地理学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 76 ›› Issue (4): 903-920.doi: 10.11821/dlxb202104009
周扬1,2,3(), 李寻欢1,2,3, 童春阳1,2,3, 黄晗1,2,3
收稿日期:
2020-01-05
修回日期:
2020-10-19
出版日期:
2021-04-25
发布日期:
2021-06-25
作者简介:
周扬(1984-), 男, 贵州普安人, 副研究员, 硕士生导师, 主要从事农村贫困与乡村振兴研究。E-mail: zhouyang@igsnrr.ac.cn
基金资助:
ZHOU Yang1,2,3(), LI Xunhuan1,2,3, TONG Chunyang1,2,3, HUANG Han1,2,3
Received:
2020-01-05
Revised:
2020-10-19
Published:
2021-04-25
Online:
2021-06-25
Supported by:
摘要:
贫困与地理环境之间的关系是贫困地理学理论研究的核心。本文以贫困地域系统和区域多维贫困为理论基础,构建了村域贫困化的理论分析框架,以2013年底中国精准扶贫识别的12.4万个贫困村为研究对象,运用空间自相关、核密度分析和地理探测器等方法,刻画了新时期中国贫困村的空间地理格局,定量探测了贫困村地域分异的主导因子,揭示了村域贫困化与地理环境之间的相互作用机理。结果表明:① 贫困化与地理致贫因子相互作用、相互影响,空间上两者的作用路径和表现形式复杂多样。总体上,可从自然和人文2类要素和环境、经济、社会3个维度来综合识别村域致贫因子。地理环境在贫困化过程中发挥着基础性作用,经济要素是重要的致贫因子,社会要素具有贫困放大效应。② 贫困村分布具有明显的空间集聚性特征。全国贫困村空间分布与胡焕庸线和地势三级阶梯所形成的基础地理格局具有高度一致性,村域贫困化具有明显的垂直分异特征和坡度分异特征,在空间上有1个一级核心区、5个二级核心区、7个三级核心区。③ 地形、资源禀赋、劳动力状况、交通条件和公共服务是中国村域贫困化空间分异的主导因子,且省际间各因子驱动大小差异明显。交互探测结果表明,双因子交互驱动力强于单因子作用,交互作用类型以非线性增强为主。
周扬, 李寻欢, 童春阳, 黄晗. 中国村域贫困地理格局及其分异机理[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(4): 903-920.
ZHOU Yang, LI Xunhuan, TONG Chunyang, HUANG Han. The geographical pattern and differentiational mechanism of rural poverty in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(4): 903-920.
表1
贫困村地理空间识别指标体系
系统类型 | 影响要素 | 指标 | 指标释义与计算方法 |
---|---|---|---|
环境系统 | 地形条件 | X1: 海拔(m) | 提取贫困村的高程值 |
X2: 坡度(°) | 提取贫困村的坡度值 | ||
X3: 地形起伏度(m) | 提取贫困村的地形起伏度 | ||
气候变化 | X4: 气温变化量(℃) | 2015年平均气温-2000年平均气温 | |
X5: 降水变化量(mm) | 2015年降水量-2000年降水量 | ||
自然灾害 | X6: 地质灾害发生次数(次) | 村域内发生地质灾害次数 | |
X7: 地质灾害造成财产威胁(元) | 村域内发生地质灾害造成财产威胁的总和 | ||
生态脆弱性 | X8: 归一化植被指数 | 提取贫困村的NDVI值 | |
X9: 土壤中度侵蚀及以上的面积(km2) | 土壤中度/强度/极强度/剧烈侵蚀的面积 | ||
X10: 植被净初级生产力(gC/km2) | 提取贫困村的NPP值 | ||
资源禀赋 | X11: 人均耕地面积(km2/人) | 贫困村所在网格内的耕地面积/人口 | |
X12: 年降水量(mm) | 提取贫困村的年降水量 | ||
社会系统 | 人口条件 | X13: 人口增长速度(%) | (2015年人口-2000年人口)/2000年人口总量 |
X14: 人口外流率(%) | (农村户籍人口-农村常住人口)/农村户籍人口 | ||
X15: 劳动力数量(人/户) | 贫困村户均家庭劳动力数量 | ||
公共服务 | X16: 教育资源可达性(km) | 到学校(幼儿园、大中小学)的最短距离 | |
X17: 医疗资源可达性(km) | 到卫生室、卫生院、医院、诊所的最短距离 | ||
经济系统 | 区位条件 | X18: 到县域交通干线的最短距离(km) | 贫困村到县道/省道的最短距离 |
X19: 交通通达度(min) | 贫困村到县政府驻点的通行时间 | ||
农业生产条件 | X20: 农田生产潜力(kg/hm2) | 贫困村内土地的粮食生产潜力 | |
经济发展水平 | Y: 每公里栅格单元人均GDP(元/(km2·人)) | 2015年每公里栅格单元的GDP/人口 |
表3
中国贫困村地域分异的交互探测结果
q值 | X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | X5 | X9 | X10 | X12 | X13 | X14 | X15 | X16 | X17 | X18 | X19 | X20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | 0.06 | |||||||||||||||
X2 | 0.06 | 0.01 | ||||||||||||||
X3 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||
X4 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | ||||||||||||
X5 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.01 | |||||||||||
X9 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | ||||||||||
X10 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | |||||||||
X12 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | ||||||||
X13 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.02 | |||||||
X14 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.01 | ||||||
X15 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.03 | |||||
X16 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 | ||||
X17 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | |||
X18 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | ||
X19 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
X20 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
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