基于GIS的区域植被—土壤生态系统需水定量测评——以陕北延安地区为例
收稿日期: 2006-01-12
修回日期: 2006-03-02
网络出版日期: 2006-07-25
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目 (40371003); 陕西师范大学创新基金
Quantificational Analysis on Eco-water Requirement of Plant-Soil Compound Ecosystem Based on GIS:A Case Study of Yan'an Region in Northwest China
Received date: 2006-01-12
Revised date: 2006-03-02
Online published: 2006-07-25
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40371003; Innovation Foundation of Shaanxi Normal University
根据延安地区各气象站点连续30年的气象资料和各土肥站点连续10年的土壤含水实测资料，通过经验模型、实地观测和GIS空间分析相结合的方法，提出了干旱半干旱地区植被—土壤复合系统的最小生态需水量、适宜生态需水量和饱和生态需水量三种阈值模式的较为准确的计算方法，并从时空角度定量分析评价区域生态需水量和生态缺水量。结果表明，延安地区植被—土壤复合系统的年最小生态需水量为216.185亿m3，对应的年生态缺水量为23.556亿m3;重度生态缺水的景观类型有针阔混交林—壤土、针叶林—壤土和落阔叶林—粘壤土等，水量供需基本平衡的景观类型有灌草丛—粘壤土、灌丛林—粘壤土和草原—砂壤土等，轻度生态富水的景观类型有农作物—粘壤土、农作物—砂壤土和农作物—砂砾质壤土等;生态缺水较为明显的区域主要位于延安西南部和中部的黄土梁状丘陵沟谷区，时段集中在每年的夏秋两季。
王丽霞,任志远 . 基于GIS的区域植被—土壤生态系统需水定量测评——以陕北延安地区为例[J]. 地理学报, 2006 , 61(7) : 763 -770 . DOI: 10.11821/xb200607010
Although water has the central function of the bloodstream in the biosphere, especially in arid or semi-arid regions such as Yan'an region in Northwest China, yet very limited attention is paid to the role of the water-related processes in ecosystem. In this research, based on continuous 30-year weather condition report data and 10-year soil water content data in Yan'an region, using experiment models and field tests combined with GIS spatial analysis, a comparatively accurate method for measuring the minimum, moderate and maximum eco-water requirements of plant-soil compound ecosystem has been put forward. Additionally, the changing characters of eco-water requirement or scarcity have been addressed from spatio-temporal dimensions. The results show that: (1) The minimum eco-water requirement of plant-soil compound ecosystem in the study area is 21.6185 billion m3, and the corresponding scarcity is 2.3556 billion m3. (2) The landscapes presenting severe eco-water scarcity are conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest-loam, conifer-loam as well as deciduous and broad-leaved mixed forest-cohesive loam etc. The landscapes presenting eco-water budget balance are shrubby grass-cohesive loam, shrub-cohesive soil as well as grassland-sandy loam; and the landscapes presenting slight eco-water surplus are crop-cohesive loam, crop-sandy loam as well as crop-sand and gravel loam. (3) The areas with relative serious eco-water scarce problem are mainly located in the southwestern and central parts of Yan'an region on the hilly-gullied Loess Plateau, concentrating in summer or early autumn of the year.
[1] Wang Xiqin, Zhang Yuan, Liu Changming. A theoretical discussion of ecological and environmental water requirements of river course. Journal of Natural Resources, 2003, 18(2): 240-246.
[王西琴, 张远, 刘昌明. 河道生态及环境需水理论探讨. 自然资源学报, 2003, 18(2): 240-246.]
[2] Yang Zhifeng, Cui Baoshan. Theory, Method and Practice of Ecological and Environmental Water Requirement. Beijing: Science Press, 2004.
[杨志峰, 崔保山. 生态环境需水量理论、方法与实践. 北京: 科学出版社, 2004.]
[3] Wang Genxu, Liu Guimin, Chang Juan. Review on some issues of eco-hydrology research at the watershed scale. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(4): 892-903.
[王根绪, 刘桂民, 常娟. 流域尺度生态水文研究评述. 生态学报, 2005, 25(4): 892-903.]
