改革开放30多年，中国部分人群的消费从初期的有预算进入到无预算。这里说的无预算就是不按个人和家庭的收入来“量入而出”，而是通过灰色收入、“三公”经费进行消费，大大超出自己的收入预算的消费。这样的无预算消费助长了奢侈性消费之风，对中国社会经济文化可持续发展造成的危害巨大。“反腐”使得来自政府及相关群体的奢侈性消费大幅减少，中国将再度进入有预算的消费阶段。这个阶段的有预算消费与改革开放前或初期的有预算消费不是简单的回归，而是有质的不同。简单地说，前一阶段是因为相对贫穷而不得不有预算，这个阶段是有较多可自由支配收入的“量入而出”的有预算。

随着苏南地区市场化与全球化程度不断加深,地方政府的公司主义特征日益凸显,资本正悄然进入乡村开发领域,资本本身的循环积累主导了乡村转型过程。哈维的"资本三级循环"理论揭示了资本循环的规律,为苏南大都市近郊乡村转型构建了一个新的解析视角。基于这一视角,以南京市江宁区为例,透视其乡村变迁过程,发现其演化大致经历了哈维所认为的资本循环的三个阶段,即资本初级循环、资本次级循环、资本第三级循环。资本初级循环表现在资本投入在产业间从农业向工业领域的转移,资本次级循环表现在资本从产业领域向空间的转移,资本第三级循环表现为资本向社会领域的转移,不同的阶段江宁区乡村聚落呈现出不同的空间特征。

We assess the ice flow of Institute Ice Stream (IIS; 81.5degreesS, 75degreesW) and the adjacent Ronne Ice Shelf using satellite images and geophysical parameters from recent continent-wide compilations. Landsat image pairs from the 1980s and 1990s are used to determine ice velocity. Peak speed is 398 +/- 10 m a(-1). Several mappings using images spanning an eleven-year period indicate this speed and the pattern of ice flow throughout the mapped portion of the stream is constant to within +/-20 m a(-1). Combining catchment extent (141 700 km(2)) with surface accumulation, mass input to IIS is 25.1 +/- 2 Gt a(-1). Mean ice thickness across the grounding line is 1177 m. Mass flux to the Ronne Ice Shelf, determined from these values and our velocity profile, is 22.7 +/- 2 Gt a(-1). Topographic mapping using photoclinometry, coupled with ice thickness and ice velocity, permits an assessment of driving force versus flow speed. This indicates wide variations in basal resistance. Despite evidence of present-day near-balance and constant speed in the ice stream trunk, a recent change in outflow is implied by folding of shelf streaklines near Korff Ice Rise. This may be a result of changing shelf thickness or erosion of Doake Ice Rumples.

The dispossession of agricultural producers from the land has long been considered a condition of successful capitalist development. The main contention of this paper is that such dispossession has in fact become the source of major developmental handicaps for at least some and possibly many countries of the global South. We develop our argument by focusing on the South(ern) African experience as a paradigmatic outlier case of accumulation by dispossession hat is, as one of its extreme instances capable of highlighting in almost ideo-typical fashion its nature and limits. After reconstructing interpretations of capitalist development in Southern Africa that in the early 1970s established the region as a paradigm of accumulation by dispossession, we discuss how useful these interpretations are for understanding the more recent developmental trajectory of South Africa. We then suggest ways in which these interpretations from the 1970s should be reformulated in light of subsequent developments. We conclude by briefly examining the theoretical and policy implications of the analysis.

