中国城市群城市用地扩张时空动态特征

doi:10.11821/dlxb202003010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

认识城市群城市用地扩张特征、扩张质量及景观生态效应等综合信息将有助于城市群空间高质量发展规划与决策。选取10个不同发育等级的城市群作为研究对象,综合运用城市用地扩张强度指数、城市用地扩张强度差异指数、景观扩张指数、景观格局指数,分析1990—2015年期间城市群城市用地扩张时空特征及景观生态效应,并构建人口、经济与城市用地协同发展指数,据此分析城市用地扩张中“人—地”关系协同程度。结果表明：① 1990—2015年,各个城市群城市用地面积持续增加,建成区的范围不断扩大,扩张强度呈现“上升—下降”的趋势;在2010年之前成熟型城市群的扩张强度最高,2010年之后培育型城市群成为扩张强度最高的类型。② 城市群城市用地扩张总体上呈现不均衡布局的趋势,高速扩张区域主要分布在沿海地区。从全国视角来看,东部高于中、西、东北部,整体城市群快速扩张的中心由东向西移动。③ 城市群城市用地空间扩张模式表现出边缘式和飞地式两种空间扩张模式并存,不同发育等级之间具有明显差异性,成熟型城市群的空间结构较为稳定,其他两种类型的城市群空间结构初具雏形或尚未形成。④ 城市群城市用地扩张“吞没”了郊区和农村地区,破碎化程度、形状的复杂程度较高,景观格局表现出不稳定。⑤ 城市群“人口—土地”协同程度逐步增强,“经济—土地”协同程度整体较高,整体上表现出城市用地扩张质量有所提升。新时期城市群城市用地应严格控制扩张规模,加快中小城市的发展,促进城市群城市用地扩张均衡发展,为城市群国土空间高质量发展提供重要参考。

关键词: 城市群, 城市用地扩张, 人地协同, 景观生态效应

Abstract:

Comprehensive analysis of the characteristics, quality, and ecological effects of urban land expansion would be extremely valuable in high-quality development planning and decision-making. Using data of ten urban agglomerations of China from 1990 to 2015 at varying levels of urban development, this study analyzed the degree of urban land expansion based on the "human-land" synergistic relationship and examined the spatio-temporal characteristics and landscape ecological effects of urban development. Various development indexes for population, economy, and urban land were evaluated, including the urban land expansion intensity index, the intensity differentiation index, the landscape expansion index, and the pattern index. The results of the study are as follows: (1) From 1990 to 2015, the built-up areas in the urban agglomerations expanded continuously, while the expansion intensity showed a fluctuating trend. The highest values of expansion intensity for developed urban agglomerations appeared before 2010, while for the developing areas, the highest values came after 2010. (2) Overall, there was an asymmetrical urban growth among the agglomerations, and the areas with high urban expansion were mainly distributed along the coastal zones. At the national level, the epicenter of rapid urban growth moved from east to west, with the urban expansion in eastern China being much faster compared with the central, western, and northeastern regions. (3) The evolution in urban land use displayed two main spatial patterns, namely edge expansion and outlying, which varied based on the level of urban development. The spatial pattern in the developed urban clusters was more stable, while in the developing areas, the spatial structure started to take shape but have yet to be formed. (4) Urban expansion sprawling over suburban and rural areas resulted in relatively high degrees of fragmentation and structural complexity and instability of the landscape pattern. (5) The man-land synergy in these urban agglomerations increased gradually over time while the economy-land interaction was generally high, indicating an improvement in the overall quality of urban growth. The results of this study highlight the need to have stricter supervision of urban expansion particularly in the early stages of city development, to foster the development of small and middle-sized cities, and to propose a more balanced approach in urban land expansion. The findings here provide valuable lessons for high-quality development of land use in urban agglomerations of China.

Key words: urban agglomerations, urban land expansion, man-land synergy, landscape ecological effects

欧阳晓, 朱翔. 中国城市群城市用地扩张时空动态特征[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(3): 571-588.

OUYANG Xiao, ZHU Xiang. Spatio-temporal characteristics of urban land expansion in Chinese urban agglomerations[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(3): 571-588.

图/表 8

图1

表1

景观格局指数与城市用地扩张之间的关系

景观格局指数	单位	公式	生态学意义	与城市用地扩张的关系
斑块数量(NP)	个	$NP = ∑ i = 1 n N i$	斑块的数量	衡量城市用地离散程度。随着城市用地快速发展,斑块数呈上升趋势,随着城市用地的集聚,斑块数可能会下降。
景观类型比例 (PLAND)	%	$PLAND = ∑ j = 1 n a ij A × 100 %$	斑块类型所占景观面积比例	反映城市用地的规模。值越大,城市用地扩张强度越大。
最大斑块指数(LPI)	%	$LPI = Max (a 1, a 2, ? a n) A × 100 %$	最大斑块在整个景观中所占比例	反映城市用地斑块的优势度。值越大,城市用地扩张越集聚。
景观形状指数(LSI)	-	$LSI = 0.25 E A$	斑块形状复杂程度	反映城市用地斑块周边的复杂性。值越大,景观的形状越不规则。
斑块密度(PD)	个/hm²	$PD = NP A$	单位面积斑块数量	反映城市用地斑块的数量。值越大,城市用地破碎程度越高。

表1

表2

图2

图3

图4

表3

图5

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城市群	1990—1995年	1995—2000年	2000—2005年	2005—2010年	2010—2015年	1990—2015年
京津冀城市群	0.79	0.91	0.95	0.57	0.55	0.81
长三角城市群	1.12	1.40	4.54	2.33	2.19	2.87
珠三角城市群	1.54	2.08	3.38	1.43	1.29	2.04
成渝城市群	1.11	3.00	4.07	2.22	1.54	2.99
中原城市群	0.31	0.46	0.77	1.67	1.61	1.05
长江中游城市	0.13	0.77	0.79	0.96	0.60	0.69
辽中南城市群	0.46	0.80	1.37	0.54	0.38	0.76
北部湾城市群	0.15	0.18	0.29	0.47	0.49	0.32
天山北坡城市群	0.60	0.49	0.77	0.36	2.37	0.99
哈长城市群	0.14	0.22	0.15	0.23	0.64	0.28

城市群	Ratio_POP					Land_GDP
城市群	1990—1995年	1995—2000年	2000—2005年	2005—2010年	2010—2015年	1990—1995年	1995—2000年	2000—2005年	2005—2010年	2010—2015年
京津冀城市群	0.97	0.89	1.00	1.02	1.05	3.49	4.85	4.74	7.16	7.44
长三角城市群	0.94	0.95	0.94	0.97	0.96	1.62	2.85	1.35	2.31	3.37
珠三角城市群	0.99	0.99	1.00	0.90	1.02	1.23	2.55	1.63	2.77	3.19
成渝城市群	1.00	0.88	0.94	0.96	1.00	1.26	1.77	1.26	2.20	1.12
中原城市群	1.00	0.90	0.77	0.94	0.96	1.51	2.97	2.49	3.28	4.92
长江中游城市	0.93	0.90	1.00	0.95	0.98	4.52	5.54	3.97	5.19	7.11
辽中南城市群	0.93	0.93	0.96	0.85	0.92	4.63	5.56	3.19	2.58	1.98
北部湾城市群	1.24	0.94	1.00	0.91	1.14	8.29	9.09	6.28	7.89	8.04
天山北坡城市群	0.85	0.85	1.00	0.97	1.03	4.51	6.73	3.86	5.62	6.69
哈长城市群	0.95	0.75	1.00	0.97	1.06	5.32	6.83	7.13	6.41	3.83