三峡大坝下游水位变化与河道形态调整关系研究

doi:10.11821/dlxb201705002

地理学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 72 ›› Issue (5): 776-789.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201705002

三峡大坝下游水位变化与河道形态调整关系研究

杨云平^1,²(), 张明进¹, 孙昭华², 韩剑桥³, 李华国¹, 由星莹⁴

1. 工程泥沙交通运输行业重点实验室交通运输部天津水运工程科学研究所, 天津 300456
2. 武汉大学水资源与水电工程科学国家重点实验室,武汉 430072
3. 西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所,杨凌 712100
4. 湖北省水利水电规划勘测设计院,武汉 430064

收稿日期:2016-12-26 修回日期:2017-02-07 出版日期:2017-05-20 发布日期:2017-05-20
作者简介:
作者简介：杨云平(1985-), 男, 黑龙江绥化人, 博士, 从事水库下游水沙输移、地貌调整及河口海岸演变等相关研究. E-mail: yangsan520_521@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(51579123, 51579185, 51339001);国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0402106);西北农林科技大学博士科研启动基金(2452015337);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(TKS160103)

The relationship between water level change and river channel geometry adjustment in the downstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD)

Yunping YANG^1,²(), Mingjin ZHANG¹, Zhaohua SUN², Jianqiao HAN³, Huaguo LI¹, Xingying YOU⁴

1. Key Laboratory of Engineering Sediment, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
3. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University. Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
4. Hubei Provincial Water Resources and Hydropower Planning Survey and Design Institute, Wuhan 430064, China

Received:2016-12-26 Revised:2017-02-07 Published:2017-05-20 Online:2017-05-20
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.51579123, No.51579185, No.51339001;National Key Research and Development Program of China, No.2016YFC0402106;Doctoral Foundation of Northwest A&F University, No.2452015337;Fundamental Research Funds for Central Welfare Research Institutes, No.TKS 160103

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

三峡水库蓄水利用已有13年,对坝下游洪、枯水位和河道形态调整的影响已初步显现,通过对1955-2016年长江中游水位、河道地形等资料的分析,结果表明：① 坝下游各水文站同流量枯水位下降、洪水位变化不大,最低水位上升,最高水位下降趋势;② 2002年10月-2015年10月枯水河槽冲刷量占平滩河槽冲刷量的95.5%,冲淤分布由蓄水前“冲槽淤滩”转为“滩槽均冲”,不同蓄水阶段存在差异;③ 河槽冲刷过程中,上荆江及以上河段枯水位下降趋势趋缓,下荆江及以下河段下降速率增加,应采取防控措施遏制河道水位下降趋势;④ 枯水河槽冲刷是长江中下游航道水深提升的基础,枯水位降幅小于深槽下切深度,在河道和航道整治工程综合作用下航道尺度提升,提前5年实现了2020年航道尺度规划目标;⑤ 平滩水位以上河槽形态调整不大,在河床粗化、岸滩植被、人类活动等综合作用下河道综合阻力增加,出现了中洪水流量—高水位现象,应引起足够重视。三峡水库汛期调蓄作用可有效提升中下游洪水防御能力,但不排除遭遇支流洪水叠加效应,中下游洪水压力仍然较大。

关键词: 枯水位, 洪水位, 河床调整, 成因分析, 三峡大坝, 长江中下游

Abstract:

In this study, data measured from 1955-2016 was analyzed to study the relationship between the water level and river channel geometry adjustment in the downstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) after the impoundment of the dam. The results highlighted the following facts: (1) for the same flow, the drought water level decreased, however, flood water level changed little. The lowest water level increased, while the highest water level decreased at the hydrologic stations in the downstream of the dam; (2) the distribution of erosion and deposition along the river channel changed from "erosion at channels and deposition at bankfulls" to "erosion at both channels and bankfulls"; the ratio of low water channel erosion to bankfull channel erosion was 95.5% from October 2002 to October 2015, with variations in different impoundment stages; (3) the drought water level decrease slowed down during the channel erosion in the Upper Jingjiang River and the reaches ahead but sped up in the Lower Jingjiang River and the reaches behind; concrete measures should be taken to prevent the decrease in the channel water level; (4) erosion was the basis for channel dimension upscaling in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River; the drought water level decrease was smaller than the thalweg decline; both channel water depth and width increased under the combined effects of the channel and waterway regulations; and (5) the geometry of the channels above the bankfulls did not change much; however, the comprehensive channel resistance increased under the combined effects of the river bed coarsening, bench vegetation, and human activities; as a result, the flood water level increased markedly and moderate flood to high water level phenomena occurred, which should be considered. The Three Gorges Reservoir effectively enhances the flood defense capacity of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; however, the superposition effect of tributary floods cannot be ruled out.

Key words: low water level, flood level, riverbed adjustment, cause analysis, Three Gorges Dam, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

杨云平, 张明进, 孙昭华, 韩剑桥, 李华国, 由星莹. 三峡大坝下游水位变化与河道形态调整关系研究[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(5): 776-789.

Yunping YANG, Mingjin ZHANG, Zhaohua SUN, Jianqiao HAN, Huaguo LI, Xingying YOU. The relationship between water level change and river channel geometry adjustment in the downstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD)[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(5): 776-789.

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序号	水文站及河段	资料内容	资料长度	数据来源
1	宜昌、枝城、沙市、监利、螺山、汉口、大通	水量、输沙量、流量、水位	1955-2016年	长江泥沙公报长江水利委员会水文局
2	洞庭湖三口、城陵矶鄱阳湖湖口	水量、沙量、流量	1955-2016年	长江泥沙公报长江水利委员会水文局
3	宜昌—湖口河段	冲淤量	1987-2015年	长江水利委员会水文局
4	宜昌—汉口水尺	水位	1981-2014年	长江航道规划设计研究院

时间段	河段名称	宜昌—枝城	上荆江	下荆江	城陵矶—汉口	汉口—湖口
时间段	河长(km)	60.8	171.7	175.5	251.0	295.4
三峡水库蓄水前（1981-2002年）	枯水河槽(%)	102.0	100.6	9.2	17.5	69.6
	低滩(%)	-2.0	-0.6	-109.2	-117.5	-169.6
	高滩(%)	-2.0	-0.6	-109.2	-117.5	-169.6
2003-2008年 (2002年10月-2008年10月)	枯水河槽(%)	88.6	89.6	73.2	301.8	60.4
	低滩(%)	1.7	2.2	11.6	-30.7	48.3
	高滩(%)	9.6	8.2	15.2	-171.1	-8.7
2009-2014年 (2008年10月-2015年11月)	枯水河槽(%)	96.4	94.0	95.4	95.3	115.0
	低滩(%)	4.8	3.1	-0.4	5.8	-11.4
	高滩(%)	-1.1	2.9	5.0	-1.1	-3.6

河床组成类型	砂卵石河段	砂卵石~沙质过渡段	沙质河段
河段	宜昌—枝城(61 km)	枝城—大埠街(50 km)	荆江沙质段(208 km)	城陵矶—湖口(546 km)
增加倍数	1.91	1.65	1.03	1.02

三峡大坝下游水位变化与河道形态调整关系研究

The relationship between water level change and river channel geometry adjustment in the downstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD)

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