The paper argues that David Harvey's (1981) concept of the “spatial fix” (Antipode 13(3):1–12) can help us to understand contemporary labour migration. According to Harvey, the spatial fix is a response by capital to periodic crises that may involve both ex situ (finding new markets and production sites) and in situ solutions (importing and/ or improving labour). Drawing on experiences in the UK food industry, via 37 employer interviews, I show that in situ restructuring has become hegemonic and that an associated “good migrant worker” rhetoric has emerged. This rhetoric has two dimensions. Most obviously, low-wage employers stress the apparently superior hard and soft skills of migrants. Some, however, also link low-wage immigration to a purposeful shift in power from labour to capital. In both respects, migration functions as a regulatory project and “spatial fix”, and employers' “need” for migrant labour is primarily about maximising labour power in downgraded jobs more than about absolute labour shortages.Implications for policyEmployer reliance on migrant labour is not new. It is important, therefore, that policymakers do not get too carried away by contemporary low-wage immigration. Nevertheless, this phenomenon appears to occur even when, in theory at least, employers could recruit domestically. The fact that they do not, demonstrates the ways in which recruitment, even at the bottom of the labour market, is not just about getting people in post, but about getting the right kind of people in post. Labour shortages, then, are an issue of quality and quantity; and employers' ability to use periphery-to-core migration to increase both is what constitutes the “in situ spatial fix”. The challenge for policymakers is to weigh up the undoubted economic benefits of this “fix” (especially significant for sectors that are undergoing prolonged restructuring, like the UK food industry) against the impact it can have in depressing pay and conditions and further marginalising would-be domestic workers.

Abstract Mainstream neoclassical economic geography and its Marxist critique have largely failed to incorporate active conceptions of working class people in their explanations of the location of economic activities. Neoclassical approaches tend to conceive of workers simply as factors of location, whereas Marxist approaches primarily focus on how capital structures the economic landscape in its search for profit and frequently relegate labor to the status of “variable capital.” Both approaches present Geographies of Labor. They have not really examined how workers try to make industrial landscapes. In contrast, I argue that workers have an interest in how the economic geography of capitalism is made; consequently, they seek to impose what we might call “labor's spatial fix” and so play an active role in the unevenly developed geography of capitalism. Examining how workers try to develop their own spatial fixes allows us to incorporate a more active sense of workers as geographical agents into understandings of the production of space under capitalism. Recognizing that workers' efforts to create “labor's spatial fix” are significant allows us to theorize how workers attempt to make space as an integral part of their social existence (a Labor Geography ) and so to write less capital-oriented economic geographies.

Between the 1950s and 1970s, a massive tourism and real-estate boom took place in coastal Spain and, as a result, thousands of tourist spots appeared across the country. This paper aims to explain the production of those spots in the context of the broader dynamics of capital accumulation, thus following a political economy approach. The work starts with a brief outline of the concept of ‘spatial fix’ and the role of tourism within it. Then the paper analyses the physical production of the case studies of Platja de Palma and Magaluf (Mallorca, Spain) during the period studied – the Francoist tourism boom. Subsequently, the discussion shifts towards the examination of the capitals that promoted the physical production of the spots. This analysis is focused on three interrelated dynamics. First, on capital–space relationships, particularly on evidence of ‘geographical expansion’ and ‘switching’ of capital towards the areas studied. Second, it examines the appearance of a new capitalist class and the role of different state structures within capital shift dynamics. Third, it analyses the political and economic shifts inside Franco's regime related to tourism. In the conclusions, the need to broaden the concept of ‘spatial fix’ is stressed, and some future lines of research to continue this work are also outlined.

Revitalization of the City of Binghamton has been seen as a key element for economic recovery of the central New York region. Recently, civic leaders have favored neoliberal strategies. Supporters...

BOOK REVIEW: Harvey, David. 2010. The Enigma of Capital and the Crisis of Capitalism. New York,....

This article critically assesses Harvey’s ‘spatial fix’ thesis through systematically comparing the spatial patterns and dynamics of three key regions of China’

大卫·哈维作为新马克思主义城市理论的代表人物一直以敏锐的观察力和独特的视角而著称,他提出的"时空修复"理论以历史唯物主义空间理论为切入点,通过案例分析与政治经济学的解读阐释了空间视域的重要价值,分析了时间推移与空间扩张、地理重组是当代资本主义处理过度积累和经济危机的重要方式。"时空修复"理论的建构与发展有着深刻的时代背景和重要的学术研究价值,对其进行深入研究对我们分析全球化时代的世界局势和中国发展道路提供了重要的借鉴。但"时空修复"理论也有一定的局限性,需要辨识与思考。

It is proposed to locate political geography within the holistic approach of political economy. The problem of defining the 'political' is seen as crucial for developing political geography and our conclusions point us away from recent excessive concentration upon the state. A geographical perspective is identified in terms of the three scales of analysis found in many current textbooks. The political and geographical are brought together in a political economy of scale where the world-economy is the scale of reality, the state and nation represent the scale of ideology and the city is the scale of experience. The materialist framework offered specifies these geographical scales as structurally related in the form of ideology separating experience from reality.

本文在详细剖析西方已有研究成果的基础上,提出尺度政治分析的一般框架,并运用该框架分析了2008年发生在中国的三鹿奶粉事件的尺度变换过程。在此基础上,通过案例比较总结了中西方尺度政治的差异,并揭示了在中国尺度政治研究的有效性及其应用领域。对三鹿奶粉事件的分析表明,中国的社会事件含有多种利益主体和复杂的尺度政治过程,尤其是中央和地方两级政府在其中发挥着极其重要的作用。尺度政治分析清晰地再现了中央和地方政府在社会事件中由第三方向强势方转化的取向及其尺度下推行为,同时也凸显了在中国独立的第三方尺度政治相对缺失的问题。通过三鹿案例的剖析,本文进一步完善了尺度政治的理论框架,也证实了在中国进行尺度政治分析的可行性。分析表明,尺度政治源于地理思维,但它同样也可对社会学、政治学等其他学科产生影响;它不仅是对尺度概念的一种深化,更可成为解构社会现实的一个有效工具。

尺度是人文地理学的核心概念。为了深化对尺度的理解,本文详尽梳理了目前西方研究中的尺度认知,从隐喻、实践和认识论角度对尺度进行了理解和定义;在此基础上,基于二次抽象的视角,探讨了尺度的本质含义及其分析框架。本文认为,尺度本质上是对基本地理维度(如地方、网络和领土)的二次抽象,是一种建构的概念,因此讨论尺度真假并无实质意义;另一方面,尺度的划分不单纯是容器,而是与各种社会—权力关系相交织,并被不断重构和利用,从而形成了各种尺度化实践和尺度政治。因此,对尺度的研究和运用更应关注其解释力和影响力。最后,本文基于这一理解,探讨了中国政治文化背景中的尺度概念和尺度政治课题。

<p>目前,“一带一路”已成为中国的核心发展战略之一。借鉴尺度重构和尺度政治理论,分析“一带一路”战略的内涵、影响和风险。研究发现“一带一路”战略重构了现有的国家角色和地域形式,催生了以跨国基础设施为基础、以资本和经贸合作为支撑的新尺度。该尺度一方面被国际和国内的资本和权力关系不断重构,另一方面也在重构着现有的权力关系和资本积累过程。还从尺度政治视角出发探讨了“一带一路”战略中的风险因素。在国际层面,中国既面临着基于多边国际关系和地方抵抗的尺度上推力量,也面临着基于旧有边界和尺度化表达的尺度下推因素。在国内,“一带一路”战略既面临着地方政府基于政策争夺和地方保护主义产生的重复建设问题,也存在疆独势力等通过国际联系复杂化地方趋势的风险。为了更好地推行“一带一路”战略,中国必须积极应对这些尺度政治的挑战,深入研究尺度政治的机制和破解之道,努力化解海外投资、国际合作和地方治理中的风险。</p>

近年来，在新区域主义研究中，逐渐出现沿用尺度和尺度重组的视角，以探讨全球化和国家空间生产以及治理之间的关联。为充分理解当前所发生的大规模尺度重组及其理论渊源，文章勾勒了新区域主义和空间政治经济学相关研究者的论述，认为区域尺度重组是全球生产方式转变和国家地域重构相互作用的产物，其实质是国家为提高经济竞争力和积累财富，利用尺度和治理调整而进行的一种空间生产策略。而尺度重组又是一个空间权力调整与社会建构的动态过程，再地域化的形式体现了多重尺度套叠和“尺度政治”特性，并充满了不确定性和争议。最后，文章讨论了当前中国在尺度重组过程中宜采取的思路。

1980年代以来,在社会科学日益走向多元化和"后现代主义"的背景下,西方经济地理学开始了一个前所未有的急剧变动时期,无论是研究的主要论题,还是研究的内容、理论和方法以及表述的方式与风格,均经历并正在经历深刻的变革.与上一世纪50-60年代的"计量和理论革命"和70-80年代的"马克思主义转向"相比,这次变革不仅发生在方法论和认识论层面,而且许多也发生在本体论层面,它使西方经济地理学的视角走向了高度的多样化和复杂化.本文在分析这次变革的起点:马克思主义转向及其批判的基础上,从制度转向、文化转向、关系转向、尺度转向4个相互交织的方面,系统勾勒了西方经济地理学理论视角变动的主线,讨论了这些视角变动的方向、成因、意义和局限性.

This paper argues that the alleged process of globalisation should be recast as a process of ‘glocalisation’. ‘Glocalisation’ refers to the twin process whereby, firstly, institutional/regulatory arrangements shift from the national scale both upwards to supra‐national or global scales and downwards to the scale of the individual body or to local, urban or regional configurations and, secondly, economic activities and inter‐firm networks are becoming simultaneously more localised/regionalised and transnational. In particular, attention will be paid to the political and economic dynamics of this geographical rescaling and its implications. The scales of economic networks and institutional arrangements are recast in ways that alter social power geometries in important ways. This contribution, therefore, argues, first, that an important discursive shift took place over the last decade or so which is an integral part of an intensifying ideological, political, socioeconomic and cultural struggle over the organisation of society and the position of the citizen. Secondly, the pre‐eminence of the ‘global’ in much of the literature and political rhetoric obfuscates, marginalizes and silences an intense and ongoing socio‐spatial struggle in which the reconfiguration of spatial scale is a key arena. Third, both the scales of economic flows and networks and those of territorial governance are rescaled through a process of ‘glocalisation’, and, finally, the proliferation of new modes and forms of resistance to the restless process of de‐territorialisation/re‐territorialisation of capital requires greater attention to engaging a ‘politics of scale’. In the final part, attention will be paid to the potentially empowering possibilities of a politics that is sensitive to these scale issues.

要:本文以尺度重构理论为分析框架,基于广东省改革开放以来行政区划演变的历程,剖析了各阶段区划演变的动力机制。研究认为,行政区划调整作为刚性的尺度调整工具,其发生周期、主要类型和动力来源嵌入在国家或区域为提升竞争力所采取的尺度战略及其相应的尺度重构方式之中。广东省的区划演变历程可归纳为"中央授权+中央调整地方权力尺度"、"中央放权+中央收权"和"广东省调整地方权力尺度"三个阶段性的尺度重构策略变动轨迹。此外,尺度重构可能体现在国家治理的诸多方面,由于各时期国家、区域宏观战略的不同,尺度重构的推动主体、内容指向会随之变化,空间生产策略也将进行调整,使得不同阶段对各地域空间赋予的尺度重要性大相径庭。

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First page of article

This article develops a heterodox, strategic-relational approach to globalization. This is seen as a multi-scalar, multi-temporal, multi-centric process, involving new forms of time-space distantiation and compression. As such, it is just one face of a complex re-scaling of social processes which can also be interpreted from other scalar viewpoints, such as localization, regionalization or triadization. Five interrelated issues are then addressed: (1) the structural and strategic dimensions of globalization seen in temporal as well as spatial terms; (2) the role of globalization, especially in its neoliberal form, in enhancing the ecological dominance of the capitalist economy, i.e. in enhancing the relative primacy of the capital relation in an emerging world society; (3) the significance of the global scale for capitalist reorganization and its links to other scales of activity 0109 especially given the relativization of scale rooted in the erosion of the national spatio-temporal fix associated with Atlantic Fordism; (4) the impact of the new scalar dynamics of globalizing capitalism on the relative primacy and forms of appearance of capital's inherent contradictions and dilemmas and the problems that this poses for a re-regularization of capital accumulation on a global scale; and (5) the implications of globalization for the state and politics. Cet article développe une approche hétérodoxe stratégico-relationnelle de la mondialisation. Celle-ci est vue comme un processus à la fois multi-scalaire, multi-temporel et multi-centré, impliquant de nouvelles formes de distanciation et de compression temps-espace. Il ne s'agit là que d'un seul aspect d'une complexe remise à l'échelle de processus sociaux — qui peuvent 09tre interprétés à partir d'autres perspectives scalaires, telles que localisation, régionalisation et triadisation. L'auteur s'attache ensuite à cinq points imbriqués: (1) les dimensions structurelles et stratégiques d'une mondialisation observée en termes de temps et d'espace; (2) le r00le de la mondialisation, notamment sous sa forme néolibérale, dans l'accentuation de la dominance écologique de l'économie capitaliste, autrement dit dans la progression de la prépondérance relative du lien au capital dans une société mondiale émergente; (3) l'importance de l'échelle mondiale dans la réorganisation capitaliste et ses rapports avec d'autres échelles d'activité— compte tenu notamment de la relativisation d'échelle enracinée dans l'érosion de la position spatio-temporelle nationale associée au fordisme atlantique; (4) l'incidence des nouvelles dynamiques d'échelle du capitalisme mondialisateur sur la prédominance relative et les formes d'émergence des contradictions et dilemmes inhérents au capital, ainsi que les problàmes qui en découlent vis-à-vis d'une re-régularisation de l'accumulation du capital à une échelle planétaire; et (5) les implications de la mondialisation pour l07tat et la politique.

面对改革开放以来中国快速城市化现象,本文从中国投资拉动的经济增长模式出发,发现中国城市存在着高度积累,特别是行政级别高的城市持续投资增长的现象,在分析投资、投资效率与大型事件关系的基础上,提出了官员晋升竞标赛和财政分权预算约束条件下的制度机会主义行为假设,认为大型事件不过是政府构建的一个有利于在城市体系下,通过打破传统的政府预算约束,实现资本高度集中促进经济持续增长的制度机会主义行为。"借口"模式旨在揭示大型事件现象背后的政治与经济激励,并以2010年广州举办亚运会为例,按政府构建—突破约束—官员晋升的结构,分析了广州市政府构建全社会共识,举办亚运会带来巨额投资促进城市发展实现政治与经济激励的事实,为"借口"模式提供了实证的案例。最后,对"借口"模式的未来趋势进行了探讨。

改革开放以来,中国持续推进社会、经济、政治等多方面转型,在全球化、分权化、市场化等政策和发展环境的嬗变中,中国地方政府的角色日趋向更加企业化的利益主体转变,即"地方政府企业化"。与此同时,伴随我国城市化进程的加速,新城建设大量涌现,地方政府作为新城建设的实施主体,其企业化转型必然会影响到新城的空间开发,并反映在新城空间的形成上。现以地方政府作为新城公共物品供给方作为出发点,分析地方政府企业化对新城空间开发的影响机制,并以武进新城区为实证案例,从极具政府企业化色彩的板块开发模式入手,探讨地方政府企业化主导下的新城空间效应。

本文检视五种悖论巧合,分别关乎土地、资本、劳动力、创业人才和技术五个方面,论证其偶然的并存和交汇可以较充分地解释中国近35年来惊人的快速发展。它们同时也揭露了与其一起呈现的三大问题——极端的社会不公、压制性的官僚体制以及严峻的环境危机产生的根源。