[4] Covich A. Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
[5] Peter H G. Water in crisis: paths to sustainable water use. Ecological Applications, 1998, 8(3): 571-579.
[6] Robert J N, John J M, Mcknight D M. The Freshwater Imperative (A Research Agenda). Island Press, 1993.
[7] He Yongtao, Li Wenhua, Li Guicai et al. Ecological water requirement of forests in Loess Plateau. Environmental Science, 2004, 25(3): 35-39.
[何永涛, 李文华, 李贵才 等. 黄土高原地区森林植被生态需水研究. 环境科学, 2004, 25(3): 35-39.]
[8] Li Lijuan, Zheng Hongxing. Environmental and ecological water consumption of river systems in Haihe-Luanhe basins. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2000, 55(4): 496-500.
[李丽娟, 郑红星. 海滦河流域河流系统生态环境需水量计算. 地理学报, 2000, 55(4): 496-500.]
[9] Tang Kewang, Wang Hao, Liu Chang. Preliminary study of Hongjiannao Lake's variation and ecological water demand. Journal of Natural Resources, 2003, 18(3): 304-309.
[唐克旺, 王浩, 刘畅. 陕北红碱淖湖泊变化和生态需水初步研究. 自然资源学报, 2003, 18(3): 304-309.]
[10] Cui Baoshan, Yang Zhifeng. Water consumption for eco-environmental aspect on wetland. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2002, 22(2): 213-218.
[崔保山, 杨志峰. 湿地的生态环境需水量研究. 环境科学学报, 2002, 22(2): 213-218.]
[11] Martin P, Andras H. Conservation concept for a river ecosystem impacted by flow abstraction in a large post-mining area. Landscape and Planning, 2000, 51(2): 165-176.
[12] Sagehashi M. A predictive model of long-term stability after biomanipulation of shallow lakes. Water Research, 2000, 34(16): 4014-4028.
[13] Ross M S, Reed D L, Sah J P et al. Vegetation: environment relationships and water management in Shark Slough, Everglades National Park. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 2003, (11): 291-303.
[14] Liu Changming. Research Theory and Practice in Hydrology and Water Resources. Beijing: Science Press, 2004.
[刘昌明. 水文水资源研究理论与实践. 北京: 科学出版社, 2004.]
[15] Gleick P H. Water in crisis: paths to sustainable water use. Ecological Applications, 1996, 8(3): 571-579.
[16] Liu Changming. Analysis of water resources supply and requirements in the 21st century of China: study of ecological water resources. China Water Resource, 1999, (10): 18-20.
[刘昌明.中国21世纪水供需分析: 生态水利研究. 中国水利, 1999, (10): 18-20.]
[17] Zhang Yuan, Yang Zhifeng. Minimum ecological water requirement of forestland in Huanghuaihai area. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2002, 16(2): 72-75.
[张远, 杨志峰. 黄淮海地区林地最小生态需水量研究. 水土保持学报, 2002, 16(2): 72-75.]
[18] Zhao Wenzhi, Cheng Guodong. Review on some issues of ecological water process in arid regions. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2001, 46(22): 1851-1857.
[赵文智, 程国栋. 干旱区生态水文过程研究若干问题评述. 科学通报, 2001, 46(22): 1851-1857.]
[19] Xu Zhenzhu, Zhou Guangsheng, Wang Yuhui. Water threshold of plant and global change. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2003, 17(3): 155-158.
[许振柱, 周广胜, 王玉辉. 植物的水分阈值与全球变化. 水土保持学报, 2003, 17(3): 155-158.]
[20] Milly P C D. Potential evaporation and soil moisture in general circulation models. Journal of Climate, 1992, 5(3): 209-226.
[21] Saxton K E, Rawals J W, Romberger J S et al. Estimating generalized soil-water characteristics from texture. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1986, (50): 1031-1036.
[22] Zhu Hejian, He Yigeng. Pedogeography. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1992.
[朱鹤健, 何宜庚. 土壤地理学. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 1992.]
[23] Penman H L. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proceeding of Royal Society Annually, 1948, (193): 454-465.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |