# 基于第二次冰川编目数据的中国冰川高度结构特征分析

1. 湖南科技大学资源环境与安全工程学院,湘潭 411201
2. 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 冰冻圈科学国家重点实验室,兰州 730000

# Altitude structure characteristics of the glaciers in China based on the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory

ZHANG Xianhe1, WANG Xin12, LIU Shiyin2, GUO Wanqin2, WEI Junfeng1

1. Department of Geography, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China

Abstract

According to the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory (SCGI), Distribution of Glacier at Different Altitudes (DGDA), the Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) field and the Accumulation Area Ratio (AAR) in different mountains of western China were calculated and discussed systematically. The results show that: (1) The DGDA presents a pattern of normal distribution, the ratio of the percentage that the largest glacier area accounted for the total area to altitude difference of the glacier distribution can be used as the morphological parameters to delineate the character of the DGDA. (2) The ELA, affected by climate and topography, gradually decreases from south to north, and increases from east to west. Additionally, the ELA of the northwest and southern edges of the high mountains is more intensive than that of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. (3) The distribution of the AAR is related to the water vapor and topography. The AAR of the mountain exterior side and marine type glacier region is lower than 0.5, while that of the mountain interior side, the Tibetan Plateau inland and maximal continental glacier region is higher than 0.7.

Keywords： Second Glacier Inventory ; area altitude distribution ; equilibrium line altitude ; accumulation area ratio ; western China

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ZHANG Xianhe, WANG Xin, LIU Shiyin, GUO Wanqin, WEI Junfeng. Altitude structure characteristics of the glaciers in China based on the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(3): 397-406 https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201703003

## 2 数据与方法

### 2.1 冰川面积随高度分布的计算

Fig.1   Flowchart of calculation process of glacier area in different altitude zones

### 2.2 冰川平衡线高度的计算

Fig.2   Flowchart of drawing glacier equilibrium line altitude field

### 2.2 冰川积累区比率的计算

$AAR=ScS$（1）

## 3 结果

### 3.1 面积随高度分布

$Sp=1000×PΔH$（2）

Fig. 3   Area distribution of glacier at different altitudes in main mountains in western China

Tab.1   The statistics of glacier altitudes in different mountain ranges

### 3.2 平衡线高度场

Fig.4   Glacier equilibrium line altitude field in western China

### 3.3 积累区比率

Fig.5   The distribution of the accumulation area ratio in western China

## 4 讨论

### 4.1 面积随高度分布形态差异

Fig.6   The linear relationship between the shape parameter and the standard deviation of the distribution of glacier at different altitudes

## 5 结论

DGDA、ELA和AAR都是从海拔角度指示冰川的分布状态,冰川的DGDA和ELA分布决定了AAR的分布,三者共同构成了冰川的高度结构特征。本文主要基于第二次冰川编目数据,分析中国西部冰川高度结构特征,得出如下主要结论：

（1）不同山脉DGDA呈近似正态分布的特征,用冰川最大面积高度所占总面积的百分比与冰川分布的高度差的比值Sp作为冰川的形状参数,Sp值越大,冰川面积分布曲线越瘦高,冰川分布越集中;Sp越小,曲线越扁平,冰川分布越分散。冈底斯山和羌塘高原等形状参数最大（Sp = 0.06）,面积随高度分布呈现瘦高型;帕米尔、喜马拉雅山和念青唐古拉山等形状参数最小（Sp = 0.01）,面积随高度分布呈现扁平型。

（2）冰川ELA的分布特征主要受气候和地形综合作用的影响,表现出明显的时空差异性,呈现南高北低,西高东低的趋势。高大山脉边缘ELA分布比较密集,变化较快;青藏高原相对比较稀疏,平衡线高度变化平缓;昆仑山、念青唐古拉山、喜马拉雅山等山脉则呈现以山脉主峰为中心的同心圆状分布,由山脉外缘向内部升高;横断山则地形影响,ELA表现出明显的沿纬线方向间断式差异和经线方向连续式延伸的分布特征。

（3）冰川积累区比率的大小与冰川类型及其补给条件密切相关,而中国西部冰川类型多样性和水汽来源复杂性决定了AAR分布的空间差异性。各大山脉外侧和海洋型冰川区AAR值偏低（<0.5）,各大山脉内侧和极大陆型冰川区的AAR值偏高（>0.7）。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[30] Guo Wanqin, Liu Shiyin, Xu Junli, et al.The second Chinese glacier inventory: data, methods andresults. Journal of Glaciology, 2015, 61(226): 357-372. The second Chinese glacier inventory was compiled based on 218 Landsat TM/ETM+ scenes acquired mainly during 2006-10. The widely used band ratio segmentation method was applied as the first step in delineating glacier outlines, and then intensive manual improvements were performed. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model was used to derive altitudinal attributes of glaciers. The boundaries of some glaciers measured by real-time kinematic differential GPS or digitized from high-resolution images were used as references to validate the accuracy of the methods used to delineate glaciers, which resulted in positioning errors of +/- 10 m for manually improved clean-ice outlines and +/- 30 m for manually digitized outlines of debris-covered parts. The glacier area error of the compiled inventory, evaluated using these two positioning accuracies, was +/- 3.2%. The compiled parts of the new inventory have a total area of 43 087 km(2), in which 1723 glaciers were covered by debris, with a total debris-covered area of 1494 km(2). The area of uncompiled glaciers from the digitized first Chinese glacier inventory is similar to 8753 km(2), mainly distributed in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, where no images of acceptable quality for glacier outline delineation can be found during 2006-10. [31] Shi Yafeng, Liu Shiyin.Estimation on the response of glaciers in China to the globalwarming in the 21st century. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2000, 45(7): 668-672. 正 Glaciers in China can be categorized into 3 types, i.e. the maritime (temperate) type, sub-continental (sub-polar) type and extreme Continental (polar) type, which take 22%, 46% and 32% of the total existing glacier area (59 406 km2) respectively. Researches indicate that glaciers of the three types show different response patterns to the global warming. Since the Maxima of the Little Ice Age (the 17th century), air temperature has risen at a magnitude of 1.3℃on average and the glacier area decreased corresponds to 20% of the present total glacier area in western China. it is estimated that air temperature rise in the 2030s, 2070s and 2100s will be of the order of 0.4-1.2, 1.2-2.7 and 2.1-4.0 K in western China. With these scenarios, glaciers in China will suffer from further shrinkage by 12%, 28% and 45% by the 2030s, 2070s and 2100s. The uncertainties may account for 30%-67% in 2100 in China. [32] Yang Zhenniang.Glacier water resources in china. Resources Science, 2003, 9(1): 46-55. [杨针娘. 中国冰川水资源. 资源科学, 2003, 9(1): 46-55.] [33] Qian Zhengan, Jiao Yanjun.Advances and problems on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau meteorology research. Advances in Earth Science, 1997, 12(3): 207-216.

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[34] Wu Shaohong, Pan Tao, Cao Jie, et al.Barrier-corridor effect of longitudinal range-gorge terrain on monsoons in Southwest China. Geographical Research, 2012, 31(1): 1-13. 地形格局对大气环流与区域气候具有重要影响。已有研究认为纵向岭谷区主要受到印度洋季风与太平洋季风的共同影响,二者在哀牢山山脉附近交汇,哀牢山山脉是一条重要的地理分界线。本文从大气环流、水汽输送、区域气候、河川径流以及植物稳定氧同位素等多个方面研究发现:纵向岭谷地区主要受印度洋季风的影响,太平洋季风的影响在8月份有一定的作用,但不够明显;在地形格局作用下,地表水汽、降水以及河川径流在纵向岭谷区表现出明显的纬向差异、经向延伸的特征;大流环流、水汽输送、区域气候以及河川径流等的空间差异,是特殊环境对水热再分配的结果,即"通道-阻隔"作用的效应;这些差异不是地理地带性的表现,而是非地带性作用的结果;这种"通道—阻隔"作用导致地表水热条件的再分配,是该区生态地理格局形成与演化的主驱动力之一。纵向岭谷地形对季风的"通道—阻隔"作用导致了一系列地理要素的空间分异和相关联的生态效应。 [吴绍洪, 潘韬, 曹杰, 等. 西南纵向岭谷地形对季风的“通道—阻隔”作用. 地理研究, 2012, 31(1): 1-13.] 地形格局对大气环流与区域气候具有重要影响。已有研究认为纵向岭谷区主要受到印度洋季风与太平洋季风的共同影响,二者在哀牢山山脉附近交汇,哀牢山山脉是一条重要的地理分界线。本文从大气环流、水汽输送、区域气候、河川径流以及植物稳定氧同位素等多个方面研究发现:纵向岭谷地区主要受印度洋季风的影响,太平洋季风的影响在8月份有一定的作用,但不够明显;在地形格局作用下,地表水汽、降水以及河川径流在纵向岭谷区表现出明显的纬向差异、经向延伸的特征;大流环流、水汽输送、区域气候以及河川径流等的空间差异,是特殊环境对水热再分配的结果,即"通道-阻隔"作用的效应;这些差异不是地理地带性的表现,而是非地带性作用的结果;这种"通道—阻隔"作用导致地表水热条件的再分配,是该区生态地理格局形成与演化的主驱动力之一。纵向岭谷地形对季风的"通道—阻隔"作用导致了一系列地理要素的空间分异和相关联的生态效应。 [35] Wang Ninglian, He Jianqiao, Pu Jianchen, et al.Variations in equilibrium line altitude of the Qiyi Glacier, Qilian Mountains, over the past 50 years. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2010, 55(33): 3810-3817. [36] Shi Yafeng, Xie Zichu.The basic characteristics of modern glaciers in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1964, 30(3): 183-213. 中国西部具有世界上最高最大的山地和高原,提供了冰川发育的有利条件,成为世界上山岳冰川最发达的国家。这些冰川一方面构成流入太平洋和印度洋的许多大河的源头,一方面以其融水灌溉西北内陆干旱地区,成为干旱区农业赖以发展的主要条件之一。 [施雅风, 谢自楚. 中国现代冰川的基本特征. 地理学报, 1964, 30(3): 183-213.] 中国西部具有世界上最高最大的山地和高原,提供了冰川发育的有利条件,成为世界上山岳冰川最发达的国家。这些冰川一方面构成流入太平洋和印度洋的许多大河的源头,一方面以其融水灌溉西北内陆干旱地区,成为干旱区农业赖以发展的主要条件之一。 [37] Wang Xiurong, Xu Xiangde, Wang Weiguo.Charateristic of spatial transportation of water vapor for Northwest China's rainfall in spring and summer. Plateau Meteorology, 2007, 26(4): 749-758. 运用1960-1997年内NCEP/NCAR的格点为2.5°×2.5°多个再分析气象要素资料以及西北地区95个加密测站降水资料,通过相关分析、合成分析等诊断方法对影响西北地区春、夏季降水的整层大气的水汽水平输送特征、各层水汽垂直输送特征以及西北地区春、夏季各个边界区域水汽输送特征进行了系列研究,揭示了西北地区季节性降水的水汽源以及水汽源三维输送路径特征;同时阐述了西北地区季节性降水与同期空中水汽含量显著性相关的原因。并用西北地区干、湿年份相关气象要素场对本文的一些分析结果进行了验证。 [王秀荣, 徐祥德, 王维国. 西北地区春, 夏季降水的水汽输送特征. 高原气象, 2007, 26(4): 749-758.] 运用1960-1997年内NCEP/NCAR的格点为2.5°×2.5°多个再分析气象要素资料以及西北地区95个加密测站降水资料,通过相关分析、合成分析等诊断方法对影响西北地区春、夏季降水的整层大气的水汽水平输送特征、各层水汽垂直输送特征以及西北地区春、夏季各个边界区域水汽输送特征进行了系列研究,揭示了西北地区季节性降水的水汽源以及水汽源三维输送路径特征;同时阐述了西北地区季节性降水与同期空中水汽含量显著性相关的原因。并用西北地区干、湿年份相关气象要素场对本文的一些分析结果进行了验证。 [38] Zhang Zhonglin, He Yuanqing, Pang Hongxi, et al.Accumulation and moisture sources of the glaciers in China. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2004, 26(6): 729-735. 利用冰川编目数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对中国及周边地区水汽通量、中国冰川地理分布情况、大气环流途径和降水分布进行分析,发现中国冰川水汽来源复杂,不同地区各季节存在不同的大气环流控制.这说明不同地理位置的冰川所指示的气候信息是不同的,大约以30°N和100°E为界,中国西北部主要受西风环流影响,冰川发育的水汽主要源于西风环流.以横断山脉为界,横断山脉以西,即30°N以南和100°E以西的区域,主要受印度季风控制,冰川发育水汽主要源于印度洋、阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾;横断山脉以东区域,受东亚季风控制,冰川发育水汽主要来源于太平洋和南海;横断山脉、念青唐古拉和青藏高原东部地区受印度季风和东亚季风共同控制,冰川发育水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾和南海.不同地区冰芯积累量的变化与该地区夏季季风环流指数的变化具有较好的一致性. [张忠林, 何元庆, 庞洪喜, 等. 中国冰川积累与水汽来源补给分析. 冰川冻土, 2004, 26(6): 729-735.] 利用冰川编目数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对中国及周边地区水汽通量、中国冰川地理分布情况、大气环流途径和降水分布进行分析,发现中国冰川水汽来源复杂,不同地区各季节存在不同的大气环流控制.这说明不同地理位置的冰川所指示的气候信息是不同的,大约以30°N和100°E为界,中国西北部主要受西风环流影响,冰川发育的水汽主要源于西风环流.以横断山脉为界,横断山脉以西,即30°N以南和100°E以西的区域,主要受印度季风控制,冰川发育水汽主要源于印度洋、阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾;横断山脉以东区域,受东亚季风控制,冰川发育水汽主要来源于太平洋和南海;横断山脉、念青唐古拉和青藏高原东部地区受印度季风和东亚季风共同控制,冰川发育水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾和南海.不同地区冰芯积累量的变化与该地区夏季季风环流指数的变化具有较好的一致性.

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