面向无人机应用的低空空域资源研究探讨

doi:10.11821/dlxb202111001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

相对于无人机技术及其应用的快速发展,承载无人机作业的低空空域资源的相关研究却相对滞后。本文从地理学的视角,对面向无人机应用的低空空域资源研究的相关关键问题进行了阐述。首先,从理论层面对低空空域的自然属性、社会属性和经济属性进行了界定,在国家自然资源开发利用体系中应加大关注;其次,分析了低空空域资源无人机应用的现状,对制约面向无人机应用的低空空域资源自然、社会两大方面的限制因素进行了归类分析,指出地理学的介入将加快其开发利用进程;最后,构建了由3大类9小类指标构成的低空空域资源量测度指标,提出了“资源非冲突、安全保障、效益优先、兼顾公平”的低空空域资源量测度4大基本原则,并由此形成了以国土范围（S）、真高（H）和时间（t）为基本三要素的低空空域资源量测度方法理论模型框架。从地理学的角度对低空空域资源研究进行的探索和思考,将在一定程度上促进地理学和航空学的交叉融合。

关键词: 无人机, 低空空域, 资源利用, 资源量, 地理学

Abstract:

With the development of hardware techniques and the decrease in equipment costs, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been widely applied in various socio-economic fields. However, there have been relatively few studies on low-altitude airspace resources as the operational carrier of UAVs. In this study, from the perspective of geography, the key issues related to the research of low-altitude airspace resources for UAV applications are discussed. Firstly, it is theoretically defined that low-altitude airspace is an important kind of natural resources with natural, social, and economic attributes, which should be included in the national natural resource development and utilization system; Secondly, we review the latest UAV applications based on the low-altitude airspace resources, categorize their constraints to utilize resources from natural and social aspects, and point out that the intervention of geography will speed up the development and utilization process of low-altitude airspace resources. Finally, this paper constructs the low-altitude airspace resource measurement index composed of three categories and nine sub-categories, and proposes four basic principles of low-altitude airspace resource measurement of "non-conflict utilization of resources, safety guarantee, benefit priority, and fairness", and thus forming a theoretical model of low-altitude airspace resource measurement with the three basic elements of national scope (S), true height (H) and time (t). This paper explores and discusses the low-altitude airspace resources from the perspective of geography, which will promote the interdisciplinarity of geography and aviation to some extent and the sustainable utilization of low-altitude airspace resources.

Key words: UAV, low-altitude airspace, resources exploitation, resources quantity, geography

廖小罕, 黄耀欢, 徐晨晨. 面向无人机应用的低空空域资源研究探讨[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(11): 2607-2620.

LIAO Xiaohan, HUANG Yaohuan, XU Chenchen. Views on the study of low-altitude airspace resources for UAV applications[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(11): 2607-2620.

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无人机应用分类	应用领域	具体应用场景举例
民用消费级	娱乐消费	个人航拍、影视航拍、遥控玩具、飞行/灯光表演,等
民用工业级	农林植保	农药喷洒、辅助授粉、森林灭火、农林病虫害监测,等
	安防	公安巡逻、消防巡逻、交通巡逻、灾情检查、指挥调度、应急救援,等
	自动巡检	电力巡检、石油管线巡检、其他线路巡检,等
	水利气象环保	人工降雨、防洪抗旱、大气取样、企业偷排、入河海排污口/固废/岸线开发排查、生态环境监测、生态环境辅助执法,等
	测绘勘探	资源勘探、城市规划、地图测绘,等
	科教文体	教学、航拍测试、极端环境科学数据获取、科学研究、竞速比赛,等
	物流运输	货物运输、精准投递,等
军事和航天级	-	-

资源属性	指标项	隶属指标
自然属性	时空体基本三要素	时间(t)、国土范围(S)、真高(H)
	空间体积影响要素	地形(DEM)、下垫面状态(DSM)
	地表飞行影响要素	地形起伏度、地表粗糙度
	气候影响要素	风速、降水、气压、闪电频次等
	极端灾害限制要素	洪涝、火灾、地震、海啸等
社会属性	知识技术要素	无人机技术、低空交通服务技术等
	资源公共性要素	国家安全、行政管理法规制度
	社会生活公平要素	公共安全性、噪声影响、大气污染影响等
经济属性	经济价值	交通密度