地理学报 ›› 2012, Vol. 67 ›› Issue (7): 878-888.doi: 10.11821/xb201207002

• 环境变化 • 上一篇    下一篇

典型喀斯特石漠化治理区水土流失特征与关键问题

熊康宁1,2, 李晋1,2, 龙明忠1,2   

  1. 1. 贵州师范大学中国南方喀斯特研究院, 贵阳550001;
    2. 贵州省喀斯特山地生态环境国家重点实验室培育基地, 贵阳550001
  • 收稿日期:2012-03-28 修回日期:2012-05-07 出版日期:2012-07-20 发布日期:2012-07-20
  • 作者简介:熊康宁(1958-), 男, 贵州威宁人, 教授, 博士生导师, 自然地理专业, 中国地理学会会员(S110001236M), 主要从事喀斯特与洞穴、资源与环境及石漠化生态治理研究。E-mail: xiongkn@163.com
  • 基金资助:

    国家十二五科技支撑计划重大课题(2011BAC09B01)

Features of Soil and Water Loss and Key Issues in Demonstration Areas for Combating Karst Rocky Desertification

XIONG Kangning1,2, LI Jin1,2, LONG Mingzhong1,2   

  1. 1. Institute of South China Karst, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China;
    2. State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Karst Mountain Ecology Environment of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550001, China
  • Received:2012-03-28 Revised:2012-05-07 Published:2012-07-20 Online:2012-07-20
  • Supported by:

    National Key Technology R&D Program, No.2011BAC09B01

摘要: 喀斯特地区的水土流失资料很缺乏, 传统的研究方法很多不适用, 为科学地认识喀斯特石漠化治理区水土流失的特征与变化规律, 制定符合喀斯特环境的防治对策, 2006-2010 年间, 结合石漠化治理工程, 对鸭池、红枫湖、花江典型示范区进行了长期的水土流失定位监测, 结果显示, 总体上各研究区在生态及工程治理后土壤侵蚀量明显下降, 地貌类型从宏观上控制着各区域的侵蚀特征, 高原山地土层厚, 大量陡坡开垦, 水土流失严重;高原盆地自然条件较好, 发展生态畜牧和生态农业, 侵蚀量较小;高原峡谷经历早期的剧烈流失后, 现阶段几近无土可流, 侵蚀量极低。生态修复是石漠化治理的核心, 水保林、封禁治理的生态效益好, 草地畜牧业和经济林模式能带来良好经济与水土保持效益。不同等级石漠化的坡度与土被组合特征差异显著, 对土壤侵蚀量有强烈的控制作用, 今后应根据石漠化等级细化喀斯特地区的水土流失分级和制定合适的治理措施。地下流失受研究深度所限, 目前尚无法准确判断其在地表—地下水土流失总量中的贡献率, 对落水洞等关键部位进行工程防治能大大降低其危害性。

关键词: 喀斯特环境, 石漠化治理, 土壤侵蚀, 贵州

Abstract: Very little information on water and soil loss in karst areas is available. Moreover, traditional methods of assessing soil loss are difficult to apply to this area. In this paper the authors analyze the features of water and soil loss based on location monitoring during the five years (2006-2010), in demonstration areas for combating karst rocky desertification (KRD). The following conclusions are obtained. (1) Soil erosion showed a decreasing trend after a series of comprehensive treatments in the three study regions, and erosion was macroscopically mitigated in terms of landform types. (2) The slope cropland is distributed extensively in Yachi mountain region and erosion is thus serious. With better natural conditions and ecological economy development, erosion in Hongfenghu basin is relatively weak. Due to the severely poor soil cover, the amount of soil erosion is extremely low in Huajiang gorge. (3) Ecologic rehabilitation is the key to combat KRD. Closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation and water conservation are effective measures for the mitigation of soil and water loss. Grassland and economic forests bring both economic and ecological benefits. (4) KRD degrees differ greatly in slope gradient and soil layer. Further classification for soil erosion in karst areas should be proposed based on KRD degrees. (5) Hazard evaluation of subterranean soil loss is one of the tough tasks at present. However, control of key parts such as sinkholes is the efficient way to prevent subterranean loss.

Key words: karst environment, combating rocky desertification, soil erosion, Guizhou