin Province, it dropped 36 points. In Sichuan Province and Chongqing Municipality, it dropped 42 points. In Yunnan Province, it dropped 35 points. During the recovery period 1949-1998, the western provinces, municipality and autonomous regions, including Ningxia, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Sichuan-Chongqing, Yunnan, Tibet, Xinjiang and Qinghai, etc., the increase rates of the coverage are all below 5 percentage points, while the eastern provinces, municipality and autonomous regions (except Heilongjiang, Hubei and Jiangsu-Shanghai) have achieved an increase over 5 percentage points, among which the Guangdong-Hainan, Guangxi, Anhui, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Zhejiang and Fujian have an increase over 10 points.
Key words： forest dynamics; recent 300 years; China
[1] Robert S. Thompson. BIOME 300: Understanding the impacts of human activities on land cover over the past 300 years. IGBP Newsletter, 2000, (43): 2-3.
[2] Wen Huanran, He Yeheng. The changes of forest resources in China during historical periods. Journal of Natural Resources, 1979, (2): 72-85.
[文焕然, 何业恒. 中国森林资源分布的历史概况. 自然资源, 1979, (2): 72-85.]
[3] Lin Daxie. The changes of forest resources in China. Agricultural History of China, 1983, (2): 26-36.
[凌大燮. 我国森 林资源的变迁. 中国农史, 1983 (2): 26-36.]
[4] Dong Zhiyong, Tong Xinfu. A Collection of Historical Documents of Chinese Forest. Changchun: Jilin Provincial Bureau of Press and Publication, 1993. 1-527.
[董智勇, 佟新夫. 中国森林史料汇编. 长春: 吉林省新闻出版局, 1993. 1-527.]
[5] Editorial Board for Chinese Economic Yearbook of Industry Ministry. Chinese Economic Yearbook. Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1934.
[实业部中国经济年鉴编纂委员会. 中国经济年鉴. 上海: 商务印书馆, 1934.]
[6] Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Data Compilation of Chinese Forest Resources. 1947. From: Cheng Rong. Historical Resources of Chinese Forest. Nanjing: The Agricultural Association of China. 1951. 200-205.
[农林部. 中国 森林资源统计汇编. 1947 年. 转引自: 陈嵘. 中国森林史料. 1951. 200-205.]
[7] Editorial Board of Chinese Natural Resources Series. Chinese Natural Resources Series (Forest Resources). Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 1995. 26-27.
[中国自然资源丛书编辑委员会. 中国自然资源丛书(森林卷). 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1995. 26-27.]
[8] Shi Nianhai. On the historical distribution and vicissitude of the national vegetation of China. Collections of Essays on Chinese Historical Geography, 1991, (3): 43-73.
[史念海. 论历史时期我国植被的分布及其变迁. 中国历史地理论丛, 1991, (3): 43-73.]
[9] Niu Zhongxun, Pu Hanxin. The historical agriculture development and the changes of the vegetation in the area of Chengde and Weichang. Geographical Research, 1984, 3(1): 102-108.
[钮仲勋, 濮汉昕. 历史时期承德、围场一带的农 业开发与植被变迁. 地理研究, 1984, 3(1): 102-108.]
[10] Chen Rong. Historical Resources of Chinese Forest. Nanjing: The Agricultural Association of China, 1951. 1- 204.
[陈 嵘. 中国森林史料. 南京: 中华农学会, 1951. 1-240.]
[11] Fan Baomin, Dong Yuan. Percentage of forest cover in different historic periods of China. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2001, 23(4): 60-65.
[ 樊宝敏, 董源. 中国历代森林覆盖率的探讨. 北京林业大学学报, 2001, 23(4): 60-65.]
[12] Ma Zhongliang, Song Chaoshu, Zhang Qinghua. The Changes of Forest Distribution in China. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 1997. 1-132.
[马忠良, 宋朝枢, 张清华. 中国森林的变迁. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 1997. 1-132.]
[13] Zhao Gang. Environmental Changes in China's History. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 1996. 105-106.
[赵冈. 中国历史上生态环境之变迁. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1996. 105-106.]
[14] Wu Zhenchen. Record of Ninggu Tower. (清) 吴振臣《宁古塔纪略》, 引自:《小方壶斋舆地丛抄》, 第一帖.
[15] He Qioutao. Suofangbeicheng. V.21.(清) 何秋涛《塑方备乘》卷21《艮维窝集考》.
[16] Record of Kangxi Emperor in the Qing Dynasty, Vol. 23.
[《 清圣祖实录》卷23.]
[17] Record of Qianlong Emperor in the Qing Dynasty, Vol. 115.
[《 清高宗实录》卷115.]
[18] Local Chronicles of Yan'an Mansion in the Ming Dynasty, Vol. 7.
[ (弘治)《延安府志》卷7.]
[19] Local Chronicles of Ningshan County in the Qing Dynasty, Vol. 4.
[ (道光)《宁陕厅志》卷4.]
[20] Yan Rucui. Sanshengbianfangbeilan.V14《三省边防备览》卷十四《艺文下》, 严如熤《老林说》.
[21] Lu Kun. Qinjiangzhilui:Zhouzhi County, Xixiang County. (清) 卢坤《秦疆治略》盩厔县, 西乡县.
[22] Editorial Board of Chinese Forestry Yearbook. Chinese Forestry Yearbook (1949-1986). Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 1987. 393-471.
[中国林业年鉴编辑部. 中国林业年鉴(1949-1986). 北京: 中国林业出版社, 1987. 393-471.]
[23] Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS. Chinese Natural Resources Database·Chinese Forest Resources Database (http://www.data.ac.cn/).
[中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所. 中国自然资源数据库·中国 森林资源数据库(http://www.data.ac.cn/).]
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |