典型喀斯特石漠化治理区水土流失特征与关键问题

doi:10.11821/xb201207002

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 喀斯特地区的水土流失资料很缺乏, 传统的研究方法很多不适用, 为科学地认识喀斯特石漠化治理区水土流失的特征与变化规律, 制定符合喀斯特环境的防治对策, 2006-2010 年间, 结合石漠化治理工程, 对鸭池、红枫湖、花江典型示范区进行了长期的水土流失定位监测, 结果显示, 总体上各研究区在生态及工程治理后土壤侵蚀量明显下降, 地貌类型从宏观上控制着各区域的侵蚀特征, 高原山地土层厚, 大量陡坡开垦, 水土流失严重;高原盆地自然条件较好, 发展生态畜牧和生态农业, 侵蚀量较小;高原峡谷经历早期的剧烈流失后, 现阶段几近无土可流, 侵蚀量极低。生态修复是石漠化治理的核心, 水保林、封禁治理的生态效益好, 草地畜牧业和经济林模式能带来良好经济与水土保持效益。不同等级石漠化的坡度与土被组合特征差异显著, 对土壤侵蚀量有强烈的控制作用, 今后应根据石漠化等级细化喀斯特地区的水土流失分级和制定合适的治理措施。地下流失受研究深度所限, 目前尚无法准确判断其在地表—地下水土流失总量中的贡献率, 对落水洞等关键部位进行工程防治能大大降低其危害性。

关键词: 喀斯特环境, 石漠化治理, 土壤侵蚀, 贵州

Abstract: Very little information on water and soil loss in karst areas is available. Moreover, traditional methods of assessing soil loss are difficult to apply to this area. In this paper the authors analyze the features of water and soil loss based on location monitoring during the five years (2006-2010), in demonstration areas for combating karst rocky desertification (KRD). The following conclusions are obtained. (1) Soil erosion showed a decreasing trend after a series of comprehensive treatments in the three study regions, and erosion was macroscopically mitigated in terms of landform types. (2) The slope cropland is distributed extensively in Yachi mountain region and erosion is thus serious. With better natural conditions and ecological economy development, erosion in Hongfenghu basin is relatively weak. Due to the severely poor soil cover, the amount of soil erosion is extremely low in Huajiang gorge. (3) Ecologic rehabilitation is the key to combat KRD. Closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation and water conservation are effective measures for the mitigation of soil and water loss. Grassland and economic forests bring both economic and ecological benefits. (4) KRD degrees differ greatly in slope gradient and soil layer. Further classification for soil erosion in karst areas should be proposed based on KRD degrees. (5) Hazard evaluation of subterranean soil loss is one of the tough tasks at present. However, control of key parts such as sinkholes is the efficient way to prevent subterranean loss.

Key words: karst environment, combating rocky desertification, soil erosion, Guizhou

熊康宁, 李晋, 龙明忠. 典型喀斯特石漠化治理区水土流失特征与关键问题[J]. 地理学报, 2012, 67(7): 878-888.

XIONG Kangning, LI Jin, LONG Mingzhong. Features of Soil and Water Loss and Key Issues in Demonstration Areas for Combating Karst Rocky Desertification[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(7): 878-888.

参考文献

[1] Xiong Kangning, Yingbin, Luo Ya et al. Evolutional trend and integrated rehabilitation of karst rocky desertificationwith a special reference to Guizhou Province. World Forestry Research, 2009, 22 (Special Issue): 18-23. [熊康宁, 盈斌,罗娅等. 喀斯特石漠化演变趋势与综合治理: 以贵州省为例. 世界林业研究, 2009, 22 (特刊): 18-23.]

[2] Wang Shijie, Li Yangbing, Li Ruiling. Karst rocky desertification: Formation background, evolution and comprehensivetaming. Quaternary Sciences, 2003, 23(6): 657-666. [王世杰, 李阳兵, 李瑞玲. 喀斯特石漠化的形成背景、演化与治理. 第四纪研究, 2003, 23(6): 657-666.]

[3] Yuan Daoxian. Global view on karst rock desertification and integrating control measures and experiences of China.Pratacultural Science, 2008, 25(9): 19-25. [袁道先. 岩溶石漠化问题的全球视野和我国的治理对策与经验. 草业科学,2008, 25(9): 19-25.]

[4] Su Weici. Controlling model for rocky desertification of karst mountainous region and its preventing strategy insouthwest, China. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2002, 16(2): 29-32. [苏维词. 中国西南岩溶山区石漠化的现状成因及治理的优化模式. 水土保持学报, 2002, 16(2): 29-32.]

[5] Peng Jian, Yang Mingde. On the present soil erosion situation of Huajiang karst gorge in Guizhou Province. Journal ofMountain Science, 2001, 19(6): 511-515. [彭建, 杨明德. 贵州花江喀斯特峡谷水土流失状态分析. 山地学报, 2001, 19(6): 511-515.]

[6] Mei Zaimei, Xiong Kangning. A study on the dynamic characteristics of soil erosion and eco-benefit evaluation in karstregion. Carsologica Sinica, 2003, 22(2): 136-142. [梅再美, 熊康宁. 喀斯特地区水土流失动态特征及生态效益评价. 中国岩溶, 2003, 22(2): 136-142.]

[7] Liu Yanhua, Li Xiubin. Frail Environment and Ecology and Sustainable Development. Beijing: The Commercial Press,2001. [刘燕华, 李秀彬. 脆弱生态环境与可持续发展. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2001.]

[8] Cao Jianhua, Yuan Daoxian, Tong Liqiang. Features of karst ecosystem and integrating measure for rock desertificationin southwest China. Pratacultural Science, 2008, 25(9): 40-50. [曹建华, 袁道先, 童立强. 中国西南岩溶生态系统特征与石漠化综合治理对策. 草业科学, 2008, 25(9): 40-50.]

[9] Xiong Kangning, Li Ping, Zhou Zhongfa. The RS and GIS Representative Study on Karst Rock Desertification.Beijing: Geology Press, 2002. [熊康宁, 黎平, 周忠发.喀斯特石漠化的遥感-GIS 典型研究. 北京: 地质出版社, 2002.]

[10] Long Mingzhong. Water, soil conservation effect and soil erosion models during the ecosystem rehabilitation of karstvalleys [D]. Guiyang: Guizhou Normal University, 2006. [龙明忠. 喀斯特峡谷区生态治理的水土保持效应与土壤侵蚀模型[D]. 贵阳: 贵州师范大学, 2006.]

[11] Gu Shuzhong. Benefit-cost analysis for terracing. Journal of Natural Resources, 1999, 14(2): 151-156. [谷树忠. 坡改梯的损益分析. 自然资源学报, 1999, 14(2): 151-156.]

[12] Wang Ji, Cai Xiongfei, Lei Li et al. Laboratory simulation on soil erosion under different bedrock outcrop rate insouthwest karst area, China. Carsologica Sinica, 2010, 29(1): 1-5. [王济, 蔡雄飞, 雷丽等. 不同裸岩率下我国西南喀斯特山区土壤侵蚀的室内模拟. 中国岩溶, 2010, 29(1): 1-5.]

[13] Bou Kheir R, Abdallah C, Khawlie M. Assessing soil erosion in Mediterranean karst landscapes of Lebanon usingremote sensing and GIS. Engineering Geology, 2008, 99: 239-254.

[14] Zhou Wenlong, Xiong Kangning, Long Jian et al. Organic carbon density features and regional variation of the topsoilin karst demonstration areas of rocky desertification integrated rehabilitation. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2011, 42(5): 1131-1136. [周文龙, 熊康宁, 龙健等. 喀斯特石漠化综合治理区表层土壤有机碳密度特征及区域差异. 土壤通报, 2011, 42(5): 1131-1136.]

[15] Wang Minggang, Li Sen. Experimental study of soil erosion on sloping rocky desertification land in northernGuangdong Province. Journal of Desert research, 2011, 31(6): 1488-1492. [王明刚, 李森. 粤北石漠化地区坡地土壤侵蚀模拟试验研究. 中国沙漠, 2011, 31(6): 1488-1492.]

[16] Lu Jinfa. Effect of basin morphology on sediment yield in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. GeographicalResearch, 2002, 21(2): 171-178. [卢金发. 黄河中游流域地貌形态对流域产沙量的影响.地理研究, 2002, 21(2):171-178.]

[17] Hu Shunguang. Study on water and soil loss mechanism of the ecological rehabilitation based on small watershedscale in Guizhou karst region [D]. Guiyang: Guizhou Normal University, 2008. [胡顺光. 贵州喀斯特区小流域尺度生态治理的水土流失机制研究[D]. 贵阳: 贵州师范大学, 2008.]

[18] Xiong Kangning, Chen Yongbi, Chen Hu et al. Turn Stone into Gold: Technologies and Models of Combating RockyDesertification in Guizhou. Guiyang: Guizhou Science & Technology Publishing House, 2011. [熊康宁, 陈永毕, 陈浒等. 点石成金: 贵州石漠化治理技术与模式. 贵阳: 贵州科技出版社, 2011.]

[19] Yang Zhenhai. Improve the grassland construction and achieve the herbivorous animal husbandry developing and rockdesertification control. Pratacultural Science, 2008, 25(9): 59-63. [杨振海. 加快喀斯特地区草地建设步伐实现草食畜牧业发展和石漠化治理双赢. 草业科学, 2008, 25(9): 59-63.]

[20] Li Jin, Xiong Kangning. Quantitative analysis of subterranean soil and water loss for karstic catchment. Soil andWater Conservation in China, 2012, (6):38-40 [李晋, 熊康宁. 喀斯特小流域地下水土流失观测研究. 中国水土保持,2012, (6):38-40]

[21] Zhou Nianqing, Li Caixia, Jiang Simin et al. Models of soil and water loss and soil leakage in Puding karst area.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2009, 29(1): 7-11. [周念清, 李彩霞, 江思珉等. 普定岩溶区水土流失与土壤漏失模式研究. 水土保持通报, 2009, 29(1): 7-11.]

[22] Zhang Xinbao, Bai Xiaoyong, He Xiubin. Soil creeping in the weathering crust of carbonate rocks and undergroundsoil losses in the karst mountain areas of Southwest China. Carbonates Evaporites, 2011, 26: 149-153.

[23] Yang Ping, Tang Yiqun, Zhou Nianqing. Characteristics of red clay creep in karst caves and loss leakage of soil in thekarst rocky desertification area of Puding County, Guizhou, China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2011, 63: 543-549.

[24] Febles J M, Tolón A, Vega M B. Edaphic indicators for assesment of soil erosion in karst regions province of Havana,Cuba. Land Degradation & Development, 2009, 20: 522-534.

[25] Geissen V, Kampichler C, López-de Llergo-Juárez J J et al. Superficial and subterranean soil erosion in Tabasco,tropical Mexico: Development of a decision tree modeling approach. Geoderma, 2007, 139: 277-287.

[26] Zhang Xinbao, Wang Shijie, Cao Jianhua, et al. Characteristics of water loss and soil erosion and some scientificproblems on karst rocky desertification in Southwest China karst area. Carsologica Sinica, 2010, 29(3): 274-279. [张信宝, 王世杰, 曹建华等. 西南喀斯特山地水土流失特点及有关石漠化的几个科学问题. 中国岩溶, 2010, 29(3):274-279.]

[27] Cao Jianhua, Jiang Zhongcheng, Yang Desheng et al. Soil loss tolerance and prevention and measurement of karst areain Southwest China. Soil and Water Conservation in China, 2008, (12): 40-45. [曹建华, 蒋忠诚, 杨德生等. 中国西南岩溶区土壤允许流失量及防治对策. 中国水土保持, 2008, (12): 40-45.]

[28] Feeser I, O'Connell M. Fresh insights into long-term changes in flora, vegetation, land use and soil erosion in thekarstic environment of the Burren, western Ireland. Journal of Ecology, 2009, 97: 1083-1100.

[29] Bai Xiaoyong, Wang Shijie, Chen Qiwei et al. Spatio-temporal evolution process and its evaluation method of karstrocky desertification in Guizhou Province. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(5): 609-618. [白晓永, 王世杰, 陈起伟等. 贵州土地石漠化类型时空演变过程及其评价. 地理学报, 2009, 64(5): 609-618.]